45. Ibid., 317.
46. American Experience. “Jimmy Carter (Part 2).” Episode 174. Directed by Adriana Bosch. Aired on PBS, November 12, 2002; and Gallup, “Presidential Job Approval for Jimmy Carter.” www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data/populatiry.php?pres=39; http://www.gallucom/poll/116677/presidential-approval-ratings-gallup-historical-statistic.
47. Patrick Caddell interview, April 1, 1993.
48. Pad 58, July 5, 1979.
49. Ibid.; Walter Mondale, interviews with the author, April 3, 1991, August 8, 1992, and September 22, 2014.
50. Patrick Caddell interview, April 1, 1993.
51. Pad 58, July 5, 1979.
52. Jerry Rafshoon interviews, October 18, 2005, June 17, 2013, and February 25, 2014.
53. Jerry Rafshoon interview, February 26, 1990.
54. Pad 58, July 5, 1979; Walter Mondale, University of Minnesota interview, April 2, 2002; Walter Mondale interview, April 3, 1991.
55. Camp David Domestic Summit, President’s notes, July 1979, Folder Citation: Collection: JCPL, Plains Files; Series: Subject Files: Folder: “Camp David Domestic Summit: President’s Notes, 7/79,” Box 19, www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/library/finding aids/Plains Files.pdf.
56. Patrick Caddell interview, October 30, 2015.
57. Jerry Rafshoon interview, February 26, 1990.
58. Pad 58, July 5, 1979.
59. Walter Mondale interview, April 3, 1991; Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 341.
60. Patrick Caddell interviews, April 1, 17, 1993.
61. President Carter’s notes on Domestic Summit at Camp David, commencing July 8, 1979, original notes are in the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum; the author has a copy of President Carter’s notes.
62. Jimmy Carter interview, June 8, 1992.
63. David Cohen (former head of Common Cause), interview with the author, October 31, 2015.
64. Clark Clifford, interview with the author, October 14, 1991.
65. Pad 58, July 9, 1979.
66. Ibid., July 8, 1979.
67. Ibid., July 9, 1979.
68. Pad 59, July 11, 1979.
69. Ibid., July 14, 1979.
70. Jerry Rafshoon, exit interview conducted by David Alsobrook of the Presidential Papers Staff, September 12, 1979, Old Executive Office Building, Washington, D.C.
71. Public Papers of the Presidents, Jimmy Carter, 1979, Vol. II, July 15, 1979, 1235–41.
72. Hendrick Hertzberg interview, about the impact of the “crisis of confidence” speech, April 27, 1993.
73. Lesley Stahl, Reporting Live (New York: Touchstone Books/Simon & Schuster 1999), 100–1.
74. Kevin Mattson, “What the Heck Are You Up To, Mr. President?”: Jimmy Carter, America’s “Malaise,” and the Speech That Should Have Changed the Country (New York: Bloomsbury, 2009), citing David Broder’s reaction to the speech. The book is reviewed by Dwight Garner, “A President Speaks His Truth and Takes His Licks,” The New York Times, July 15, 2009; Jerry Rafshoon, Miller Center interview, 34.
75. Elizabeth Drew, “A Reporter at Large,” The New Yorker, August 27, 1979.
76.Pad 60, July 16, 1977; see also, Landon Butler interview with Hamilton Jordan, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs, November 6, 1981, President Carter’s speech to the Communications Workers of America in Detroit, July 16, 1979, Public Papers of the Presidents, Jimmy Carter, Vol. II, 1979, 1241–58.
77. Hamilton Jordan memorandum to President Carter, Carter Presidential Library and Museum, Presidential Papers, Staff Offices, Chief of Staff (Jordan) Box 34, July 16, 1979, and in author’s possession.
25. Resignations and Reshuffling
1. Rosalynn Carter, interview with the author, August 13, 2014.
2. Pad 58, July 5, 1979.
3. Ibid.
4. Patrick Caddell, interviews with the author, January 6, 1993, April 1 and April 17, 1993, October 30, 2015.
5. Jimmy Carter, interview with the author, June 8, 1992; Jimmy Carter, White House Diary (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2010), 341.
6. Jimmy Carter interviews, June 8, 1992, and October 25, 1991; Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 341.
7. Jody Powell, interview with the author, October 16, 1989, and University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, December 17–18, 1981.
8. Pad 60, July 17, 1979.
9. Griffin Bell interview with the author; Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 345.
10. Jody Powell interview, October 16, 1989.
11. Hamilton Jordan, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, November 6, 1981.
12. Cyrus Vance, interview with the author, April 28, 1992.
13. W. Michael Blumenthal, interview with the author, April 27, 1992; W. Michael Blumenthal, From Exile to Washington (New York: Overlook Press, 2015), 320–1.
14. Joseph Califano, interview with the author, February 20, 1990.
15. Pad 60, July 17, 1979.
16. Ibid., July 18, 1979.
17. Rosalynn Carter interviews, July 13, 1993, and August 13, 2014.
18. W. Michael Blumenthal interview, April 27, 1992.
19. Brock Adams, interview with the author, March 30, 1990.
20. Elizabeth Drew, “A Reporter at Large,” The New Yorker, July 18, 1977.
21. Griffin Bell, interview with the author, September 6, 1989; Reg Murphy, Uncommon Sense: The Achievement of Griffin Bell (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001).
22. Hamilton Jordan, interviews with the author, May 11, 1992, and December 23, 1992.
23. Jerry Rafshoon, interview with the author, February 26, 1990.
24. Rosalynn Carter interview, August 13, 1993.
25. Patrick Caddell interview, April 1, 1993.
26. Jimmy Carter interview, October 25, 1992.
27. Frank A. Weil, in conversation and email with the author, October 5, 2015.
28. Jerry Rafshoon interview, February 26, 1990.
29. Jerry Rafshoon, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, April 8, 1983.
30. Patrick Caddell interviews, April 1, 1993, and October 30, 2015.
31. Richard Moe, interview with the author, October 11, 1991.
32. Walter Mondale, interview with the author, October 6, 2015.
33. Walter Mondale, interview with the author, April 3, 1991.
34. Pad 60, July 21, 1979.
35. “Fifty Years: The Mondale Lectures on Public Service,” Walter Mondale, Richard Moe, Dennis Clift, Bert Carp, Gail Harrison, Ellen Hoffman, and Paul Light, presented April 2, 2002, Minnesota Historical Society, www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00697.xml; Minnesota Public Radio, St. Paul, October 11, 2002.
36. Walter Mondale interview, September 11, 2014.
37. Michael Berman, interview with the author, February 20, 2014.
38. Jim Johnson, interview with the author, June 17, 2014.
39. Richard Moe, interview with the author, October 11, 1991.
40. Jim Johnson interview, June 17, 2014.
41. Pad 61, August 3, 1979.
42. Pad 61, August 6, 1979.
43. Ibid.
44. Benjamin Civiletti, interview with the author, October 27, 1992; Hamilton Jordan interviews, May 11, 1992, and December 23, 1992; University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs, November 6, 1981.
45. Hamilton Jordan interviews, May 11, 1992, and December 23, 1992.
46. Hamilton Jordan interview, May 11, 1992.
47. Hamilton Jordan, No Such Thing as a Bad Day (New York: Gallery Books, 2001), 203.
48.
Lily Rothman, “The ’70s Cocaine Scandal That Could Have Rocked the White House,” Time, September 3, 2014, written on the 35th anniversary of the original story.
49. James Fallows, “The Passionless Presidency,” The Atlantic, May 1979.
50. Rosalynn Carter interviews, July 13, 1993, and August 13, 1993; Jimmy Carter interviews, June 4, 1991, and September 27, 2013.
51. Frank Moore, interview with the author, October 2, 2014.
52. Michael Cardozo, interview with author, April 11, 2014; and discussion with the author, April 22, 2017; and Carter’s response to Cardozo’s memorandum on the use of the White House tennis court; Susan Clough interview with the author, January 6, 1993.
53. Rex Scouten, interview with the author, September 13, 1995.
54. Susan Clough, interview with the author, January 6, 1993.
55. Jimmy Carter interview, October 25, 1991.
56. Jody Powell, The Other Side of the Story (New York: William Morrow, 1984), 104–8.
57. Jody Powell interview, October 16, 1998.
58. Brooks Jackson, “Bunny Goes Bugs: Rabbit Attacks President,” The Washington Post, August 30, 1979.
59. Donnie Radcliffe and Elisabeth Bumiller, “The Picnic: Labor Plays at the White House,” The Washington Post, September 4, 1979.
60. Jody Powell, The Other Side of the Story, 105.
61. Patrick Caddell interview, April 1, 1993.
62.Washington Post poll of September 14, 1979, cited in University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs, Presidential Key Events, Jimmy Carter, https://millercenter.org/president/jimmy-carter/key-events.
PART VIII
26. The Rise of the Ayatollah
1. Gary Sick, All Fall Down: America’s Tragic Encounter with Iran (New York: Random House, 1991), 5.
2. Quoted in Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power (New York: Free Press, 2008), 138.
3. Dr. Saul Bakash, interview with the author, October 18, 2013.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.; Shaul Bakhash, Reign of the Ayatollahs, Iran and the Islamic Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 1984 [revised edition]).
6. Mohsen Sazegara, interview with the author, April 22, 2013.
7. Jimmy Carter remarks, November 15, 1977, at state dinner for Shah of Iran in White House, Public Papers of the Presidents, Jimmy Carter 1977, 2029.
8. Edward C. Keefer, Harold Brown: Offsetting the Soviet Military Challenge, 1977–1981, Washington, D.C., Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2017, Secretaries of Defense Historical Series, Volume 9, 290.
9. Jimmy Carter, interview with the author, September 27, 2013; Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York: Bantam, 1982), 416–7.
10. Zbigniew Brzezinski, interview with the author, July 19, 2006.
11. Gary Sick, All Fall Down, 90.
12. Stansfield Turner, Burn Before Reading, 180–1.
13. Gary Sick, All Fall Down, 82–3.
14. Ibid., 32.
15. General David Jones, interview with the author, July 14, 2001.
16. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Answer to History (New York: Stein & Day, 1980), 154.
17. Gary Sick interview, January 24, 2011.
18. Ardeshir Zahedi, interview with the author, July 13, 2011.
19. Gary Sick, All Fall Down, 30.
20. Jimmy Carter interview, September 27, 2013.
21. Judy Woodruff, interview with the author, January 15, 2015.
22. Mohsen Sazegara, interview with the author, April 22, 2013.
23. Gary Sick, All Fall Down, 35; and Gary Sick interviews, September 13, 2006, September 25, 2006, July 13, 2011, June 16, 2016; and Gary Sick written answers to author’s questions, May 1, 2017 email.
24. Mohsen Sazegara interview, April 22, 2013.
25. Henry Kissinger, interview with the author, April 12, 2006.
26. Mohsen Sazegara interview, April 22, 2013.
27. Ardeshir Zahedi interview, July 13, 2001.
28. Gary Sick, All Fall Down, 51.
29. Ibid., 56.
30. Dr. Mehdi Noorbaksh (son-in-law of former Iranian Foreign Minister Ebrahim Yazdi), professor of international affairs at Harrisburg (Pa.) University of Science and Technology, interview with the author, May 17, 2013; and written answers to questions by author, August 12, 2014. Yazdi was a close confidant of Ayatollah Khomeini and his first foreign minister. He became a leading dissident, accusing Khomeini of increasingly using “Stalinist and undemocratic methods,” and as a result, being constantly arrested and harassed. He died on August 27, 2017. Dara Elasfar, “Ebrahim Yazdi, Iranian foreign minister turned dissident dies at 85,” The Washington Post, August 29, 2017.
31. Mohsen Sazegara interview, April 22, 2013.
32. Ibid.
33. Zalmay Khalilzad, interview with the author, April 4, 2016, and Zalmay Khalilzad, The Envoy (New York: St. Martin’s Press), 50–2.
34. Cyrus Vance, State Department Evening Report to President Carter, September 13, 1978, Carter Presidential Library and Museum, Atlanta, Georgia.
35. Gary Sick interview, June 16, 2016.
36. Gary Sick, All Fall Down, 59.
37. Ibid., 67.
38. Ibid., 68, 70.
39. Zbigniew Brzezinski interview, July 19, 2006.
40. Gary Sick, All Fall Down, 71.
41. Ardeshir Zahedi interview, July 13, 2011.
42. Gary Sick, All Fall Down, 78–79.
43. Scott Armstrong, “Vance Deflects a Call for Toughness,” The Washington Post, October 28, 1980; Betty Glad, An Outsider in the White House: Jimmy Carter, His Advisers, and the Making of American Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009), 170.
44. Stansfield Turner, interviews with the author, February 8, 1991, and March 20, 1991.
45. Gary Sick, All Fall Down, 99–100.
46. Scott Armstrong, “Vance Deflects a Call for Toughness”; W. Michael Blumenthal, interview with the author, March 16, 2016; W. Michael Blumenthal, From Exile to Washington (New York: The Overlook Press, 2015), 354–62.
47. Gary Sick, All Fall Down, 110.
48. Scott Armstrong, “Vance Deflects a Call for Toughness.”
49. Ibid.
50. Dr. Mehdi Noorbaksh interview, May 17, 2013, and written answers to author’s questions, August 12, 2014.
51. Mohsen Sazegara interview, April 12, 2013, summarizing Khomeini’s letter.
52. Ibid.
53. Gary Sick interview, September 15, 2016; Dr. Mehdi Noorbaksh email to the author, August 14, 2014.
54. Gary Sick interview, September 25, 2006.
55. Jimmy Carter, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, November 29, 1993.
56. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 272–5.
57. Gary Sick, All Fall Down, 126.
58. Pad 45, January 16, 1979.
59. Robert Huyser, Mission to Tehran (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), 115. See also two files of General Huyser’s Iran reports, Carter Presidential Library and Museum, “Iran Reports from General Huyser,” Folder Citation: Zbigniew Brzezinski Collection: Series: Geographical Files; Folder: Iran-Reports from General Huyser (1/19–1/31/79); Container 12; and Folder Citation: Collection: Zbigniew Brzezinski Collection: Series: Geographical Files; Folder: Iran-Reports from General Huyser (2/1/79–2/13/79); Container 12.
60. Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, Answer to History (Stein & Day, 1980), 167.
61. Gary Sick, All Fall Down, 124, 126.
62. Ibid., 132–3.
63. Robert Huyser, Mission to Tehran, 89.
64. Gar
y Sick, All Fall Down, 151–3.
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