65. Edward C. Keefer, Harold Brown, 296–7.
66. Zbigniew Brzezinski interview, July 19, 2006.
67. Bruce Laingen interview, Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training (hereinafter referenced as ADST), Foreign Affairs Oral History Program, Georgetown University, January 9, April 7, August 25, 1992; February 17, May 27, 1993.
27. The Fall of the President
1. Mohsen Sazegara, interview with the author, April 27, 2013.
2. Ibid.
3. Robert Huyser, Mission to Tehran, 134–5, 141, 148.
4. Ibid., 256.
5. Gary Sick, email to the author, May 1, 2017, answering author’s question.
6. Mohsen Sazegara, interview, April 27, 2013.
7. Jimmy Carter, interview, September 27, 2013.
8. Zbigniew Brzezinski, memo to President Carter, February 2, 1979, Carter Presidential Library and Museum.
9. Gary Sick, All Fall Down, 164–7.
10. Gary Sick, interviews with the author, September 13, 2006, September 25, 2006, July 13, 2011, June 16, 2016.
11. Jimmy Carter, interview with the author, September 27, 2013.
12. Ervand Abrahimian, A History of Modern Iran (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
13. Bruce Laingen, interview with the author, January 10, 2006.
14. Mohsen Sazegara interview, April 22, 2013.
15. Bruce Laingen, interview with the author, January 10, 2006.
16. Ibid., and ADST interviews, January 9, 1992, et al.
17. Bruce Laingen interview with author, January 10, 2006; and ADST interview.
18. Jimmy Carter, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, November 29, 1992.
19. Bruce Laingen ADST interviews, January 9, 1992, et al.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Bruce Laingen, interview with the author, January 10, 2006.
23. Ibid.; and ADST interviews, January 9, 1992, et al.
24. Hamilton Jordan, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, November 6, 1981.
25. Gary Sick, All Fall Down, 177.
26. Gary Sick interview, July 13, 2011.
27. Gary Sick, All Fall Down, 178.
28. Gary Sick interview, July 13, 2011.
29. Henry Kissinger, interview with the author, April 12, 2006.
30. Ibid.
31. Walter Mondale, interview with the author, September 22, 2014.
32. Copy of cable from Bruce Laingen to Cyrus Vance, supplied by Bruce Laingen to the author, January 14, 2006, EO 12065; RDS 3, 7/28/79, UR-M.
33. Copy of cable from Bruce Laingen to State Department, provided by Bruce Laingen to the author, January 14, 2006; EO 12065; GDS 10/1/79 (Laingen, L.B.) OR-M.
34. Bruce Laingen, ADST interview, January 9, 1992, et al.
35. Zbigniew Brzezinski, interview with the author, July 16, 2006.
36. Walter Mondale interviews, April 3, 1991, August 8, 1992, and September 22, 2014.
37. Hamilton Jordan interviews, May 11 and December 23, 1992; Hamilton Jordan, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, November 6, 1981.
38. Jimmy Carter interview, September 27, 2013; also Jimmy Carter, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, November 29, 1982; Zbigniew Brzezinski interview, July 16, 2006.
39. Hamilton Jordan, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, November 6, 1981.
40. Zbigniew Brzezinski interview, October 14, 2015.
41. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2010), 364; Vance interview with the author, April 28, 1992.
42. Bruce Laingen interview with the author, January 10, 2006; and ADST interviews, January 9, 1992, et al.
43. Bruce Laingen, ADST interviews, January 9, 1992, et al.
44. Hamilton Jordan, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, November 6, 1981.
45. Ibid.
46. Dr. Mehdi Noorbaksh, interview with the author, May 17, 2013; and August 12, 2014, email answers to author’s questions.
47. Bruce Laingen, ADST interview, January 9, 1992, et al.
48. Zbigniew Brzezinski interview, July 19, 1996.
49. Ibid.
50. Bruce Laingen, interview with the author, January 10, 2006; and Laingen ADST interviews, January 9, 1992, et al.
51.Zbigniew Brzezinski interview, July 19, 1996.
52. Mohsen Sazegara interview, April 22, 2013.
53. Bruce Laingen, ADST interviews, January 9, 1992, et al.
54. John Kifner, Terence Smith, Bernard Nossiter, and Paul Lewis, “Putting the Hostages First,” The New York Times, May 17, 1981.
55. Mohsen Sazegara interview, April 22, 2013.
56. Dr. Mehdi Noorbaksh, written answers to author’s questions, August 12, 2014.
57. Bruce Laingen, ADST interviews, January 9, 1992, et al.
58. Gary Sick, interviews with the author, September 13, 2006, September 25, 2006, July 13, 2011, June 16, 2016.
59. Bruce Laingen, interview with the author, January 10, 2006.
60. Mohsen Sazegara interview, April 22, 2013.
61. Ibid.
62. Stansfield Turner, Burn Before Reading (New York: Hyperion, 2006), 180–1; Stansfield Turner interviews with the author, February 8, 1991, and March 20, 1991.
63. Pad 68, November 9, 1979.
64. Bruce Laingen, ADST interviews, January 9, 1992, et al.
65. Hamilton Jordan, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, November 6, 1981.
66. Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum; for number of U.S. hostages taken in Iran, “Hostage Crisis in Iran,” The Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum, www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/research/hostage_crisis_in-iran.
67. Gary Sick interviews, July 13, 2011, and June 16, 2016; and, generally, All Fall Down, 259–60.
68. Jimmy Carter interview, September 27, 2013.
69. Gary Sick interviews, July 13, 2011, and June 16, 2016.
70. Bruce Laingen interview, January 10, 2006.
71. Harold Brown, interview with the author, April 29, 2014; Pad 69, November 15, 1979.
72. Zbigniew Brzezinski interview, September 16, 1991.
73. John Kifner, Terence Smith, Bernard Nossiter, and Paul Lewis, “Putting the Hostages First,” The New York Times, May 17, 1981.
74. Hamilton Jordan interview, May 11, 1992.
75. Harold Brown interview, April 29, 2014.
76. Zbigniew Brzezinski interview, September 16, 1991.
77. Zbigniew Brzezinski, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, February 18, 1992.
78. Zbigniew Brzezinski interview, September 16, 1991.
79. Walter Mondale interview, September 22, 2014.
80. Jerry Rafshoon, interview with the author, April 24, 2014.
81. John Kifner, Terence Smith, Bernard Nossiter, and Paul Lewis, “Putting the Hostages First,” The New York Times, May 17, 1981.
82. Jerry Rafshoon interviews, June 17, 2013, and February 25, 2014.
83. Harold Brown interview, April 29, 2014.
84. Keefer, Harold Brown, 299–300; citing Brown memorandum to Carter, December 1, 1979, folder Alpha Channel, 10/22/79–3/31/80, box 106, Brown papers, L.C., with Carter’s comments.
85. Pad 72, December 17, 1979, and December 20, 1979.
86. John Kifner, Terence Smith, Bernard Nossiter, and Paul Lewis, “Putting the Hostages First
,” The New York Times, May 17, 1981.
87. Pad 70, November 30, 1979.
88. Pad 72, December 14, 1979.
89. Harold Brown interview, April 29, 2014.
90. Gary Sick interview, July 13, 2011.
91. John Pustay, interview with the author, July 14, 2011.
92. Bruce Laingen interview, January 10, 2006.
93. Jimmy Carter interview, September 27, 2013.
94. Pad 71, December 6, 1979.
95. Bruce Laingen, ADST interviews, January 9, 1992, et al.
96. Jimmy Carter interview, September 27, 2013.
97. Keefer, Harold Brown, 203; Hamilton Jordan, Crisis (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1982), 24.
98. Rosalynn Carter, interview with the author, August 14, 2014.
99. Jimmy Carter, interview, September 27, 2013.
100. Jimmy Carter, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, November 29, 1982.
101. Hamilton Jordan, interview with the author, May 11, 1992.
102. Hamilton Jordan, interview with University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs, November 6, 1981.
103. Rosalynn Carter interview, July 13, 1997.
104. Jody Powell, interview with the author, October 16, 1989; Jody Powell, interview with University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs, December 17–18, 1981.
105. Jerry Rafshoon interview, August 19, 2013.
106. Judy Woodruff, interview with the author, January 15, 2015.
107. Andy Glass, interview with the author, September 25, 2013.
108. Ted Koppel, interview with the author, July 22, 2014.
109. John Kifner, Terence Smith, Bernard Nossiter, and Paul Lewis, “Putting the Hostages First,” The New York Times, May 17, 1981.
110. Pad 68, November 7, 1979.
111. EO 12170, November 14, 1979, 2118–20, Public Papers of the Presidents, Jimmy Carter, 1979, U.S. Government Printing Office.
112. Pad 71, November 14, 1979.
113. Pad 70, November, 28, 1979.
114. John Kifner, Terence Smith, Bernard Nossiter, and Paul Lewis, “Putting the Hostages First,” The New York Times, May 17, 1981.
115. Jerry Rafshoon interview, April 24, 2014.
116. Hamilton Jordan interviews, May 11, 1992, and December 23, 1992.
117. Gary Sick interviews, September 13, 2006, September 25, 2006, July 13, 2011, June 16, 2006; and All Fall Down, 266–9; John Kifner, Terence Smith, Bernard Nossiter, and Paul Lewis, “Putting the Hostages First,” The New York Times, May 17, 1981.
118. Gary Sick, All Fall Down, 289.
119. Hamilton Jordan interview, May 11, 1992.
120. Pad 68, November 7, 1979.
121. Mark Talisman, memorandum to the author, November 19, 2015, and subsequent discussions with the author.
122. Pad 69, November 15, 1979.
123. Pad 75, January 31, 1980.
124. Pad 81, April 8, 1980; and Sam Kermanian, memorandum to the author, December 15, 2015.
125. Pad 81, April 8, 1980.
126. Pads 81 and 82, April 9, 11, 15, 1980.
127. John Kifner, Terence Smith, Bernard Nossiter, and Paul Lewis, “Putting the Hostages First,” The New York Times, May 17, 1981.
128. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 414.
129. Jimmy Carter interview, September 27, 2013.
130. Jerry Rafshoon interview, April 24, 2014.
131. General John Pustay, interview with the author, July 14, 2001.
132. Jerry Rafshoon interview, April 24, 2014.
133. General David Jones, interview with the author, July 14, 2011; David Aaron, exit interview, December 15, 1980.
134. Jimmy Carter interview, September 27, 2013; Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 411–2, 421.
135. Zbigniew Brzezinski interview, September 16, 1991.
136. General John Pustay interview, July 14, 2011.
137. General David Jones and General John Pustay interviews, July 14, 2011.
138. Zbigniew Brzezinski interview, October 14, 2015, summarized in author’s email, November 18, 2015.
139. Ibid. September 16, 1991.
140. Cyrus Vance interview, April 28, 1992; Walter Mondale interview, September 22, 2014.
141. Jimmy Carter interview, September 27, 2013.
142. Bruce Laingen interview, January 10, 2006.
143. Jimmy Carter interview, September 27, 2013.
144. Ibid.; Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, 419.
145. Mark Bowden, “The Desert One Debacle,” The Atlantic, May 2006, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/05/the-desert-one-debacle/304803; Iran Hostage Rescue Report, August 1980, Statement of Admiral J. L. Holloway, III USN (Ret.), Chairman, Special Operations Review Group, https://www.history.navy/mil/research/…/iran-hostage-rescue-mission-report.html.
146. General John Pustay interview, July 14, 2011.
147. General David Jones interview, July 14, 2011.
148. Zbigniew Brzezinski interview, October 14, 2015.
149. General David Jones interview, July 14, 2011.
150. Hamilton Jordan, Crisis (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1982), 270.
151. Ibid., 270–2.
152. See Pentagon Special Operations Review Group Report on the Rescue Mission, August 23, 1980, www.amazon.com/Complete-Operation-HollowayFormerly … BOOEY R6MCO.
153. Rosalynn Carter interview, August 13, 2014.
154. Walter Mondale interview, September 22, 2014.
155. Jerry Rafshoon, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, April 8, 1983.
156. Harold Brown interviews, April 29, 2014, and October 15, 2015.
157. Jerry Rafshoon interview, April 24, 2014, based upon his discussion with Charles Beckwith for a documentary produced by Jerry Rafshoon.
158. “[Iran Hostage] Rescue Mission Report,” Naval History and Heritage Command, August 1980. www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/iran-hostage-rescue-mission-report.html.
159. Public Papers of the Presidents, Jimmy Carter, 1980–81, Vol. I, April 25, 1980, 772–3.
160. Ibid. 804.
161. Hamilton Jordan, Crisis, 287.
162. Pad 96, September 23, 1980.
163. Zbigniew Brzezinski interview, October 14, 2015; Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 499, 508.
164. Gary Sick, October Surprise: America’s Hostages in Iran and the Election of Ronald Reagan (New York: Times Books/Random House, 1991).
165. Jimmy Carter interview, September 27, 2013.
166. Ibid.
167. Pad 103, January 12, 1981.
168. Bruce Laingen, ADST interview, January 9, 1992, et al.
169. Jimmy Carter interview, September 27, 2013.
170. Ibid.
PART IX
28. “Where’s the Carter Bill, When We Need It?”
1. www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=3110; Lawrence Malkin and John Stacks, What If’s in American History, Robert Cowley, ed. (New York: Putnam, 2003), 290.
2. Steven Schlossberg, interview with the author, December 21, 1990; Douglas Fraser (UAW president), interviews with the author, November 14, 1991, and January 6, 1992.
3. Jimmy Carter Campaign, telegram to National Association of Life Underwriters, September 17, 1976, in “President Carter’s Campaign Promises,” 18 (Chicago: Commerce Clearing House, 1977), based upon a memorandum by Stu Eizenstat and David Rubenstein to President-elect Jimmy Carter, November 30, 1976.
President Carter Page 119