by Craig Nelson
alarm over German bombing of London and, 106–7
background of, 38
bombing of Tokyo and, 405
concerns about possible war with United States, 85, 99–100, 101, 104, 105, 129, 131, 135, 160, 180, 187
on defeat by United States, 408
desire to end war with United States, 405
Doolittle Raiders and, 382–83, 394, 412
grandfather Meiji quoted by, 23
Guadalcanal campaign and, 397
Hiroshima attended by, 410
Hull Note reply and, 159–60, 177
Japan’s China Incident and, 104, 119
Japan’s declaration of war and, 324–25
Japan’s surrender (1945) and, 405, 406, 407–8
Japan’s successes against British colonies and, 51, 351
kokutai (Japanese uniqueness) belief and, 37
later reign and death of, 418
MacArthur’s meetings with, 187–88, 410
Matsuoka’s demand for war with Germany and, 88–89
Nanking attack (1937–38) and orders from, 45
occupation of Japan and, 408, 410
Pacific theater losses and, 395–96, 397, 399
Pearl Harbor attack planning and, 124, 131–32, 133, 164, 187–88
Pearl Harbor success and, 351, 352
personality of, 38
plans to save, in case of attack on Imperial Palace, 53
postwar role of, 410, 418
proposed meeting or messages with Roosevelt, 97, 118, 154, 168
relations with military and political advisors, 38, 49, 85, 91, 104–5
Roosevelt’s cable to, 177–78, 187, 279
Saigon loss and, 395, 399
social forces facing, 22, 33
stand against fascism by, 23
surrender meeting with MacArthur and, 410
surrender proposal and, 405, 407–8
Tojo’s appointment as prime minister and, 119–20
traditional separation between politics and leadership role of, 37–38, 91, 154
Tripartite alliance not supported by, 51
Tripartite Pact signing and, 59
as US bombing target, 374–75
war crime tribunals and, 410, 411
Hiroshima, Japan, 422, 427
atomic bombing (1945) of, 401, 405, 410, 417, 419, 423, 425, 430
Hiroshima Memorial, Japan, 427
Hirowo, Ensign, 184
Hiryu (carrier), 72, 165, 189, 213, 247, 261, 283, 389, 390, 391
Hite, Charles, 317
Hite, Robert “Bob,” 392, 396, 409
Hitler, 50
Japan’s signing of Tripartite Pact with, 58, 59
Mein Kampf of, 38, 50
Netherlands East Indies and, 53
reaction to Pearl Harbor attack, 322
US attempt to negotiate peace before outbreak of war, 52
Hiyo (carrier), 398
Hoffman, Clare, 344
Hofstadter, Richard, 453
Holstrom, Brick, 369
Holt, Ben, 299, 300, 301
Hong Kong, 28, 53, 107, 136, 160, 161, 322, 342, 343, 345, 348, 350, 363
Hong Kong Clipper (plane), 342
Honish, Joseph, 248
Honolulu, Oahu, 210 (map)
burial of Pearl Harbor dead in cemeteries in, 243, 333
civilian “forgotten victims of Pearl Harbor” from explosions in, 316–17
fire department attacked in, 225
Japanese pilot’s prewar memory of, 204
Pearl Harbor as tourism attraction in, 417–18
servicemen’s easy life in, 16–17
soldiers’ social life in, 10, 181–83, 246, 257–58
Honolulu Advertiser, 179–80
Honolulu Motor Club, 219
Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 83, 293, 318
Hoover, Herbert, 6, 35–36, 77, 346
Hoover, J. Edgar, 98, 293, 358
Hopkins, Harry, 42, 93–94, 120, 178, 277, 320, 321, 326
Hoppaugh, Clay, 183
Hopping, Hallsted, 241–43, 306, 307
horizontal bombers, 71, 96, 101, 108, 150, 190, 191, 197, 206–7, 211 (map), 237, 282, 293, 343, 348
Hornbeck, Stanley, 41
Hornet (carrier), 371, 372, 373–74, 376, 377, 386, 387–88, 389, 390, 393, 402
Hornet Corps, at Okinawa, 400
hospitals, 223, 308, 386
burn treatment in, 330–32
care by, during Pearl Harbor attack, 221–22, 224–25, 230–31, 243, 290, 328–29
Japanese bombing and staffing of, 224, 229, 387
nurses on conditions at, 224, 329–30
postattack care of Pearl Harbor wounded at, 328–32, 414
reaction to human suffering in, 354
return to active duty after care in, 331
Tojo’s recovery at, 411
Tripler General Hospital at Fort Shafter, 224–25, 231, 329–30, 331
whiskey substituted for alcohol in, 329
working girl volunteers at, 330
hospital ships, 24, 82, 275, 329, 331
Houston (ship), 4
Hudson, Robert, 255
Hughes, J. Harold, 82
Hughes, Langston, 428
Hulbert (ship), 256
Hull, Cordell, 55
approach to working with Japan, to stay out of war, 43–44
background of, 43
economic sanctions against Japan and, 55
Eight Pillars of Peace of, 43
Flying Tigers and, 371
Four Principles of, 111, 112, 114
Japan’s control of areas of China and, 51
John Doe Associates on restoring trade with Japan and, 65
Pearl Harbor investigation on role of, 447
petroleum embargo against Japan and, 55–56
proposal for Japanese withdrawal from China and, 65–66
reaction to Pearl Harbor attack by, 327
Richardson’s warning about Pearl Harbor fleet to, 11
United Nations and, 433–34
Hull Note, 161, 278
Pearl Harbor attack and, 443
proposed reply to, 174
Roosevelt’s later distancing from, 177
terms of, 154–56, 159
Hurley, Alfred, 30
Huston, James, 267
Hutchens, Warren, 216
HYPO decoding, Office of Naval Communications, 385–86, 390, 395
I-4 (submarine), 314
I-19 (submarine), 208
Iba Field, Philippines, 342–43
Ickes, Harold, 54, 56, 92, 95
Idaho (battleship), 86
identification of dead, after Pearl Harbor attack, 332
Iguchi, Takeo, 451–52
Iida, Fusata, 189, 238
Ikawa, Tadao, 65
Illustrious (carrier), 60
immigrants
Chinese and Japanese, in California, 23, 27–28
in Honolulu, 182
Japanese, restrictions on, 27–28
imperialism
Japanese, 110, 111, 430
Western, 396
Imperial Japanese Army. See Japanese Army
Imperial Japanese Navy. See Japanese Navy
Imperial Palace, Tokyo
as US bombing target, 374–75
Inagaki, Kiyoshi, 184, 340, 341
India, 39, 378, 385
Indian soldiers, 342, 350
Indochina. See French Indochina
Indonesia, 53, 58, 351. See also Netherlands East Indies
Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783, The (Mahan), 29–30
Ingersoll, Royal, 87, 136, 448
Inglis, T. B., 199
Inoue, Shigeyoshi, 31, 38, 50, 165
Inouye, Daniel K., 423
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 435
international cooperation, as Pearl Harbor legacy, 434–35
International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE), 393–94, 411
International Monetary Fund, 435
internment camps
of enemy aliens, 319, 358
of Japanese-Americans, 316, 355–56, 358–60, 414
later reactions to experiences of, 414
public support for, 358
reluctance to leave, 414
Roosevelt order on, 80n, 358–59
Ishii, Akiho, 98
Ishii, Shiro, 47, 411
Ishikawa, Shingo “Wild Shot,” 48
isolationism, US, 430–31
Italy
British attack on fleet at Taranto (1940), 60, 61, 158
Ethiopia invaded (1935) by, 51
refusal to negotiate before outbreak of war, 52
US plans for fighting on multiple fronts in case of war with, 62
Itaya, Shigeru, 191, 197, 240
“I Was a Prisoner of Japan” (DeShazer), 412, 424, 425
Iwasa, Naoji, 137
Iwo Jima, Battle of (1945), 390, 391, 399, 427
Izawa, Thompson, 251
Jacobs, G. R., 305
Jaekel, Haile, 420
Jane’s Fighting Ships, 81
Japan
background to Pearl Harbor attack
Anti-Comintern Pact between Germany and, 38, 143
“Asia for Asians” policy, 39–40, 47
assassination (1936) of government officials, 36–37
attack emphasized in naval aviation philosophy, 27
British attack on Italian fleet at Taranto (1940), 61
chaotic military governance, 49–50, 53
China Incident (Marco Polo Bridge Incident, 1937) with China, 38, 66, 82, 104, 117
Dai Nippon Teikoku (Great Empire of Japan) concept and, 33, 165, 351, 363, 403, 406, 429
danger of war if nations push Japan, 41
economic boom (1990s) in, 424
emperor’s role in politics, 37–38
“four races” belief, 39
German victories in Europe viewed in Japan, 55, 57
gift of cherry trees to United States, 142, 346
Hull Note proposed reply, 174
Hull Note terms, 154–56, 159
information from spies used in planning, 80, 82, 108, 132, 139, 147, 164, 170–71, 177, 182, 207, 229, 254, 320
Japan’s awareness of Pearl Harbor fleet, 12
John Doe Associates’ proposal for withdrawal from China, 65–66
Kantai Kessen (decisive battle) approach, 30, 31, 68, 138, 385, 386, 390
kokutai (Japanese uniqueness) belief, 37
later views on Pearl Harbor attack held in, 417–18, 421, 423
Mahan’s battle theories used by Japan, 29–30
Manchuria invasion (1931), 34–36
Meiji period modernization of armed forces, 27
Meiji period wars (1853) against China and Russia, 22
Meiji Restoration, 22–23
military superiority of Japan, 57
Monroe Doctrine’s influence on imperial ambitions, 38–39
Netherlands East Indies policy, 53
neutrality treaty with Soviet Union, 59
novel (1928) describing Pacific attack, 28
Panay incident and negotiations, 45–46
Pearl Harbor fleet seen as restraint on Japan, 10–11
perception of being encircled by American and European colonies, 28
Perry and first American contact, 21–22, 407
petroleum embargo by US, 55–56
resentment at foreign barbarians, 22
rumors of war at the start of 1941, 63
Russian defeat in naval battle at Tsushima (1905), 24–26, 27
social chaos after Great Depression, 32–33
Southeast Asia warfare plan. See Operation Number One
stereotypes of Americans held by Japanese, 42
Stimson Doctrine on China, 35–36
Tientsin, China, taken by Japan, 38
Tripartite Pact, 58–59
United States as enemy number one, after immigration policy changes, 27–28
US economic sanctions against Japan, 55–56, 175
US opinions on military prowess of Japan, 10–11, 41
US plans for fighting on multiple fronts in case of war with Japan, 62–63
US recall of consulate staff’s families, 63
US stereotypes of Japanese, 40–41, 42, 227, 229
US survey of military strength of Hawaii and possible attack by Japan, 32
US war games’ simulation of attack on Pearl Harbor studied by Japan, 32
US warning to Americans to depart from Japan, 155
Washington Naval Conference (1922) limits on battleship and aircraft carrier tonnage of Japan, 27
as world power after Russian defeat (1905), 26
World War I, 28, 48
Pearl Harbor attack (1941). See Pearl Harbor attack
postattack period
action against China for help during US bombing campaign, 382–83
Roosevelt’s declaration of war against Japan, 343–46
strategy study on use of surprise in attack on Pearl Harbor, 32
war in Pacific
arrests and war crimes trials, 410–11
Nagasaki and Hiroshima atomic bombing (1945) of, 404–5
occupation of Japan after surrender, 408, 410–11
Operation Downfall invasion, 402–3
possibility of surrender not considered need for resistance, 403
surrender of Japan (1945), 405–8
Tokyo bombing raids (1942) of, 374–75, 378, 381–82, 400–402, 407
US bombing of, 400–403
US bombing targets in Japan, 374–75
war crime tribunals after surrender, 411–12
Japanese Air Force
American air forces attacked by, 213–24
attack emphasized in naval aviation philosophy and, 27
civilian planes shot at by, 214–16
decision to withdraw after success of attack by, 313, 314
Nanking attacked (1937–38) by, 44
Panay incident and, 45
Pearl Harbor attack by. See Pearl Harbor
policy decisions in, 48
types of planes used by, 7, 71
Japanese Air Force pilots
clothing worn on attack missions by, 188, 189, 192
farewell rituals on night before Pearl Harbor attack by, 188
as hell divers in, 189
on images of torpedoes hitting water, 251–52
Japan Friends of Pearl Harbor formed by, 426–27
later lives and careers of Fuchida and Abe from among, 424–28
number of dead among, 333
Oahu memories of, 203–4
opinions of American defenses of, 297
opinions on success of Operation Z and loss of men and, 312–13
Pearl Harbor attack by. See Pearl Harbor
radio broadcast used as directional beacon by, 197–98
ritual dinner before attack and, 140–41
suicide missions used by, 102, 189, 238, 307, 340, 398, 400, 422
survival of two pilots on Ni’ihau, 314–16
Japanese Americans. See also Japanese immigrants
arrest and internment of, 316, 355–56
congressmen demanding evacuation of, 358
Eleanor Roosevelt on, 356, 358
employed by FBI in Hawaii, 82
internment of, 80n, 316, 355–56, 358–60, 414
mob violence against, 356
nervousness of servicemen seeing, 334
number in Hawaii (1941), 15, 82, 423–24
possibility of missing midget submarine crew among, 341–42
postattack rumors about impending attacks and local saboteurs among, 334–35, 336–37, 358
reactions against, after declaration of war against Japan, 347
rumors heard by, about treatment by soldiers, 337–38
Japanese American soldiers, 356
Japanese Army
alliance with Hitler supported by, 59
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bakuryo officers and decisions in, 48–49, 156
barbarism and brutality of, 34, 47–48, 250–51, 398
being member of as good position, 33
Bushido (code of honor) of, 48, 140, 397, 426
chemical and bacterial weapons used on Chinese by, 47
“comfort houses” used by, 47
Control Faction’s demands for changes in, 33
German training for officers of, 48
Japanese Navy in conflict over goals with, 49
Manchuria invaded (1931) by, 34–35, 36
Nanking attacked (1937–38) by, 44–47, 418
Netherlands East Indies planning of, 53
possibility of surrender not considered by, 403
Shanghai invaded (1937) by, 44
Japanese embassies, messages about war preparations sent to, 146–47
Japanese embassy, Honolulu, 194
burning of official papers and codes at, 166, 319
as center for espionage, 81, 124–25, 147, 177
confinement of staff to, 318–19
Japanese clerk (spy) at, 80–81
secret request for meeting with Roosevelt and, 168–69
US decoding of messages from, 177, 178
Japanese embassy, London, secret codes at, 446
Japanese immigrants. See also internment; Japanese Americans
citizenship and property ownership restrictions on, 27–28
in Hawaii, 26
quotas imposed on, 28
Japanese Navy
being member of as good position, 33
Japanese Army in conflict over goals with, 49
master war plan of, 116
Pacific theater losses of, 399
pro-Anglo-Saxon view of, 38
suicide bombers used by airmen in, 400
Yamamoto’s training program for, 51
Japanese people
later views of Pearl Harbor held by, 417–18, 421
Pearl Harbor as tourist attraction for, 417–18, 424
Japan Friends of Pearl Harbor, 426–27
Jarvis (ship), 282
Java, 165, 350, 351, 363
John Doe Associates (JDA), 65–66
John Rodgers Airport, Honolulu, 214, 215
Johnson, Carl, 252
Johnson, Karl, 328
Johnson, Louis, 84
Johnson, Lyndon B., 402
Joint Army Navy Board, 30
Joint Coastal Frontier Defense Plan, 441
Joint Congressional Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, 443–51
Jones, Charles, 262
Jones, Davey, 368
Jones, Eli Stanley, 168
Jones, Herbert, 295, 457
Jones, James, 16, 229
Jones, R. E., 260
Jurika, Steven, 377
Justice, James, 332
Kaaawa, Hawaii, 310, 334
Kaga (carrier), 68, 70, 72, 165, 213, 240, 247, 312, 350, 389, 391
Kahneman, Daniel, 429