5 Voyer, D. (2014, April 9). “April 29, 2014 Girls Make Higher Grades than Boys in All School Subjects, Analysis Finds.” Retrieved July 22, 2014, from American Psychological Association: www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2014/04/girls-grades.aspx; also see Voyer, D. and Voyer, S.D. (2014). “Gender Differences in Scholastic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis,” Psychological Bulletin, 140(4). Retrieved July 22, 2014, from www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/bul-a0036620.pdf.
6 Cribb, R. (2011, November 25). “The Grim Evidence That Men Have Fallen Behind Women.” Retrieved November 26, 2011, from Toronto Star, www.thestar.com/life/2011/11/25/rob_cribb_the_grim_evidence_that_men_have_fallen_behind_women.html.
7 Salahu-Din, D., Persky, H., and Miller, J. (2008). The Nation's Report Card: Writing 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2011, from National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education (NCES 2008-468): http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/main2007/2008468.pdf. p. 68; and Lee, J., Grigg, W., and Donahue, P. (2007). The Nation's Report Card: Reading 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2011, from National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education (NCES 2007-496): http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/main2007/2007496.pdf. p. 64.
8 Stern, P. (Director) (2006). Raising Cain: Boys in Focus [documentary]. United States: PBS Films.
9 Equity and Quality in Education: Supporting Disadvantaged Students and Schools (2012). Retrieved June 8, 2014, from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: www.oecd.org/education/school/50293148.pdf. p. 22.
10 PISA 2009 at a Glance (2010). Retrieved June 8, 2014, from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/9810131ec008.pdf?expires=1402278232&id=id&accname=guest&check-sum=BDB231357DFDA0AEA929A60B339F737C. p. 22.
11 Sommers, C.H. (2013). The War Against Boys: How Misguided Policies Are Harming Our Young Men. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. p. 14.
12 Planty, M., et al. (2007, June). The Condition of Education 2007 (NCES 2007-064). Retrieved June 5, 2014, from National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education: http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2007/2007064.pdf.
13 “The Weaker Sex” (2015, May 7). Retrieved August 24, 2015, from The Economist: www.economist.com/news/international/21645759-boys-are-being-outclassed-girls-both-school-and-university-and-gap.
14 Planty, M., et al. (2007, June). The Condition of Education 2007 (NCES 2007-064). Retrieved June 5, 2014, from National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education: http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2007/2007064.pdf.
15 Dunckley, V.L. (2015). Reset Your Child's Brain: A Four-Week Plan to End Meltdowns, Raise Grades, and Boost Social Skills by Reversing the Effects of Electronic Screen-Time. Novato, CA: New World Library. p. 2.
16 “Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder” (ADHD) (n.d.). Retrieved June 8, 2014, from Division of Human Development, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html.
17 Note: According to NCES, in the US between 2008 and 2009, boys were about 22 percent more likely than girls to have dropped out of high school. Average percentage taken between these two sources (13 percent and 30 percent, respectively). See: Chapman, C., Laird, J., and KewalRamani, A. (2010, December). Trends in High School Dropout and Completion Rates in the United States: 1972–2008 (NCES 2011-012). Retrieved June 5, 2014, from National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education: http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2011/2011012.pdf. p. 24; and Chapman, C., Laird, N., Ifill, N., and KewalRamani, A. (2011, October), Trends in High School Dropout and Completion Rates in the United States: 1972–2009 (IES 2012-006). Retrieved June 5, 2014, from National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education: http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2012/2012006.pdf. p. 22. Note: In Canada, five boys drop out for every three girls who do. See: Richards, J. (2011, January 6), School Dropouts: Who Are They and What Can Be Done? Retrieved December 26, 2011, from C.D. Howe Institute: www.cdhowe.org/pdf/ebrief_109.pdf. p. 1.
18 Chapman, C., Laird, J., and KewalRamani, A. (2010, December). Trends in High School Dropout and Completion Rates in the United States: 1972–2008 (NCES 2011-012). Retrieved June 5, 2014, from National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education: http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2011/2011012.pdf. p. 1.
19 “America's Young Adults at 27: Labor Market Activity, Education, and Household Composition: Results from a Longitudinal Survey Summary” (2014, March 26). Retrieved May 7, 2014, from Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor (USDL-14-0491): www.bls.gov/news.release/nlsyth.nr0.htm.
20 Hussar, W.J. and Bailey, T.M. (2013, January). Projections of Education Statistics to 2021 (NCES 2013-008). Retrieved May 9, 2014, from National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education: http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2013/2013008.pdf. pp. 75–77.
21 Frenette, M. and Zeman, K. (2008, December 1). “Why Are Most University Students Women? Evidence Based on Academic Performance, Study Habits and Parental Influences.” Retrieved September 22, 2014, from Statistics Canada: www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/81-004-x/2008001/article/10561-eng.htm; and Maslen, G. (2013, November 25). “Degrees of Separation: More Women Enrolling at Universities.” Retrieved September 22, 2014, from the Sydney Morning Herald: www.smh.com.au/national/education/degrees-of-separation-more-women-enrolling-at-universities-20131124-2y46e.html.
22 Griffiths, S. (2013, August 18). “Girls Crowd the Campus as Boys Lose Taste for Uni.” Retrieved June 20, 2014, from the Sunday Times: www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/Education/article1302079.ece.
23 Kirkup, J. (2014, January 31). “Boys being Left Behind as University Gender Gap Widens.” Retrieved October 10, 2014, from the Telegraph: www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/10608739/Boys-being-left-behind-as-university-gender-gap-widens.html.
24 “Degrees Conferred by Sex and Race” (2012). Retrieved June 5, 2014, from National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education: http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=72.
2 Men Opting Out of the Workforce
1 Note: Between 2000 and 2010 the percentage of American teens participating in the workforce fell 42 percent and the number of employed twenty-to twenty-four-year-olds dropped 17 percent. See: Symonds, W.C., Schwartz, R.B., and Ferguson, R. (2011, February). “Pathways to Prosperity: Meeting the Challenge of Preparing Young Americans for the 21st Century.” Retrieved May 30, 2014, from report issued by the Pathways to Prosperity Project, Harvard Graduate School of Education: www.gse.harvard.edu/news_events/features/2011/Pathways_to_Prosperity_Feb2011.pdf. pp. 4–5.
2 “Short-Term Labour Market Statistics. Employment Rate, Aged 25–54, Males, Level, Rate or Quantity Series, s.a. (n.d.) Retrieved September 1, 2015, from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: http://stats.oecd.org/; also see: Yarrow, A. (2015, April 3). “The American Male Worker: An Endangered Species. Retrieved August 24, 2015, from the San Francisco Chronicle: www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/article/The-American-male-worker-an-endangered-species-6173875.php.
3 Ibid.
4 Coombes, A. (2009, July 16). “Men Suffer Brunt of Job Losses in Recession.” Retrieved May 10, 2014, from the Wall Street Journal: http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970203577304574272570149153010.
5 Wessel, D. (2010, May 6). “Meet the Unemployable Man.” Retrieved August 25, 2015, from the Wall Street Journal: wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703322204575226003417489846.
6 Hartmann, H., Shaw, E., and Pandya, E. (2013, November). “Women and Men in the Recovery: Where the Jobs Are.” Retrieved November 17, 2014, from Institute for Women's Policy Research: www.iwpr.org. p. 12.
7 Pitts, M., Robertson, J., and Terry, E. (2014, April 10). “Reasons for th
e Decline in Prime-Age Labor Force Participation.” Retrieved August 24, 2015, from Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta: http://macroblog.typepad.com/macroblog/2014/04/reasons-for-the-decline-in-prime-age-labor-force-participation-.html.
8 Appelbaum, B. (2014, December 11). “The Vanishing Male Worker: How America Fell Behind.” Retrieved August 24, 2015, from the New York Times: www.nytimes.com/2014/12/12/upshot/unemployment-the-vanishing-male-worker-how-america-fell-behind.html?abt=0002&abg=1&_r=1.
3 Excessive Maleness: Social Intensity Syndrome (SIS)
1 Carducci, B., personal communication, December 4, 2014.
2 Ibid.
3 Loewe, F. and Lerner, A.J., “A Hymn to Him” [originally released in 1956 by Sony BMG Music Entertainment] (n.d.). Retrieved February 21, 2012, from ST Lyrics: www.stlyrics.com/lyrics/myfairlady/ahymntohim.htm.
4 “Pornhub Traffic Change During Super Bowl XLVIII” (2014, February 4). Retrieved May 12, 2014, from PornHub: www.pornhub.com/insights/pornhub-super-bowl/.
5 “Frequently Asked Questions” (n.d.). Retrieved May 12, 2014, from BroApp http://broapp.net/faq.html.
6 Wilcox S., Redmond, S., and Davis, T. (2015). “Genital Image, Sexual Anxiety, and Erectile Dysfunction among Young Male Military Personnel.” Journal of Sexual Medicine. 12, 1389–1397.
7 Note: In the first comprehensive study of male sexual behavior in the US, which was conducted by Alfred Kinsey in 1948 and published in the subsequent book Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, just 1 percent of men under thirty years old and 3 percent of men between thirty and forty-five years old, reported erectile dysfunction. See: Carson, C. (2002). “Urological and Medical Evaluation of Men with Erectile Dysfunction.” Reviews in Urology. 4(3), S2-S8. In 2004, prior to widespread high speed Internet, a Dutch meta-study showed rates of erectile dysfunction among young men were still relatively low, below 10 percent on average for men under forty-five years old. See: De Boer, B.J., et al. (2004). “Erectile Dysfunction in Primary Care: Prevalence and Patient Characteristics. The ENIGMA Study.” International Journal of Impotence Research. 16, 358–364. By 2013, one in four Italian men seeking medical help for erectile dysfunction was younger than forty. See: Capogrosso, P., et al (2013). “One Patient Out of Four with Newly Diagnosed Erectile Dysfunction Is a Young Man—Worrisome Picture from the Everyday Clinical Practice.” Journal of Sexual Medicine. 10(7), 1833–1841. And by 2015, Brazilian, Swiss, Norwegian, and Croatian community studies showed around a third of men eighteen to forty years old reported mild or severe erectile dysfunction. See: Landripet, I. (2015). “Is Pornography Use Associated with Sexual Difficulties and Dysfunctions among Younger Heterosexual Men?” Journal of Sexual Medicine. 12(5), 1136–1139.
8 Martin, A. (2011, January 14). “Young Men, Couples Shunning Sex.” Retrieved January 14, 2011, from the Japan Times: www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/01/14/national/young-men-couples-shunning-sex/#.U27MwV6JUwI.
4 Excessive Gaming: Mastering the Universe from Your Bedroom
1 “An interview with Edward Castronova.” (2005). Retrieved August 30, 2015, from the University of Chicago Press Web Site: www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/096262in.html.
2 “The U.S. Digital Consumer Report” (2014, February 10). Retrieved April 28, 2014, from Neilsen: www.nielsen.com/us/en/reports/2014/the-us-digital-consumer-report.html.
3 McGonigal, J. (2011). Reality Is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change the World. New York, NY: Penguin Press. Inside cover, pp. 4, 6.
4 Note: This calculation is based on the average university requirement of 120 credit hours, with each credit hour involving 2.5 hours of homework and class time. Take an average of 15 hours of actual class time and 22.5 hours of homework outside class each week—37.5 hours—multiplied by 16 weeks per semester, multiplied by 8 semesters, and you've got 4,800 hours. See also the table “Time Bandit” in Chapter 19.
5 Gentile, D.A. (2004). “The Effects of Violent Video Game Habits on Adolescent Hostility, Aggressive Behaviors, and School Performance,” Journal of Adolescence. 27, 6.
6 Note: Gaming site popularity has soared from five sites in the top 500 in 2011 to fifteen in 2015. In 2011, just one site, www.Pogo.com had a larger female audience, whereas in 2015, ten of the fifteen gaming sites had larger female audiences. Most females are accessing the sites from school whereas most of the males are accessing the sites from home, indicating the games that the young men play require a larger time commitment and a more engrossing gaming experience. Sites like www.Twitch.tv, which allow visitors to watch others play video games via live streaming, have larger female audiences. Interestingly, there were only seven real-life sports sites in the top 500 (i.e., www.Nba.com) in 2015 and all of them were skewed female—with the young women are accessing those sites from school. (Retrieved August 21, 2011 and August 10, 2015, from www.Alexa.com). Regarding the number of female gamers, 52 percent of gamers are now women, see: Jayanth, M. (2014, September 18). “52% of Gamers Are Women—But the Industry Doesn't Know It.” Retrieved August 25, 2015, from the Guardian: www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/18/52-percent-people-playing-games-women-industry-doesnt-know; and 70 percent of girls ages twelve to twenty-four report playing video games, see: Graser, M. (2013, October 1). “Videogame Biz: Women Still Very Much in the Minority.” Retrieved August 25, 2015, from Variety: http://variety.com/2013/digital/features/womengamers1200683299-1200683299/.
Note: “one clear disparity in this age group [fifteen- to eighteen-year-olds] is that girls lose interest in computer games as they enter their teenage years, while boys don't. Girls go from an average of 12 minutes a day playing computer games when they are in the eight- to ten-year-old group, down to just 3 minutes a day by the time they are fifteen to eighteen years old; there is no such decrease among boys.” Boys also spend an additional 56 minutes per day gaming on consoles versus girls' daily average of 14 minutes. See: Rideout, V.J., Foehr, U.G., and Roberts, D.F. (2010, January). “Generation M2: Media in the Lives of Eight- to Eighteen-Year-Olds.” Retrieved October 16, 2015, from the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation: https://kaisefamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/8010.pdf. p. 11, 22.
7 Note: 84 percent of boys and 59 percent of girls play video games on a computer, game console or cell phone. Black teens are the most likely group to have smart phones and are “substantially more likely to report playing video games on their phone” (83 percent) than their white (71 percent) or Hispanic counterparts (69 percent). “Teens Who Play Video Games Cross the Socio-Economic Spectrum Evenly.” Lenhart, A. (2015, April 9). “A Majority of American Teens Report Access to a Computer, Game Console, Smartphone and a Tablet.” Retrieved June 10, 2015 from the Pew Research Center: www.pewinternet.org/2015/04/09/a-majority-of-american-teens-report-access-to-a-computer-game-console-smartphone-and-a-tablet/.
8 Rey-López, J.P., et al. (2010). “Sedentary Patterns and Media Availability in European Adolescents: The HELENA Study.” Retrieved June 9, 2015 from the Helena Study: www.helenastudy.com/files/Rey-Lopez-PrevMed-2010.pdf. 5.
9 Albanesius, C. (2010, December 27). “‘Call of Duty: Black Ops’ Gamers Log 600M Hours of Play Time.” Retrieved June 20, 2014, from PC Mag: www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2374762,00.asp.
10 Thier, D. (2013, September 18). “‘GTA 5’ Sells $800 Million in One Day.” Retrieved April 20, 2014, from Forbes: www.forbes.com/sites/davidthier/2013/09/18/gta-5-sells-800-million-in-one-day/.
11 Erik, K. (2013, September 20). “‘Grand Theft Auto V’ Crosses $1B in Sales, Biggest Entertainment Launch in History.” Retrieved April 20, 2014, from Forbes: www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2013/09/20/grand-theft-auto-v-crosses-1b-in-sales-biggest -entertainment-launch-in-history/.
12 Nayak, M. (2013, June 10). “FACTBOX—A Look at the $66 Billion Video Games Industry.” Retrieved April 29, 2014, from Reuters: http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/06/10/gameshow-e-idINDEE9590DW20130610.
13 Education Department Budget History Table (2013, October 30). Retrieved May 17, 2014, from US Department of Edu
cation: https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/history/edhistory.pdf.
14 “BookStats Overall Highlights” (n.d.). Retrieved November 11, 2011, from Association of American Publishers: www.publishers.org/bookstats/highlights/.
15 Total Circ: Consumer Magazines (n.d.). Retrieved April 30, 2014, from Alliance for Audited Media: http://abcas3.auditedmedia.com/ecirc/magtitlesearch.asp.
16 Kent, S. (2001). The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story behind the Craze that Touched Our Lives and Changed the World. Roseville, CA: Prima Publishing/Random House. p. 152.
17 Bai, M. (2013, December 31). “Master of His Virtual Domain.” Retrieved June 25, 2014, from the New York Times: www.nytimes.com/2013/12/22/technology/master-of-his-virtual-domain.html?pagewanted=1&ref=video-games.
18 Free to Play: The Movie (2014). Retrieved June 30, 2014, from YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjZYMI1zB9s.
19 Davis, N. (2014, July/August). “Game Changers,” Playboy: Entertainment for Men. 61(6), 18.
20 American Academy of Pediatrics (2013). “Children, Adolescents, and the Media,” Pediatrics, 132(5). Retrieved June 7, 2014, from http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/10/24/peds.2013-2656.full.pdf+html. p. 959.
21 “Sleep and Teens” (n.d.). Retrieved June 17, 2014, from UCLA Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles: http://sleepcenter.ucla.edu/body.cfm?id=63.
22 National Sleep Foundation, 2014 Sleep In America Poll Finds Children Sleep Better When Parents Establish Rules, Limit Technology and Set a Good Example (2014, March 3). Retrieved June 17, 2014, from National Sleep Foundation: http://sleepfoundation.org/media-center/press-release/national-sleep-foundation-2014-sleep-america-poll-finds-children-sleep.
23 “Sleep and Teens” (n.d.). Retrieved June 17, 2014, from UCLA Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles: http://sleepcenter.ucla.edu/body.cfm?id=63.
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