Death in Florence: the Medici, Savonarola and the Battle for the Soul of the Renaissance City
Page 49
Girolamo Savonarola, Compendio di rivelazioni, ed. A. Crucitti (Florence, 1933)
Girolama Savonarola, Compendium totius philosopiae tam … moralis (Venice, 1542)
Girolamo Savonarola, Le Lettere, ed. Roberto Ridolfi (Florence, 1933)
Girolamo Savonarola, Poesie, tratte dall’autographo, ed. C. Guasti (Florence, 1862)
Girolamo Savonarola, Prediche sopra Aggeo, ed. L. Firpo (Rome, 1965)
Girolamo Savonarola, Prediche sopra Amos a Zaccaria, 3 vols., ed. P. Ghigglieri (Rome, 1971–2)
Girolamo Savonarola, Prediche sopra l’Esodo, ed. P. G.Ricci (Rome, 1962 et seq.)
Girolamo Savonarola, Prediche sopra l’Esodo, 2 vols., ed. Pier Giorgio Ricci (Rome, 1955–6)
Girolamo Savonarola, Prediche sopra Ezechiele, 2 vols., ed. Roberto Ridolfi, (Rome, 1955)
Girolamo Savonarola, Prediche sopra Ruth e Michea, ed. V. Romano (Rome, 1962)
Girolamo Savonarola, Prediche sul Salmo Quam bonus (Prato, 1846)
Girolamo Savonarola, Reverendi P. Fra Hieronymi Savonarole in primam D. Joannis epistolam … [Bernardini Stagni edition] (Venice, 1536)
Girolamo Savonarola, Tratto sul governo della Città di Firenze (Casale Monferrato, 1996)
Girolama Savonarola, Trionfo della Croce (Siena, 1899)
Giovanni Semprini, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (Todi, 1921)
Francesco de Ser Barone, I processi di Girolamo Savonarola (Florence, 1498)
Desmond Seward, Savonarola and the Borgia Pope (Stroud, England, 2006)
Paul Strathern, The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance (London, 2003)
Miles J. Unger, Magnifico: Life of Lorenzo de’ Medici (New York, 2008)
Piero Vaglienti, Storia dei sui tempi 1492–1514, ed. G. Berti et al (Pisa, 1982)
Pierre Van Passen, A Crown of Fire: The Life and Times of Girolamo Savonarola (New York, 1960)
Giorgio Vasari, Le Vite dei piu eccelenti pittori, scultori e architetti, 4 vols., ed. Carlo L. Ragghianti (Milan, 1943–7)
Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Artists, trans. George Bull (Harmondsworth, 1965)
Pasquale Villari, La Storia di Girolamo Savonarola e de’ suoi tempi, 2 vols. (Florence, 1887)
Pasquale Villari, Savonarola, 2 vols., trans. Linda Villari (London, 1888)
P. Villari and E. Casanova, Scelta di prediche e scritti di fra Girolamo Savonarola, etc. (Florence, 1887)
Lorenzo Violi, Le giornate, ed. G. C. Carfagnini (Florence, 1986)
F. Ludwig von Pastor, The History of the Popes, 40 vols., ed. & trans. F. I. Antrobus (London, 1950 edn)
Donald Weinstein, Savonarola and Florence (Princeton, 1970)
William Wordsworth, The Prelude (London, 1926)
Index
The page references in this index correspond to the printed edition from which this ebook was created. To find a specific word or phrase from the index, please use the search feature of your ebook reader.
Acciaiuoli family, 20, 21, 22, 23, 31, 32
Adriatic, 32, 50–1, 57
Africa, 5
North, 11, 164
West, 78
Age of Reason, 87
Aix-en-Provence, 77, 92
Albizzi family, 11, 330
Alexander VI, Pope
as Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia, 75, 157
election as Pope, 157–8
and Pico’s need for pardon, 151
and the issue of separation of Tuscan Congregation from Lombardy Congregation, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159 and n, 160
gives permission for Savonarola to build monastery, 162
and Ludovico Sforza, 168
and French preparations for invasion, 171, 172
and French entry into Rome, 218
corruption, 218, 229
and his children, 218, 263–4
meeting with Charles VIII, 218–19
‘gift’ to the French, 219
and formation of Holy League alliance against the French, 219–20
flees from Rome, 220
outraged at Charles VIII’s escape, 221
urged to take action against Savonarola, 221
writes papal Brief summoning Savonarola to Rome, 221
Savonarola’s letter to, 222, 224, 233, 239
Piero de’ Medici seeks support of, 230
Floridi arrested by, 240n
and Savonarola’s response to so-called papal Brief, 242
covertly supports Medici cause, 243
sends papal Brief commanding Savonarola to cease preaching, 243–4
faces threat from Charles VIII, 244
has long–term aim of alliance with France, 244
gives verbal permission for Savonarola to preach, 244–5
Savonarola’s sermons allude to, 251, 263–4
Savonarola argues his innocence of transgression against, 252
appoints ecclesiastical committee to investigate Savonarola, 252
committee reports back to, 253–4
sends Fra Ludovico da Ferrara on mission, 254
sends troops against Florence, 257, 258
meeting with Bracci, 264–5
secret negotiations with Charles VIII, 265
influence of Fra Mariano da Genazzano on, 273
excommunication of Savonarola, 276–7, 278
refuses to rescind excommunication, 292
Savonarola makes direct and public challenge to, 292–3
remonstrates with Bracci and Bonsi, 295
commands Bonsi to send despatch to Signoria, 295
sends two Briefs to Florence, 295
and Savonarola’s circular letter to rulers, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304
and the ordeal by fire episode, 311, 314, 315
response to news of Savonarola’s imprisonment, 334
wants Savonarola to be despatched to Rome, 334, 335, 340, 341, 347–8
excommunication of friars of San Marco, 345
friars send letter to, 345–6
message from Florence to, 348
agrees to Signoria’s proposal, 349
selects Papal Commission, 349
and Savonarola’s interrogation by Remolino, 355
Remolino’s report to, 357
and papal Brief degrading Savonarola, Fra Domenico and Fra Silvestro, 362–3
Brief bestowing plenary indulgence on the three friars, 363
makes Remolino a cardinal, 368
as threat to Florence, 369
brief references, 255, 339
Alfonso II, King of Naples
before becoming king, 15, 57–8, 59, 167–8
as King, 171, 172, 177, 219
Alps, 176, 177
alum, 15–17, 28–9, 32
Angelico, Fra, 54
Anne of France, 90, 173 and n
Antella, Lamberto dell’, 272, 280–1, 282
Antiquari, Jacopo, 125
Apelles, 181–2
Apennine mountains, 32, 53, 57, 84, 95, 97, 196
Appiano, Jacopo IV d’, Lord of Piombino, 61
Appiano, Semiramide d’, 61, 67
Aquinas, St Thomas, 42, 48, 82
Arezzo, 77, 84, 92, 211
Argyropoulos, Johannes, 13–14
Arian heresy, 355n
Aristotelianism, 14, 42, 68, 69 see also Aristotle
Aristotle, 5, 14, 42, 68, 69, 87 see also Aristotelianism
Ark see Noah’s Ark, theme of
Arrabbiati
emerge as main opposition to Savonarola, 230–1
learn contents of so–called papal Brief, 240
Savonarola advises citizens of Florence to take action against, 243
try to stir up feelings against Savonarola, 257, 296
slogan, 265
as faction in the government, 276, 297, 298
and Savonarola’s circular letter to rulers, 303
and the ordeal by fire episode, 307, 308, 319, 320, 321
a monk of San Marco vows secret allegiance to, 328
launch round–up of Piagnoni sympathisers, 347
an
d Remolino, 352
and Savonarola’s execution, 366
brief references, 251, 278, 279, 296, 315, 330, 350, 355
Asti, 178, 183
astrology, 149–50
Augustine, St, 147
Augustinians, 107, 198, 221, 264, 295, 303, 311, 315
Avignon branch of Medici bank, 77
Avogarius, Petrus Bonus, 114–15
Babylon, Sultan of, 4
Badia, Fiesole, 119
Baia (munitions expert), 294
balià, 4
Balkans, 50
Balsac, seigneur de, 197, 198, 204
banking, 17–18 see also Medici bank; Pazzi bank; Pitti bank
Barbaro, Ermolao, 69
Barbary pirates, 16
Bargello, Florence, 175n, 283, 284, 332, 347, 348
Barone, Francesco de Ser see Ceccone, Ser
Bartoli, Domenico, 279, 282–3, 286
Bartolommeo, Fra, 7
Becchi, Gentile, 13
Becchi, Ricciardo, 273
Bejazit II, Sultan, 229
Belfiore, 44
Benedetto, Fra, 44
Benivieni, Domenico, 108
Bernardino da Feltre, Fra, 104–5, 112
Bianchi, 231, 268, 279
Bibbiena, Piero da, 112, 139
Bible, 5, 41, 42, 53, 98, 99, 100, 101, 137, 142, 162, 163, 225, 238, 252 see also New Testament; Old Testament
Bicci, Giovanni di, 25
Bigi, 230, 233, 265, 268–9, 271, 276, 279, 281–2
Black Sea, 11
Boccaccio, 136, 260
Boethius: The Consolation of Philosophy, 227
Bologna, 46, 94, 97, 116, 155, 185, 196 Dominican monastery, 46, 48–9 Studium generale, 49, 74, 94
Bolsheviks, 370
‘Bonfire of the Vanities’, 261–2, 266, 296
Bonsi, Domenico, 113, 292, 294, 295, 311, 348
Borgia, Cesare, 157, 218, 219, 349, 369
Borgia, Lucrezia, 157, 218
Borgia, Cardinal Rodrigo see Alexander VI, Pope
Borgia family, 151 see also names of individuals
Botticelli, Sandro
as member to cultural and intellectual circle at Palazzo Medici, 30, 61
sent to Rome, 6, 37
paints frescoes at Sistine Chapel, 60
returns to Florence, 60–1
epitomises new phase of Renaissance, 60–1
and Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de’ Medici, 66, 182
and funeral of Lorenzo the Magnificent, 130
and Savonarola, 147, 166, 170, 171, 181, 217, 227, 236
remains attached to Piero the Unfortunate, 179
inner conflict, 171, 181
troubled state of mind, 170–1, 260–1, 368
moves in with his brother and continues his painting, 236–7
Piagnoni meet in studio of, 299–300
asks questions about Savonarola’s trial, 356
old age and death, 368
brief references, 81, 93–4
Works:
The Adoration of the Magi, 30, 198
The Birth of Venus, 6, 170, 181, 237
The Calumny of Apelles, 181–3, 209, 210
drawings of scenes from Dante’s Divine Comedy, 171, 237
Lamentation over the Dead Christ, 237
Pallas and the Centaur, 61–2
Primavera (Spring), 6, 66–7 and n, 81, 170, 181, 237
Bourbon, Duc de, 204
Bracci, Alessandro, 264–5, 295
Brescia, 95, 96
Brief of Separation, 159
Bruges, 16, 29, 65, 66, 78
branch of Medici bank in, 11, 20, 77, 78
Brunelleschi, Filippo, 71, 103, 107, 198
Burckhardt, Jacob, 50, 234
Burlamacchi, Fra Pacifico, 96, 97, 101, 163, 229, 274, 294n, 329n, 337, 361 and n, 365–6
Byzantine Empire, 87
Cafaggiolo, 63, 66, 176
Caleffini, 45
Calmette, Joseph, 197n
Camerino, Gianvittorio da, 276–7
Canacci, Giovanni, 309–10
Capponi, Gino, 281–6
Capponi, Piero di Gino, 172–3, 184, 187, 189–90, 202, 203, 206–7, 211, 215, 216, 217, 251, 256
Capponi family, 173 see also names of individuals
Caraffa, Cardinal Oliviero, 155, 156, 158–9 and n, 242, 243, 244, 254, 355
Careggi
Michelozzi designs Medici villa at, 54
Piero the Gouty at, 21
last days of Lorenzo the Magnificent at, 1–2, 7–8, 122–6
death of Lorenzo at, 128
Ficino at, 261, 298
Carnival, 245–6, 247, 260, 261, 262, 296
Cascina, 257
Casentino, 239
Castellina, 270 and n
Castello, 176
Castello Sforza, Milan, 2
Castel Sant’ Angelo, Rome, 218, 300
catasto, 161
Catherine de’ Medici, Queen of France, 370
Ceccone, Ser (Francesco de Ser Barone), 332, 336, 337, 338, 339–40, 341–2, 343, 345, 351, 353, 354, 357, 359
Cerretani, Bartolomeo, 204, 284
Chapter General of the Dominicans of Lombardy, 51, 52, 53
Charles I, King of England, 370
Charles VIII, King of France
coronation, 62
Anne of France acts as regent for, 90
dreams of chivalrous adventures, 168, 169
education, 168
appearance, 168–9, 200, 204
Ludovico Sforza appeals for support to, 168
claim to kingdom of Naples, 168, 169
stakes claim to kingdom of Naples on death of King Ferrante, 171
prepares for invasion, 171
postpones invasion, 172
Capponi’s relationship with, 172–3
and Piero de’ Medici’s breaking of alliance with France, 173
Lorenzo and Giovanni di Pierfrancesco de’ Medici in favour of alliance with, 174
sends Commines to Italy, 174–5
Lorenzo and Giovanni di Pierfrancesco in contact with, 175
leads army across the Alps into Italy, 176–7
rumoured to be in Genoa, 178
welcomed at Asti, 178
role as ‘scourge of God’, 180, 226, 244, 254–5, 266
Ludovico Sforza has misgivings about, 183–4
falls ill, 184
Piero de’ Medici sends mission to, 184
Capponi betrays Piero to, 184
and death of Gian Galeazzo Sforza, 184
perceives character of Ludovico Sforza, 184
Lorenzo and Giovanni di Pierfrancesco make their way to, 185
Piero’s meeting with, 186–7
Piero agrees to demands of, 187
Capponi suggests sending delegation to, 189
delegation led by Savonarola sets out to find, 190
Balsac instructed to prepare Palazzo Medici for, 197
arrives in Pisa, 199
and Florentine delegation, 200
sets off towards Florence, 201
enters Florence, 203–5
takes up residence at Palazzo Medici, 204
sets out terms to Signoria, 205
treaty agreed with Signoria, 206
Capponi’s defiance of, 206–7
signs treaty, 207
meeting with Savonarola at Palazzo Medici, 207–8
leaves Florence, 208
reaches Rome, 218
meeting with Alexander VI, 218–19
leaves Rome and sets out for Naples, 219 in Naples, 219
alliance formed against, 219–20
leads army out of Naples, 220
returns to France, 221
considers a further invasion of Italy, 244
in relation to Alexander VI’s actions regarding Savonarola, 244, 252
Savonarola explains reasons for staying in correspondence with, 254–5
and death of his son, 256–7
secret negotiations with Alex
ander VI, and signing of treaty with Holy League, 265 attacked by Savonarola in his sermon, 265–6
Savonarola’s prediction about death of, 266, 337
and Savonarola’s letter to rulers, 300–1, 301–2, 303, 304
death, 336
brief references, 195, 211, 215, 239, 264, 267, 268, 311, 338
China, 2, 66
Church
widespread awareness of corruption of, 41
and Savonarola’s thinking, preaching and teaching, 60, 70, 72, 73, 74, 95, 102, 133, 137, 229, 250, 263, 288, 301, 302, 370
Giovanni de’ Medici’s career in, 76–7, 79–80, 92, 93, 94, 115–16, 118–20, 157–8
and Pico della Mirandola, 88–9, 90, 94
brief references, 132, 154, 162, 230, 293–4, 308, 347–8
see also Council of the Church; names of popes
Cinozzi, Fra Placido, 71, 109
Citadella Nuova, Pisa, 199
Clement VII, Pope, 362, 369, 370
coinage, 116
Col de Montgenèvre, 176
College of Cardinals, 79–80, 92, 157
Columbus, Christopher, 5
Combi, Giovanni, 297, 304
Commines, Philippe de, 174–5, 184, 186, 187, 197–8, 200–1, 220
Compagnacci, 294 and n, 298, 307, 308, 315, 316, 317, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 331, 332, 333, 356
Compagnie de’ Neri, 360, 363
Condivi, Ascanio, 135, 235
Constantinople, 13–14, 50, 87, 169, 219, 229
Council of the Church, 300, 301, 303, 315, 338, 349, 355, 357
Council of One Hundred, 27, 36
Council of Seventy, 36, 37, 189, 190
Council of Ten, 294n
Council of Twenty see Twenty, the
Cremona, 58
Cromwell, Oliver, 249, 290
Cybo, Franceschetto, 3, 92
Cyrus the Great, 144n
Savonarola predicts a new, 144, 164, 176, 226
Daily Telegraph, 210
Dante, 68, 135–6, 227
Divine Comedy (Divina Commedia), 14, 136, 171, 227, 237
Davanzati, Francesco, 324
Descartes, René, 86, 287
Diaz, Bartholomew, 5
Dickens, Charles, 50n
Domenico da Pescia, Fra
as member of Tuscan delegation, 155–6, 158, 159
preaches instead of Savonarola, 297
and the ordeal by fire episode, 305, 306, 307–8, 311, 314, 317, 318, 319, 320
taken prisoner with Savonarola, 329, 330
interrogation and torture, 332, 343–5, 347
fate discussed by Papal Commissioners and Florentine authorities, 357
letter to monks at Fiesole, 359
meeting with Savonarola, 360–1
and tribunals, 362–3
execution, 363–7
Dominic, St, 48, 146, 160
Dominican order
foundation of, 48