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The Twilight War: The Secret History of America's Thirty-Year Conflict With Iran

Page 89

by David Crist


  Kingston, Robert, 54, 58–61, 64, 78, 79, 216, 408

  Komer, Robert, 37, 40–41, 46, 47

  Kuwait:

  assistance to Iraq from, 206

  bilateral defense arrangement with U.S., 170, 172

  al-Faw Peninsula operation as concern, 166, 172

  free fuel offered to U.S., 321, 372

  Iran attacks with missiles, 282, 310

  and Iran-Contra affair, 193, 200, 204, 382, 386

  Iranian agents see support for Iran in, 94

  Iranian attacks on oil facilities, 301, 304

  and Iranian blockade of Iraq, 167

  and Iranian mining campaign, 239–41, 249

  on Iranians in Iraq during U.S. invasion, 470

  and Iran-Iraq War, 95

  Iraqi claims on, 211

  Kuwait

  Patriot missile deployment, 557

  Reagan on military aid for, 164

  relations with Soviet Union, 211

  requests reflagging tankers as American, 212–16, 227–28, 242, 243, 603n16

  requests reflagging tankers as Soviet, 212, 213–14

  in tanker war, 160–61, 207, 208, 210–17, 230–31, 233, 261–62

  U.S. defenses around oil terminal, 312

  Kuwait Airways Flight 422, 382–83

  Laingen, Bruce, 26, 27, 28, 29

  Lake, Anthony, 390, 392, 405

  Lang, Walter Patrick, 104, 227, 359–62, 370, 615n2

  Langston, Arthur “Bud,” 335, 348, 350, 351–52

  Larijani, Ali, 505, 506, 529, 542

  Lebanon:

  army shatters along sectarian lines, 150

  George W. Bush administration increases support for, 501

  car bombing of U.S. embassy in Beirut, 131–32

  Iran-Contra affair and hostages held by, 177, 181, 185–86, 188, 193–95, 197–200, 380–88

  Iranian involvement in, 122–38, 151–52

  Israel’s invasion of 1982, 106–21, 123, 124

  kidnapping and hostage-taking in, 153–58

  See also U.S. marines in Lebanon

  Ledeen, Michael, 177, 179, 183, 184, 448–51, 534

  Less, Anthony:

  and Carlucci’s new policy toward Iran, 324, 325

  and Lyons’s Window of Opportunity plan, 270

  and Roberts mining, 331, 334, 335, 337, 344, 348, 354–57, 614n54

  and shooting down Iran Air Flight 655, 363–65

  and surveillance over the Persian Gulf, 326

  takes command in Persian Gulf, 319, 320, 610n6

  Libya:

  Gaddafi, 148, 241, 247, 255, 385

  mines provided to Iran by, 238

  in Red Sea mining, 235–36

  terrorism sponsored by, 426, 427

  Long, Wayne, 287, 288–89

  Lugo, Frank, 282, 291, 307, 309, 606n17, 607n41

  Lustig, Scott, 366–67, 368, 369

  Luti, William, 430

  in Dobbins delegation, 434, 435

  on establishing U.S. consulate in Tehran, 503

  and Free Iraqi Forces, 448, 502

  and Ghorbanifar plan, 450

  on Iranian weapons for Palestinians, 436

  moves to White House, 487

  and new Iran strategy for Bush’s second term, 492

  on overthrowing Saddam Hussein as having positive effect on Iran, 475

  on regime change in Iran, 453, 454

  on Rice’s policy toward Iran, 444

  on U.S. invasion of Iran, 452

  Lyons, James “Ace”:

  accusations of misuse of aircraft, 272–73

  attempts to provoke fight with Iranians, 267–68

  on bombing Lebanon, 142–43

  on Crist’s sea-based plan, 290

  Crowe’s relationship with, 256–57, 268, 273–74

  feud with Crist, 268–70, 271

  and Iranian mining campaign, 253, 255

  plan to send submarine to Persian Gulf, 271, 272

  retirement, 272–74, 603n43

  in slipping Guadalcanal past Strait of Hormuz, 259–61, 269, 272

  Window of Opportunity plan, 30, 257–59, 270–72

  McFarlane, Robert “Bud”:

  on attack on U.S. embassy annex in Beirut, 152

  on attack on U.S. marines in Lebanon, 139–42, 144, 146–50

  on CIA kidnapping plan, 157

  in Iran-Contra affair, 177–85, 188, 190–94, 198–200, 202, 596n8, 596n21

  on Iranian and Syrian forces in Lebanon, 132–33

  on military aid for Kuwait, 164

  on overthrowing Iranian regime, 70, 71

  proposes change in U.S. policy toward Iran, 175–76

  resigns as national security adviser, 184

  and tanker war, 162–63

  on U.S. marines’ mission in Lebanon, 117–20

  McMahon, John, 140–41, 142, 144, 185, 187, 595n3

  Mahdi Army (Jaysh al-Mahdi), 518–22, 524, 529, 536, 559

  al-Maliki, Nouri:

  Arab concern about, 528

  on Arab-Persian animosity, 467–68

  in Dawa Party, 86, 467, 559

  and Iranian interference in Iraq, 513, 524, 527, 534, 536

  Iranian support for, 559

  Manavi, Abdollah (“Captain Nasty”), 209, 324, 336, 337, 342–43, 353–54

  Mattis, James, 568, 569, 570

  Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS) (Iran):

  CIA agents arrested, 374–75, 556

  counterintelligence, 81–83

  extrajudicial killings of dissidents, 410

  in Khobar Towers attack, 403, 409, 412

  Newbold selects as target, 418

  and U.S. occupation of Iraq, 466–68, 481, 483, 520, 527

  Moghaddam, Hassan, 552–53

  Mohtashemi, Ali Akbar, 122, 125, 133, 134, 151, 155

  Montazeri, Hussein Ali, 91, 183, 198, 200

  Mousavi, Mir-Hossein, 182–84, 188, 190, 247, 370, 545–48

  Mousavian, Mir-Hossein, 383, 389, 406, 441

  al-Mughassil, Ahmed, 401–2, 403, 404

  Mugniyah, Imad, 130, 134, 154, 155, 157, 382, 387

  Mujahideen-e Khalq (People’s Mujahideen of Iran; MEK), 411, 458–59, 472, 476, 479–80, 563

  Murphy, Richard, 170, 171, 205, 206, 411, 456

  al-Musawi, Hussein, 127, 129–31, 133, 140, 143, 145–46, 148

  Myers, Richard, 442

  in briefing Bush on regime change in Iran, 454

  and Bush administration Iran policy, 442, 445, 446

  on Bush’s “axis of evil,” 441, 442

  on Iranian influence in Iraq, 471

  on Khobar Towers attack, 443

  on overthrowing Saddam Hussein having positive effect on Iran, 453, 455

  on plan to kill al-Zarqawi, 438

  and September 11, 2001, attacks, 424

  Nasrallah, Hassan, 125, 126, 127, 555–56

  neocons (neoconservatives):

  Abrams and, 492

  bad feelings against, 498

  on Bush’s freedom agenda, 486

  intelligence officials’ mistrust of, 523

  Iraq as concern of, 420–21

  on overthrowing Saddam Hussein having positive effect on Iran, 453

  Newbold, Gregory S., 416, 417–19, 423, 425, 451

  Nixon, Richard, 9–10, 20, 35

  North, Oliver:

  and Achille Lauro hijacking, 189

  in Iran-Contra affair, 182, 184, 186, 188–91, 195–97, 200, 203, 456, 596n16, 596n21

  in Iran-Contra affair hearings, 203, 250

  nuclear weapons:

  fear of terrorists obtaining, 427

  Iraqi nuclear program, 393, 422

  Israeli, 490

  U.S. plans to use in defense of Persian Gulf oil, 46–47, 583n42

  See also Iranian nuclear program

  Oakley, Robert, 100–101, 156, 157, 204, 213

  Obama, Barack:

  attacks on al-Qaeda, 562

  Bush briefs him on Iran, 538–39

  a
nd drone flights over Iran, 557

  and Iranian nuclear program, 539, 541, 543, 544, 548–50, 567, 569–70

  and Iranian protests of 2009, 546–48

  Iran policy of, 539–44, 561, 572

  on missile defense against Iran, 557–58

  Odom, William, 61–62, 63, 131–32, 189–90, 199, 201

  oil:

  Brzezinski on importance of, 11

  Bush family connections to industry, 428

  Carter on crisis of Middle Eastern, 8–9

  Conoco deal with Iran, 399–400, 412

  flows through Strait of Hormuz, 1, 569

  Iranian attacks on Saudi Arabian, 300–310

  Khuzestan fields in Iran, 44, 87

  Kuwait reserves, 211

  Soviets seen as threat to Middle Eastern, 36, 38, 67, 166, 176

  tanker war, 159–64

  U.S. military plans against Iran threaten, 30

  U.S. plans to defend against Soviet invasion, 44, 45, 46–47, 59–60

  U.S. plan to defend Saudi Arabian fields, 38–39, 41, 44–45

  Oman, 40, 97, 413, 517

  Pace, Peter:

  on establishing U.S. consulate in Tehran, 503

  on Iranian intervention in U.S. occupied Iraq, 470, 523, 524, 525, 532

  on new plan to win in Iraq, 511–12, 513

  on overthrowing Saddam Hussein having positive effect on Iran, 453, 455

  on taking Mujahideen-e Khalq off terrorist list, 563

  in war on terrorism, 426

  Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza (shah of Iran):

  allowed into U.S. for medical treatment, 27–28

  cancer of, 15–16

  Carter administration’s support for, 16–18, 20–21

  Haig’s support for, 8

  Khomeini leads opposition to, 12–15

  leaves Iran, 22–23

  military ambitions of, 10

  stability of regime of, 12

  Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), 107–8, 110–12

  Pearson, Jeremiah, 170–72, 595n39

  Penzler, Donald, 165, 170, 172, 284–85, 303, 304, 594n18

  Perle, Richard, 96–97, 426, 452

  Persian Gulf:

  air defense system for, 409

  George H. W. Bush declares it vital to U.S. national interest, 372

  Carter administration creates rapid deployment force for, 33–42

  Carter’s policy of freedom of navigation in, 48

  Central Command exercises of 1995, 398

  Iranian blockade of Iraq, 167–69

  Iranian military buildup of 1990s, 398–99

  Iranian mine threat in, 233–55

  Patriot missile deployment, 557

  Reagan policy, 51

  Stark incident, 220–29

  tanker war, 159–64

  U.S. becomes firmly established in, 321

  U.S. bilateral defense arrangements with Gulf countries, 169–72

  U.S. broadens protection of vessels, 364

  U.S. personnel stationed around, 394, 569

  U.S. plans to use nuclear weapons in defense of, 46–47

  Zinni on war against Iran spreading throughout, 408

  See also Strait of Hormuz

  Persian Gulf Security Framework, 39–40

  Petraeus, David, 512, 557, 567

  Picco, Giandomenico, 384, 386–88

  Poindexter, John:

  on attack on U.S. embassy annex in Beirut, 152

  on attack on U.S. marines in Lebanon, 141, 142, 148

  in Iran-Contra affair, 181–88, 190–93, 195, 197–99, 202, 203, 250

  on Iranian blockade of Iraq, 168

  resignation, 204

  on Saudi Arabia and tanker war, 164

  Pollack, Kenneth, 104, 394, 401, 407, 412–13, 415

  Powell, Colin, 52–53

  and attack on U.S. marines in Lebanon, 147

  becomes Carlucci’s deputy, 204

  in George W. Bush administration, 416

  Powell, Colin

  and George W. Bush’s freedom agenda, 486

  and CIA aircraft, 313

  on Crocker mission, 430

  on drawing down U.S. forces in Persian Gulf, 372

  on engagement with Iran, 419

  Farsi Island seizure opposed, 257

  and Iran Ajr seizure, 296

  in Iran-Contra affair, 186, 188

  and Iranian nuclear program, 489

  Iran policy, 445, 446, 474, 475, 493–94

  Iraq policy, 422

  and McFarlane’s proposed change in U.S. policy toward Iran, 175, 176

  and Operation Staunch, 205

  and al-Qaeda attacks in Saudi Arabia of May 2003, 480

  and “road map” document for normalizing relations with Iran, 476, 477, 478, 479

  and Roberts attack, 336–37, 349

  and war on terrorism, 427

  Praying Mantis, Operation, 338–57

  President Taylor incident, 167–68, 217

  Qomi, Hassan, 484, 534–35

  Quds Force:

  Abrams on U.S. moving against, 492–93

  arms supplied to Hamas by, 395

  in Khobar Towers attack, 402, 403, 405

  in Newbold plan, 418

  in post-Saddam Iraq, 483, 484

  quasi-war with U.S., 510, 519–37

  Saudi diplomats targeted, 564–66

  U.S. demands dismantling of, 470

  and U.S. occupation of Iraq, 466–69, 471, 472, 558

  in Yemen, 562

  Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar Hashemi:

  on Bush family and oil industry, 428

  on George W. Bush’s “axis of evil,” 441

  Conoco oil deal, 399–400

  fake call to Bush, 380, 381–82

  and Gulf War of 1990–1991, 385–86

  and Hezbollah TWA hijacking, 155

  improved relations with U.S. sought, 381, 384, 389, 391, 393–94, 399

  and Iran-Contra affair, 182–83, 195, 198, 201, 383

  on Iranian mining campaign, 241, 247, 265–66

  and Iran-Iraq War, 94, 370

  on Iran’s inability to stand up to U.S., 356

  and seizure of Japanese tankers, 209

  and U.S. hostages held in Lebanon, 383, 388

  on U.S. as bogged down in Iraq, 484

  on U.S. spies in Iran, 375

  Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force (RDJTF), 33–44, 53–56, 582n40

  Reagan, Ronald:

  on attack on U.S. embassy annex in Beirut, 151–52

  on attack on U.S. marines in Lebanon, 139–41, 144–48

  becomes president, 47–48, 49

  broadens protection of vessels in Persian Gulf, 364

  counterterrorism team in Lebanon authorized, 156

  on covert operations in Iran, 69, 70

  defense appointees, 50–54

  on establishment of Central Command, 55

  failure of Lebanon policy, 153

  on including Israel in Central Command, 57

  in Iran-Contra affair, 176–81, 184–86, 190, 191, 194, 195, 197, 199–205

  and Iranian blockade of Iraq, 168

  and Iranian mining campaign, 247, 250

  and Iran-Iraq War, 95, 97–100, 178

  Iran policy, 51–52, 55

  and Israeli invasion of Lebanon, 107–10, 112

  managerial style, 421–22

  on military aid for Kuwait, 164

  Persian Gulf policy, 51

  and Roberts attack, 336–37, 349

  sees Soviet Union as cause of U.S. national security problems, 63–64

  spy network in Iran approved, 69

  and Stark incident, 227–28

  on supporting an Iranian insurgency, 71

  on tanker war, 163–64

  U.S. marines sent to Lebanon, 114, 120

  U.S. marines withdrawn from Lebanon, 150–51

  Red Sea mining, 235–37, 265

  Revolutionary Guard:

  agents in Iran report on facilities of, 76

 
Ahmadinejad and, 499

  arms purchases in 1990s, 396–97

  in attacks on Saudi Arabia, 300–310

  bunkers constructed around Strait of Hormuz, 397

  as business venture, 468–69, 558

  CIA recruits members, 74–75

  on contacts with Iraqi Shia, 460

  Crist’s sea-based force targets, 286

  and Crocker mission, 431

  diplomats from, 434, 484

  excesses of, 77

  extrajudicial killings, 410

  and al-Faw Peninsula, 166, 356–57

  formation, 91–92

  in hostage taking, 154

  increased presence near Shatt al-Arab, 514–15

  and Iran Ajr seizure, 293–99

  and Iran-Contra affair, 181, 186, 188, 191, 194–97

  in Iranian mining campaign, 237–38, 241, 244–45, 247, 254–55, 263–66, 293–95, 318, 326–27, 396

  in Iran-Iraq War, 92–94, 96, 370

  Israeli attacks on, 552

  Jundallah attacks on, 563

  Khatami and, 412, 414

  and Khobar Towers attack, 403, 413

  Lang’s team focuses on, 360

  in Lebanon, 122–23, 125–28, 131, 133, 134

  “Martyrdom” exercise, 262, 263, 302

  Mecca uprising plan, 262–63, 301

  navy of, 207–10

  and protests of 2009, 546

  and shooting down Iran Air Flight 655, 363–70

  small boat attacks by, 267, 334, 356, 396, 406–7, 559–60

  Tehran University protesters attacked, 411, 493

  tension with Iranian military, 209, 288–89, 346

  and U.S. invasion and occupation of Iraq, 464–67, 472, 558

  weapons shipped to Palestinians, 436

  See also Quds Force

  Rezai, Mohsen, 122

  on CENTCOM Persian Gulf exercises of 1995, 398

  election of 2009, 545, 546

  in end of Iran-Iraq War, 370

  improved relations with U.S. opposed, 389

  in Iranian attacks on Saudi Arabia, 301, 302, 304, 306, 309

  in Iranian mining campaign, 237–38, 241, 242, 244–45, 247

  joins Revolutionary Guard, 92

  on U.S. invasion of Iraq, 466

  Rezaian, Mohsen, 366, 368

  Rhode, Harold, 434–35, 449, 451

  Riahi, Touradj, 73–74, 83, 301, 302–3, 304, 310, 374, 375, 376–78

  Rice, Condoleezza:

  becomes secretary of state, 487

  on Bush lacking appetite for attacking Iran, 495

  and Bush’s “axis of evil,” 441

  on Crocker mission, 430

  on engagement with Iran, 419, 436

  extends goodwill gesture to Iran, 489

  on Iranian interference in U.S. occupied Iraq, 525, 534

  Iran policy, 443–47, 474–75, 501, 503–7, 509

  Iraq policy, 422

  relationship with Bush, 421, 487

  and “road map” document for normalizing relations with Iran, 479

 

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