7 Groysberg, B., and Abrahams, R. (2014, March). “Manage Your Work, Manage Your Life.” Retrieved April 28, 2014, from Harvard Business Review: http://hbr.org/2014/03/manage-your-work-manage-your-life/ar/5.
8 Slaughter, A. (2012, June 13). “Why Women Still Can't Have It All.” Retrieved May 23, 2014, from the Atlantic: http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/07/why-women-still-cant-have-it-all/309020/?single_page=true; and Slaughter, A. (2015). Unfinished Business: Women Men Work Family. New York, NY: Random House.
9 Parker, K., and Wang, W. (2013, March 14). “Modern Parenthood.” Retrieved June 7, 2014, from Pew Research Center: www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/03/14/modern-parenthood-roles-of-moms-and-dads-converge-as-they-balance-work-and-family/.
10 Farrell, W. (1993). The Myth of Male Power. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. p. 53.
11 Bennhold, K. (2010, June 10). “In Sweden, Men Can Have It All.” Retrieved August 11,2015 from the New York Times: www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/world/europe/10iht-sweden.html?_r=0.
12 Gottlieb, L. (2014, February 6). “Does a More Equal Marriage Mean Less Sex?” Retrieved April 28, 2014, from the New York Times: www.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/magazine/does-a-more-equal-marriage-mean-less-sex.html?_r=1.
13 “As Women Become More Financially Independent, They Want an Older, More Attractive Male Partner, According to New Research.” (2011, January 1). Retrieved August 12, 2015, from Stone Heath Newsletters: www.stonehearthnewsletters.com/women-relationships-stability-security/business/#sthash.byk7oPjA.w3mBH3iM.dpbs.
14 Rochman, B. (2011, July 11). “Unemployed Men Are More Likely to Divorce.” Retrieved August 11, 2015 from Time: http://healthland.time.com/2011/07/11/unemployed-men-are-more-likely-to-divorce/; also see Greenstone, M., and Looney, A. (2012, February 3). “The Marriage Gap: The Impact of Economic and Technical Change on Marriage Rates.” Retrieved September 5, 2015, from the Hamilton Project: www.hamiltonproject.org/papers/the_marriage_gap_the_impact_of_economic_and_technological_change_on_ma/.
15 Note: In 2007, 83 percent of engineering majors were men while more than 77 percent of psychology majors and 79 percent of education majors were women. For master's degrees, 77 percent of engineering graduates were men while 77 percent of education graduates and 80 percent of psychology graduates were women. See: Planty, M., et al., US Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences (2009), The Condition of Education 2009 (NCES 2009-081). Retrieved from National Center for Education Statistics: http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2009/2009081.pdf. pp. 99, 101.
16 McArdle, E. (2008, May 18). “The Freedom to Say ‘No.’” Retrieved September 5, 2015, from the Boston Globe: www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2008/05/18/the_freedom_to_say_no/?page=full.
17 Ibid; also note: “Though strong at the starting gates, many women are defecting as they advance—and it isn't only a small cohort of privileged thirty-something white moms, but women from various backgrounds and varying ages. Women are 2.8 times more likely than men to leave science and engineering careers for other occupations and 13 times more likely to exit the labor force entirely—even when marriage and small children are not relevant . . . women with computer science or engineering degrees earn 30 to 50 percent more than the average female graduate. If pay were the big motivator, you'd think the combination of opportunity and compensation would provide a double incentive for women to choose fields and stick with them . . . when we look at what work women choose in countries that offer them the widest array of options—Canada, the United Kingdom, West Germany, Switzerland, Norway, the United States, and Japan—we find the highest rates of gender disparity. The richer the country, the more likely women and men choose different types of jobs. This surprising find applies to the fields women choose most often, and to the number of hours they choose to work... Approximately 5 percent of women choose physics as a career in Japan, Canada, or Germany, for example, but in the Philippines, Russia, and Thailand, the number of women in physics is relatively high, ranging from 30 to 35 percent. Of the twenty-one countries polled, those with the highest proportion of women earning physics degrees—Poland and Turkey, at 36 and 37 percent, respectively—also have the highest rates of immigration to other European Union countries and offer little fiscal support for women and families. For the most part, these are countries where both sexes are under intense financial pressures.” See: Pinker, S. (2010). The Sexual Paradox: Extreme Men, Gifted Women and the Real Gender Gap. Toronto, ON: Random House Canada. pp. 64–65,71. Also see: Barinaga, M. (1994). “Surprises Across the Cultural Divide,” Science, 263; American Institute of Physics. (2001). “Percentages of Physics Degrees Awarded to Women in Selected Countries, 1997 and 1998 (2 Year Averages).” (International Study of Women in Physics, 2001). Ivie, R. and Ray, K.M. (2005, February). “Women in Physics and Astonomy, 2005.” American Institute of Physics; Belkin, L. (2003). “The Opt-Out Revolution.” New York Times; DeParle, J. (2007, April 22). “A Good Provider Is One Who Leaves.” New York Times; and Tiwari, P. and Estrada, A. (2002, November 19). “Worse Than Commodities.” Report from the Asia Pacific Mission for Migrants.
18 Retrieved May 20, 2014, from Scholarships.com: https://www.scholarships.com.
19 Kornrich, S. and Furstenberg, F. (2013). “Investing in Children: Changes in Parental Spending on Children, 1972–2007.” Demography, 50(1). Retrieved June 7, 2014, from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22987208. pp. 19–20.
20 Kitroeff, N. (2014, February 7). “Investing (More) in Daughters.” Retrieved June 5, 2014, from New York Times: www.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/education/edlife/investing-more-in-daughters.html?_r=0.
21 Hartmann, H. (1976). “Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Job Segregation by Sex,” Women and the Workplace: The Implications of Occupational Segregation, 1(3). Retrieved May 22, 2014, from www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3173001?uid=3739632&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21104059578957; and Reilly, K. (1995). Readings in World Civilizations. New York, NY: St Martin's Press. See Elise Boulding's essay, “Women and the Agricultural Revolution,” pp. 21–25.
22 Note: Poor women will live an average of 2.6 years (5 percent) longer than poor men, and wealthy women will live an average of 7 years (10 percent) longer than wealthy men. “Life Expectancy: Life Expectancy Data by World Bank Income Group” (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2014, from Global Health Observatory Data Repository, World Health Organization: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.700?lang=en.
23 See: Kincel, B. (2010, April). The Centenarian Population: 2007–2011. From American Community Survey Briefs, US Census Bureau (ACSBR/12–18).
24 Arnst, C. (2007, June 13). “A Gender Gap in Cancer.” Retrieved May 7, 2014, from BusinessWeek: www.businessweek.com/stories/2007-06-13/a-gender-gap-in-cancer-businessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice; and Parker-Pope, T. (2008, March 6). “Cancer Funding: Does It Add Up?” Retrieved May 7, 2014, from the New York Times: http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/03/06/cancer-funding-does-it-add-up/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0.
25 Murphy, S. L., Xu, J., and Kochanek, K.D. (2013, May 8). Deaths: Final Data for 20l0. Retrieved May 22, 2014, from National Vital Statistics Reports, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_04.pdf.
26 Suicide: Facts at a Glance (2012). Retrieved June 20, 2014, from National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/suicide_datasheet-a.pdf.
27 “Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries Summary,” 2012 (2013, August 22). Retrieved May 6, 2014, from Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor (USDL-13-1699): www.bls.gov/news.release/cfoi.nr0.htm.
28 “Who Is Homeless?” (2009, July). Retrieved May 7, 2014, from National Coalition for the Homeless: www.nationalhomeless.org/factsheets/who.html.
29 Knox, B. (2014, February 21). “I'm the Duke University Freshman Porn Star and for the First Time I'm Telling the Story in My Words.” Retrieved April 26, 2014, from xojane: www.xojane.com/sex/duke-university-fr
eshman-porn-star.
30 Daniels, N. (2014, January 6). “An Open Letter to Bearded Hipsters.” Retrieved April 26, 2014, from the Nicki Daniels Interview: http://nickidaniels.com/2014/01/06/beardedhipsters/.
31 McCarthy, A. (2011, August 4). “Dealbreaker: He Won't Go Down on Me.” Retrieved April 26, 2014, from Good: Creative Solutions for Living Well + Doing Good: http://magazine.good.is/articles/dealbreaker-he-won-t-go-down-on-me; and Michael, D., “Dating Younger Men Can Be Exciting for Women in Their 40s & Up.” (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2014, from YourTango: www.yourtango.com/experts/dawn-michael/dating-younger-men-can-be-exciting-women-her-40-s; and (2014, September 27—October 3), “Fare Ladies,” the Economist, 412(8906), 33; also see: www.economist.com/news/united-states/21620229-new-car-service-offers-lfts-women-women-fare-ladies; and Barreca, R. (2011, November 8). “Why Women Should Pay Lower Taxes.” Retrieved April 26, 2014, from Psychology Today: www.psychologytoday.com/blog/snow-White-doesnt-live-here-anymore/201111/why-women-should-pay-lower-taxes.
32 “Who Must Register” (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2014, from Selective Service System: https://www.sss.gov/FSwho.htm.
33 Beck, A.J., Berzofsky, M., Caspar, R., and Krebs, C. (2013, May). “Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates,” 2011–12. Retrieved April 26, 2014, from Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice (NCJ 241399): www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/svpjri1112.pdf; and Berzofsky, M., Krebs, C., Langton, L., Planty, M., and Smiley-McDonald, H. (2013, March 7). “Female Victims of Sexual Violence,” 1994–2010. Retrieved April 26, 2014, from Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, US Department of Justice (NCJ 240655): www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=4594.
34 “Forcible Rape” (2011). Retrieved April 26, 2014, from Federal Bureau of Investigation: www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/crime-in-the-u.s.-2011/violent-crime/forcible-rape.
35 Dube, S., et al. (2005). “Long-Term Consequences of Childhood Sexual Abuse by Gender of Victim.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 28(5), 430–438.
36 Note: 5.6 percent of women and 5.3 percent of men, respectively. See: Sexual Violence: Facts at a Glance 2012 (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2014, from National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/sv-datasheet-a.pdf. Also, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently reported 35 percent of heterosexual women and 29 percent of heterosexual men experienced stalking, physical violence, or rape by an intimate partner at some point in their lives. Nearly 30 percent of heterosexual women and 26 percent of heterosexual men had been slapped, pushed, or shoved by an intimate partner (higher than the rate for gay men, which was 24 percent). And a higher percentage of heterosexual men (49.3) had experienced psychological aggression from their intimate partner than heterosexual women (47.5). See: Walters, M.L., Chen, J., and Breiding, M.J. (2013). “The National Intimate Partner and SexualViolence Survey: 2010 Findings on Victimization by Sexual Orientation.” Retrieved June 30, 2015 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/pdf/NISVS_SOfindings.pdf. pp. 18–19, 21–24.
37 “United States. Safety.” (n.d.) Retrieved September 4, 2015, from OECD Better Life Index: www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/united-states/.
38 Male Victims of Violence (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2014, from National Coalition Against Domestic Violence: www.ncadv.org/files/MaleVictims.pdf.
39 Gold, A.R. (1989, July 2). “Sex Bias Is Found Pervading Courts.” Retrieved April 26, 2014, from the New York Times: www.nytimes.com/1989/07/02/us/sex-bias-is-found-pervading-courts.html.
40 “Men Sentenced to Longer Prison Terms than Women for Same Crimes, Study Says.” (2012, September 11). Retrieved April 26, 2014, from Huffington Post: www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/11/men-women-prison-sentence-length-gender-gap_n_1874742.html.
41 Glaze, L & Maruschak, L (2010, March 30). Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children. Retrieved August 25, 2015, from Bureau of Justice Statistics. U.S. Department of Justice: http://bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/pptmc.pdf. p. 10.
42 Farrell, W. (2001). The Myth of Male Power: Why Men Are the Disposable Sex. New York: Berkeley Books. p. 244.
43 Schmitt, J & Warner, K (2010, November). Ex-offenders and the Labor Market. Retrieved August 24, 2015, from Center for Economic and Policy Research: www.cepr.net/documents/publications/ex-offenders-2010-11.pdf. p. 6.
44 “Female Offender Programs and Services” (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2014, from California Department of Corrections & Rehabilitation: http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Adult_operations/FOPS/index.html.
45 Schmitt, J., and Warner, K. (2010, November). Ex-offenders and the Labor Market. Retrieved August 24, 2015, from Center for Economic and Policy Research: www.cepr.net/documents/publications/ex-offenders-2010-11.pdf. p. 1.
46 James, D. (2004, October 12). Profile of Jail Inmates, 2002. Retrieved August 25, 2015, from Bureau of Justice Statistics. U.S. Department of Justice: www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/pji02.pdf. p. 9; and Glaze, L., and Maruschak, L. (2010, March 30). Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children. Retrieved August 25, 2015, from Bureau of Justice Statistics. U.S. Department of Justice: http://bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/pptmc.pdf. p. 2.
47 Note: in state prisons, female inmates are two-and-a-half times likelier than male inmates to attend parenting classes. See: Glaze, L., and Maruschak, L. (2010, March 30). Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children. Retrieved August 25, 2015, from Bureau of Justice Statistics. U.S. Department of Justice: http://bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/pptmc.pdf. pp. 7, 9.
48 Durose, M.R., Cooper, A.D., and Snyder, H.N. (2014, April). Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 30 States in 2005: Patterns from 2005 to 2010. Retrieved September 6, 2015, from Bureau of Justice Statistics. U.S. Department of Justice: www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/rprts05p0510.pdf. p. 11.
49 Ibid. p. 6.
50 Note: history of alcohol and drug abuse, self-harm and mental illness are also factors. However, unemployed men commit suicide at twice the rate of employed men. See: Jones D. and Maynard, A. (2013). “Suicide in Recently Released Prisoners: A Systematic Review.” Mental Health Practice. 17(3), 20–27; and Kposowa, A.J. (2001). “Unemployment and Suicide: A Cohort Analysis of Social Factors Predicting Suicide in the U.S. National Longitudinal Mortality Study.” Psychological Medicine, 31(1). pp. 127–38.
51 Sylla, M., Harawa, N., and Reznick, O.G. (2010). “The First Condom Machine in a US Jail: The Challenge of Harm Reduction in a Law and Order Environment,” American Journal of Public Health, 100(6). Retrieved April 26, 2014, from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866591/.
52 Farrell, W. (2001). The Myth of Male Power: Why Men Are the Disposahle Sex. New York: Berkeley Books. p. 107.
53 Christakis, E. (2012, October 4). “Why Are Women Biased against Other Women?” Retrieved April 10, 2014, from Time: http://ideas.time.com/2012/10/04/womens-inhumanity-to-women/; and Pollack, E. (2013, October 3). “Why Are There Still So Few Women in Science?” Retrieved April 10, 2014, from the New York Times: www.nytimes.com/2013/10/06/magazine/why-are-there-still-so-few-women-in-science.html?pagewanted=1&_r=5&.
54 “The Myth of the ‘Queen Bee’: Work and Sexism.” (2011, June 20). Retrieved December 4, 2014, from Association for Psychological Science: http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/news/releases/the-myth-of-the-queen-bee-work-and-sexism.html.
55 Farrell, W. (2001). The Myth of Male Power: Why Men Are the Disposable Sex. New York: Berkeley Books. p. 131.
56 Peralta, E. (2015, September 10). “Marine Corps Study: All-Male Combat Units Performed Better Than Mixed Units.” Retrieved September 10, 2015, from National Public Radio: www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/09/10/439190586/marine-corps-study-finds-all-male-combat-units-faster-than-mixed-units; also see Seek, H.H. (2015, September 10). “Mixed-Gender Teams Come Up Short in Marines' Infantry Experiment.” Retrieved September 10, 2015 from Marine Corps Times: www.marinecorpstimes.com
/story/military/2015/09/10/mixed-gender-teams-come-up-short-marines-infantry-experiment/71979146/.
15. Economic Downturn
1 “Cost of Living in the U.S. Hits Record Highs Not Seen Since Financial Crisis.” (2011, March 18). Retrieved January 10, 2012, from Daily Mail, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1367705/Cost-living-America-hits-record-high-according-Consumer-Price-Index.html.
2 Note: Whites are much more uncertain than minorities about what the future holds for them. See: Brownstein, R. (2012, January 7). “What the Great Recession Wrought: The State of the U.S. in 3 Years of Polls.” Retrieved January 10, 2012, from the Atlantic: www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/01/what-the-great-recession-wrought-the-state-of-the-us-in-3-years-of-polls/251010/.
3 Leavitt, E. (2015, August 7). “Rise of Gig Economy Highlights Changing Job Ideals among Millennials.” Retrieved August 18, 2015 from USA Today: http://college.usatoday.com/2015/08/07/gig-economy-millennials/.
4 Symonds, W.C., Schwartz, R.B., and Ferguson, R. (2011, February). “Pathways to Prosperity: Meeting the Challenge of Preparing Young Americans for the 21st Century.” Retrieved May 30, 2014, from Report issued by the Pathways to Prosperity Project, Harvard Graduate School of Education: www.gse.harvard.edu/news_events/features/2011/Pathways_to_Prosperity_Feb2011.pdf. p. 2.
5 Symonds, W.C., Schwartz, R.B., and Ferguson, R. (2011, February). “Pathways to Prosperity: Meeting the Challenge of Preparing Young Americans for the 21st Century.” Retrieved May 30, 2014, from Report issued by the Pathways to Prosperity Project, Harvard Graduate School of Education: www.gse.harvard.edu/news_events/features/2011/Pathways_to_Prosperity_Feb2011.pdf. p. 2.
6 Ibid.
7 Greenstone, M. and Looney, A. (2011). Trends. Retrieved June 8, 2014, from The Milken Institute: www.milkeninstitute.org/publications/review/2011_7/08-16MR51.pdf. p. 11.
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