33. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 296.
34. Pad 49, February 26, 1979.
35. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 299.
36. Pad 49, February 27, 1979.
37. January 5, 1979, urgent/top secret cable from Israeli Ambassador to the United States Ephraim Evron to the Israeli Foreign Ministry. Archives of the Israeli Foreign Ministry.
38. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 297.
39. Jimmy Carter interview, September 27, 2013.
40. Ibid.
41. Jimmy Carter, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, November 29, 1992.
42. Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices, 245.
43. Pad 49, March 7, 1979.
44. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 299.
45. Jimmy Carter interview, October 30, 1991.
46. Jimmy Carter interviews, October 30, 1991, and September 27, 2013.
47. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 301.
48. Sam Lewis, ADST interview.
49. Jerry Rafshoon, interviews with the author, January 30, 1990, February 26, 1990, October 30, 1991, January 12, 2007, April 4, 2014, October 18, 2015, and discussions of June 17, 2013, and February 25, 2014.
50. Sam Lewis, ADST interview.
51. Jerry Rafshoon interview, April 4, 2014.
52. Congressional Research Service, May 8, 2014, “1979 Memorandum of Agreement Between the United States and Israel on Oil,” memorandum from Jeremy M. Sharp to U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
53. Jimmy Carter interview, September 27, 2013.
54. Sam Lewis, ADST interview.
55. Annex III Protocol Concerning Relations of the Parties, to the March 26, 1979, Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty, copies are in the United States Department of State, the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the United Nations.
56. Pad 99, October 17, 1980; Public Papers of the Presidents, Jimmy Carter, 1980–1981, III. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980.
57. Ron Minsk, interview with the author, November 29, 2014.
58. Sam Lewis, ADST interview.
59. Rex Scouten, interview with the author, November 13, 1995.
60. Sol Linowitz, interview with the author, August 26, 1992.
61. Meir Rosenne, interview with the author, June 17, 2013.
PART VI
21. The Panama Canal and Latin America
1. James Baker, interview with the author, May 29, 2013.
2. Jimmy Carter, Carter’s Campaign Promises (Chicago: Commerce Clearing House, 1977), 57–8.
3. Robert Pastor, interview with the author, transcribed July 13, 2011; Adam Clymer, Drawing the Line at the Big Ditch: The Panama Canal Treaties and the Rise of the Right (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2008), 42–3.
4. Robert Pastor, interview with the author, July 13, 2011.
5. Henry Kissinger, interview with the author, June 23, 2013; Adam Clymer, Drawing the Line at the Big Ditch, 43.
6. Frank Moore, interview with the author, May 8, 2013.
7. Jimmy Carter, interview with the author, September 27, 2013.
8. Rosalynn Carter, interview with the author, August 19, 1993.
9. Hamilton Jordan, interview with the author, May 11, 1992.
10. Jimmy Carter, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, November 29, 1992.
11. Robert Pastor interview, July 13, 2011.
12. Pad 5, January 12, 1977.
13. Robert Pastor interview, July 13, 2011.
14. Sol Linowitz, interview with the author, August 26, 1992.
15. Deputy Secretary of State Warren Christopher, State Department Evening Report to President Carter, May 16 and June 1, 1977, Carter Library.
16. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 157.
17. Sol Linowitz interview, August 26, 1992.
18. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 157–8.
19. Pad 20, July 1, 1977.
20. Pad 29, July 25, 1977.
21. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 158.
22. Sol Linowitz interview, August 26, 1992.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Robert Pastor interview, June 8, 2007.
26. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 165; Pad 21, July 13, 1977.
27. Statement of President Jimmy Carter at signing ceremony for the Panama Canal Treaties, September 7, 1977, Public Papers of the Presidents, Jimmy Carter, 1977, Vol. II, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1978, 1542–6.
28. Adam Clymer, Drawing the Line at the Big Ditch, 60.
29. Zbigniew Brzezinski, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, February 18, 1992.
30. Pad 24, September 12, 1977.
31. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 159.
32. Ibid., 164.
33. Ibid., 163.
34. Warren Christopher, State Department Evening Report to President Carter, September 26, 1977, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum.
35. Public Papers of the Presidents, II, Jimmy Carter, 1977, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973.
36. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2010), 90.
37. Warren Christopher, State Department Evening Report to President Carter, December 7, 1977, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum.
38. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 178.
39. Ibid., 163; Frank Moore, interview with the author, October 2, 2014.
40. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 141.
41. Cyrus Vance, State Department Evening Report to President Carter, January 9, 1978, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum.
42. January 13, 1978, Warren Christopher, State Department Evening Report to President Carter, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum.
43. Pad 29, January 24, 1978.
44. Pad 31, February 23, 1978.
45. Adam Clymer, Drawing the Line at the Big Ditch, 48–9.
46. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 165–6.
47. Pad 32, March 14, 1978.
48. Frank Moore interviews, June 29, 2013, and October 2, 2014.
49. Adam Clymer, Drawing the Line at the Big Ditch, 98.
50. Robert Pastor interview, July 13, 2011.
51. Jimmy Carter Miller Center interview, November 29, 1992.
52. Walter Mondale, interview with the author; also Adam Clymer, Drawing the Line at the Big Ditch, 95–8.
53. Sol Linowitz interview, August 16, 1992.
54. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 172–3.
55. Robert Pastor interview, July 13, 2011.
56. Pad 32A, April 10, 1978; Clymer, 98–103.
57. Frank Moore interview, May 8, 2013.
58. Pad 32A, April 18, 1977.
59. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 184.
60. Pad 32, March 7, 1978.
61. Norman Podhoretz, interview with the author, February 26, 2007.
62. Jeane Kirkpatrick, “Dictatorships & Double Standards,” Commentary, November 1, 1979.
63. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 161.
64. Robert Pastor interview, July 13, 2011.
65. Joshua Muravchik, The Uncertain Crusade: Jimmy Carter and the Dilemmas of Human Rights Policy (Lanham, MD: Hamilton Press, 1986), 3–4.
66. Ibid.
67. Inaugural Address of President Jimmy Carter, January 20, 1977, Public Papers of the Presidents, Jimmy Carter, 1977, Vol. I, 1–4.
68. Rosalynn Carter, First Lady from Plains; Ros
alynn Carter interviews, July 13, 1993, and August 13, 2014; Robert Pastor interview, July 13, 2011.
69. Office of State Department Historian, “Carter and Human Rights,” 1977–1981, Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, Washington, D.C., [email protected].
70. Burton Kaufman, Presidential Profiles: The Carter Years (New York: Infobased Publishers, 2006), 155.
71. Zbigniew Brzezinski, NSC Weekly Report to the President, February 19, 1977, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum.
72. Warren Christopher, State Department Evening Report to President Carter, April 24, 1978, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum.
73. Cyrus Vance, State Department Evening Report to the President, January 17, 1978, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum.
74. Cyrus Vance, State Department Evening Report to the President, March 2, 1978, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum.
75. Robert Cox, “New Argentine Chief Needs Reagan’s Help,” The New York Times, November 3, 1983.
76. John Dinges, quoted in Argentina-United States Bilateral Relations: An Historical Perspective and Future Challenges, edited by Cynthia J. Arnson, Washington, D.C., Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2003.
77. Kathryn Sikking, quoted in Argentina-United States Bilateral Relations, edited by Cynthia J. Arnson, Chapter 3.
78. Cyrus Vance, State Department Evening Report to the President, February 19, 1977, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum.
79. Cyrus Vance, State Department Evening Report to the President, March 4, 1977, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum.
80. E. A. Harris, quoted in Argentina-United States Bilateral Relations, edited by Cynthia J. Arnson, Chapter 4, 43–4.
81. Ibid., and Harris remarks, at Patricia Derian memorial service, September 25, 2016.
82. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 94–5.
83. Ibid., and Argentina-United States Bilateral Relations, edited by Cynthia J. Arnson, 17.
84. Paul Vitello, “Patricia Derian, Diplomat Who Made Human Rights a Priority,” The New York Times, May 21, 2016.
85. Exit Interview of David Aaron by Marie Allen, West Wing, White House, on December 15, 1980.
86. Robert Cox, “New Argentine Chief Needs Reagan’s Help,” The New York Times, November 3, 1983.
87. Thomas Pickering, interview with the author, January 26, 2016.
88. Diego Guelar, interview with the author, transcribed June 4, 2016.
22. The Soviet Union
1. Richard Gardner, interview with the author, January 4, 2004.
2. Jimmy Carter, interview with the author, September 13, 2013.
3. Martin B. Gold, A Legislative History of the Taiwan Relations Act: Bridging the Strait (New York: Lexington Books, 2016).
4. Adam Nagourney, “In Tapes, Nixon Rails About Jews and Blacks,” The New York Times, December 10, 2010.
5. Jimmy Carter, eulogy for Zbigniew Brzezinski, June 9, 2017.
6. Jimmy Carter, University of Virginia Miller Center interview, November 29, 1992.
7. Jimmy Carter interview, September 27, 2013.
8. Jimmy Carter, Miller Center interview, November 29, 1992.
9. Jimmy Carter interview, September 27, 2013.
10. Zbigniew Brzezinski interview, October 14, 2015.
11. Zbigniew Brzezinski, NSC Weekly Reports 01–03/1978, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum.
12. Harold Brown, interview with the author, September 11, 1992.
13. Ibid.
14. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, 143.
15. Address at Commencement Exercises of University of Notre Dame, May 22, 1977, Public Papers of the Presidents, Jimmy Carter, 1977, Vol. 1, 954–62.
16. Zbigniew Brzezinski, interview with the author, September 16, 1991.
17. Harold Brown, interview with the author, September 11, 1992.
18. Zbigniew Brzezinski, NSC Weekly Report to the President, December 12, 1978–January 1, 1979, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum.
19. Robert Gates, From the Shadows (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007), 89.
20. Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001), 390–1.
21. Cyrus Vance, State Department Evening Report to the President, 01–02/1977, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum; Andrei Sakharov letter to President Carter, January 21, 1977, reproduced in The New York Times, www.nytimes.com/1977/01/29/archives/text-of-sakharov-letter-to-carter-on-human-rights.html.
22. Pad 9, February 28, 1977.
23. Cyrus Vance Evening Report, 01–02/1977, 106, 120.
24. Yuli Kosharovsky and Enid Wurtman, Chronology of Events of the Zionist Movement in the Soviet Union, 1975 to 1978, www.Soviet Jews-exodus.com; www.angelfire.com; kosharovsky.com.
25. Pad 10, March 14, 1977, 28.
26. Pad 12, March 22, 1977, 2.
27. Pad 19, June 20, 1977.
28. Pad 20, July 6, 1977.
29. Pad 22, July 25, 1977.
30. Pad 31, March 6, 1978.
31. Pad 14, April 20, 1977.
32. Pad 36, July 17, 1978, and Pad 50, March 16, 1979.
33. Alan Dershowitz, The Case Against Israel’s Enemies (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2009), 18.
34. Cyrus Vance Evening Report 04/1977, 82.
35. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 105.
36. Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence, 404–5.
37. Pad 35, July 7, 1978.
38. Pad 35, July 10, 1978.
39. Statement of the President, Public Papers of the Presidents, Jimmy Carter, 1978, Vol. II, July 11, 1978, 1232; Thom Shanker, “To the Soviets, a Spy; To the West, a Symbol,” The Chicago Tribune, February 5, 1986, 224–5.
40. Natan Sharansky, Fear No Evil (New York: Random House, 1988), 224–5.
41. Pad 36, July 19, 1978.
42. Richard Perle, interview with the author, July 21, 1991.
43. “What Price a Soviet Jew?” The New York Times, February 22, 1981.
44. Marjorie Johnson, Seeing Fairies (San Antonio, TX: Anomalist Books, 2014); “Carter, Poland and a Translator,” Beachcombing’s Bizarre History Blog, December 21, 2013, http://strangehistory.net2013/12/21/carter-poland-and-the-translator.
45. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 358–9.
46. Harold Brown, interview with the author, April 29, 2014.
47. Madeleine Albright, in conversation with the author, June 8, 2017.
48. Interview of Anatoly Dobrynin by Steve Kroft, 60 Minutes, CBS, October 1, 1995.
49. Thomas Pickering, interview with the author, January 26, 2016.
50. Robert Gates, From the Shadows (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007), 96.
51. Jimmy Carter written Democratic Platform Committee presentation, June 10, 1976, Washington, D.C., President Carter’s Campaign Promises, printed in Commerce Clearing House, Chicago, 1977, taken from memorandum by the author and David Rubenstein, November 30, 1976, to President-elect Carter.
52. Jimmy Carter Foreign Policy Association Speech, June 23, 1976, New York.
53. Jimmy Carter, San Diego Nuclear Policy Speech, September 25, 1976, San Diego.
54. President Carter’s Foreign Policy Speech, Tokyo, Japan, May 28, 1975; President Carter’s statement on NBC, July 11, 1976; Playboy interview, November 1976.
55. Jimmy Carter Defense Briefing Paper, July 27, 1976.
56. Jimmy Carter Nobel Lecture, Oslo, December 10, 2002, www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2002/carter-lecture.html.
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