Seven Decades of Independent India

by Vinod Rai

  15. Haidar, Suhasini. ‘US, Germany Slam India For New Funding Norms’, The Hindu. 5 May 2017. See http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/us-germany-slam-india-for-new-funding-norms/article18385902.ece. Last accessed, 4 July 2017.

  16. Baviskar, B.S. ‘NGOs and Civil Society in India’, Sociological Bulletin, 2001, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 3–15.

  17. PFI has also provided technical assistance for the roll out and implementation of the National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) across states and cities. Through its edutainment serial, ‘Main Kuch Bhi Kar Sakti Hoon’ (I, a Woman, Can Do Anything) that tackles social determinants of health and family planning, PFI provided a popular serial to Doordarshan, the Government of India’s television channel. To spread awareness on the Union government’s national adolescent health programme, Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK), PFI contributed to developing behaviour change communication materials for peer educators in every village.

  18. Naidu, M. Venkaiah. ‘Seeking Synergy, Not Ideology: Government should Partner Civil Society, But the Latter’s Advocacy should be Evidence-Based’, Times of India, 1 June 2016. See http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-edit-page/seeking-synergy-not-ideology-government-should-partner-civil-society-but-the-latters-advocacy-should-be-evidence-based/. Last accessed, 4 July 2017.

  Chapter XI

  1. See D.R. Gadgil, The Industrial Evolution of India in Recent Years. Oxford University Press, 1938. Chatterjee, Basudev. Trade, tariffs and empire: Lancashire and British policy in India 1919–1939. Oxford University Press, 1992. Mukherjee, Aditya. ‘Empire: How Colonial India Made Modern Britain’, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 45, no. 50, December 2010, pp.73–82.

  2. Eckaus, Richard S. ‘Planning in India’, National Economic Planning, ed. Max F. Millikan. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1967. pp. 305–78.

  3. Bhagwati, Jagdish N., and T.N. Srinivasan. Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development—India. Columbia University Press, 1975.

  4. Wolf, Martin. ‘Indian Exports’, in ‘Export Promotion Policies’, World Bank staff working paper, no. 313. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, January 1979, pp. 68–70.

  5. N. Swapna and N. Sujatha. ‘Trends of IT Industry in Indian Economy—An Analysis’, Special Issue of International Journal of Computer Science & Informatics (IJCSI). 2012, vol. II, issue-1- 2, pp. 196-198. Annual Report 2005–06 and Annual Report 2015–16. Ministry of Communications and IT, Government of India.

  6. Rostow’s economic model explains five stages of economic development. It moves from a traditional society to a transitional society, followed by take-off, drive to maturity and finally high mass consumption.

  7. Amrit, Amirapu and Arvind Subramanian. ‘Manufacturing or Services? An Indian Illustration of a Development Dilemma’, working paper no. 409. Washington, D.C.: Centre for Global Development, June 2015. Rodrik, Dani. ‘Premature deindustrialization’, working paper no. 20935. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), February 2015.

  8. Kelkar, Vijay L., and Rajiv Kumar. ‘Industrial Growth in the Eighties: Emerging Policy Issues’, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 25, no. 4, January 1990, pp. 209–22.

  9. Author’s computation from various government data sources and reports.

  Chapter XII

  1. The Maoist insurgency is a conflict between radical Leftists and the Indian state in parts of Adivasi-majority regions in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Telangana that began around 2002. Its origins are traced to the older Naxalite movement of the sixties and the seventies.

  2. The figures in this section are compiled from different sources for cultivation and ownership. They differ slightly because not all privately owned land is cultivated. The cultivation data are from ‘Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, 2010’. See http://eands.dacnet.nic.in/. The data on operational holdings or ownership are from the ‘Agricultural Census of 2010–11’. See http://agcensus.nic.in/document/agcensus2010/agcen2010rep.htm.

  3. Irrigated or ‘wet’ land is roughly twice as productive as dry land in the same region.

  4. This argument is made by many scholars, including Sukhamoy Chakravarty (Development Planning: The Indian Experience, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1987) and Sanjoy Chakravorty (The Price of Land: Acquisition, Conflict, Consequence, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2013).

  5. Marginal farms are up to 1 hectare (2.5 acres) or less, whereas small farms are between 1 to 2 hectares.

  6. Chakravorty, Sanjoy. The Price of Land. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2013, p. xxiii.

  7. See Walter Fernandes, ‘Sixty Years of Development-Induced Displacement in India: Scale, Impacts, and the Search for Alternatives’, in India Social Development Report 2008: Development and Displacement, ed. H.M. Mathur. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 89–102.

  8. Chakravorty, Sanjoy. The Price of Land, pp. xxiii–xxiv.

  9. ‘Rahul Gandhi kickstarts Congress’s 2014 campaign in Uttar Pradesh’, NDTV, 9 October 2013. See https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-kickstarts-congresss-2014-campaign-in-uttar-pradesh-537167.

  Chapter XIII

  1. Economic Survey, 2015–16, economic division, Ministry of Finance, Government of India, 2016. Accessed at http://indiabudget.nic.in/budget2016-2017/survey.asp.

  2. Economic Survey, 2016–17. Accessed at http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2016-17/echapter.pdf.

  3. See, for instance, K. Srinath Reddy, Vikram Patel, Prabhat Jha, Vinod K. Paul, A.K. Shiva Kumar, Lalit Dandona: ‘Towards achievement of universal health care in India by 2020: a call to action’, Lancet, 26 February 2011, vol. 377, pp. 760–68.

  4. ‘State of the World’s Children 2016’. accessed on 24 June at https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/UNICEF_SOWC_2016.pdf. Data on per capita incomes are from the World Bank accessed on 24 June 2017 at http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GNIPC.pdf.

  5. ‘Situation Analyses—Backdrop to the National Health Policy 2017’. New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 2017.

  6. Drèze, J., and A. K. Sen. An Uncertain Glory: India and Its Contradictions, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013.

  7. Shiva Kumar, A.K., Lincoln C. Chen, Mita Choudhury, Shiban Ganju, Vijay Mahajan, Amarjeet Sinha and Abhijit Sen. ‘Financing health care for all: challenges and opportunities’, Lancet, 19 February 2011, vol. 377, no. 9766, pp. 668–79.

  8. ‘Situation Analyses—Backdrop to the National Health Policy 2017’. New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 2017.

  9. Patel, Vikram, Rachana Parikh, Sunil Nandraj, Priya Balasubramaniam, Kavita Narayan, Vinod K. Paul, A.K. Shiva Kumar, Mirai Chatterjee and K. Srinath Reddy. ‘Assuring health coverage for all in India’, Lancet, 12 December 2015, vol. 386, no. 10011, pp. 2422–35.

  10. ‘Assuring health coverage for all in India’, Lancet, 12 December 2015, vol. 386, no. 10011, pp. 2422–35.

  11. ‘Financing health care for all: challenges and opportunities’, Lancet, 19 February 2011, vol. 377, no. 9766, pp. 668–79.

  12. The beneficiaries under RSBY are entitled to hospitalization coverage up to Rs 30,000 per annum on family floater basis, for most of the diseases that require hospitalization.

  13. See http://www.cci.gov.in/sites/default/files/022014S.pdf.

  14. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/BHRC-directs-govt-to-pay-compensation-for-703-uterus-removals/articleshow/52095795.cms.

  15. As in 13 earlier.

  16. See presentation by vice-chairman, NITI Aayog: ‘India 2031–32: Vision, Strategy and Action Agenda’. New Delhi, 21 April 2017.

  17. Drèze, Jean and Amartya Sen. An Uncertain Glory: India and its Contradictions. New Delhi: Allen Lane, 2013.

  18. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/24-lakh-people-have-income-above-rs-10-lakh-but-25-lakh-cars-bought-every-year/articleshow/56201138.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst.

  19. http://indiabudget.nic.in/budget2016-2017/survey.a
sp.

  20. http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2015-16/echapvol2-01.pdf.

  Chapter XIV

  1. World Population Prospects 2017, United Nations.

  2. Speech by former president Pranab Mukherjee at the inaugural session of the visitor’s conference 2016, 16 November 2016. See http://presidentofindia.nic.in/speeches-detail.htm?568.

  3. ‘India will become the world’s most populous country by 2022, UN says’, Time, 30 July 2015. See http://time.com/3978175/india-population-worlds-most-populous-country/.

  4. CSO national account statistics.

  5. India Labour Marker Update, ILO Country Office for India, July 2016; http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---sro-new_delhi/documents/publication/wcms_496510.pdf.

  6. Economic Survey, 2015–16, Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Chapter 7, vol. II, pp. 153–54. See http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2015-16/echapvol2-07.pdf.

  7. Ibid.

  8. LFPR is number of persons in the labour force per 1000 persons. Report on Employment-Unemployment Survey, Labour Bureau, India.

  9. Ibid.

  10. Report on Employment-Unemployment Survey, 2015–16, Government of India. Chandigarh: Ministry of Labour and Employment, Labour Bureau, vol. 1. See http://labourbureau.nic.in/EUS_5th_Vol_1.pdf

  11. ‘This is the most dangerous time for our planet’, Guardian, 1 December 2016. See http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/dec/01/stephen-hawking-dangerous-time-planet-inequality. Accessed on 15 February 2017.

  12. ‘Automation to replace lakhs of entry, mid-level IT execs: TV Mohandas Pai’, Economic Times, 31 July 2016. See http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/automation-to-replace-lakhs-of-entry-mid-level-it-execs-tv-mohandas-pai/articleshow/53475940.cms

  13. ‘Which IT jobs will survive automation? Find out’, Economic Times, 11 July 2016. See https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/earn/which-it-jobs-will-survive-automation-find-out/articleshow/53127553.cms

  14. As in 24 above.

  15. Quarterly Report on Changes in Employment in Selected Sectors (July 2015–September 2015); Government of India. Chandigarh: Ministry of Labour and Employment, Labour Bureau, March 2016.

  16. World Bank, 2016, chapter 2, p. 126.

  Chapter XV

  1. All India Survey on Higher Education, 2015–16. MHRD, GoI.

  2. Laha, Rozelle. ‘IITs, IIMs think beyond govt funds and tuition fee’, Hindustan Times. New Delhi, 13 May 2016. See http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/iits-iims-think-beyond-govt-funds-and-tuition-fee/story-0Xq5rfA7EWaJbyCXivxaWM.html.

  3. Daniels, Ronald. ‘Free the Public Universities’, The Chronicle is Higher Education, 5 May 2016. See http://www.chronicle.com/article/Free-the-Public-Universities/236372.

  4. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings.

  5. National Employability Survey Engineers, Aspiring Minds, 2016. See http://www.aspiringminds.com/sites/default/files/National%20Employability%20Report%20-%20Engineers%20Annual%20Report%202016.pdf.

  6. ‘40 per cent shortage of faculty at IITs, central varsities: Prakash Javadekar’, Times of India, 9 April 2017. See http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/40-shortage-of-faculty-at-iits-central-varsities-prakash-javadekar/articleshow/58097774.cms.

  7. ‘Gujarat to get six new universities; Assembly clears bills’, Outlook. Gandhinagar, 22 March 2017. See http://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/gujarat-to-get-six-new-universities-assembly-clears-bills/1012566.

  8. ‘Removing constraints in higher education: The argument that foreign investment benefits only a minority is flawed’, LiveMint, 4 February 2016. See http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/i80yTtxj9xNIlhATWiIMIK/Removing-constraints-in-higher-education.html.

  9. ‘Higher Education in India: Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012–17) and beyond’. FICCI Higher Education Summit 2012. See http://learnos.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/ey-ficc_higher_education_report_nov12.pdf.

  Chapter XVI

  1. This paper is based on Ronojoy Sen’s Nation at Play: A History of Sport in India. New York/New Delhi: Columbia University Press/Penguin, 2015.

  2. Ashwini Kumar, quoted in Mihir Bose’s The Magic of Indian Cricket: Cricket and Society in India. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006, p. 45.

  3. Times of India, 13 August 1948.

  4. Mellow, Melville de. Reaching for Excellence: The glory and decay of sports in India. New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers, 1979, pp. 48–49.

  5. The Economist, 17 March 2012.

  6. Courier-Mail, 13 November 1947.

  7. Courier-Mail, 13 November 1947.

  8. http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/granthalaya/hattrick/.

  9. Kapadia, ‘Rahim, Amal Dutta, P.K. and Nayeem: The Coaches Who Shaped Indian Football’, Football Studies, October 2002, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 41.

  10. Goswami, Chuni. Khelte. Calcutta: Ananda Publishers, 1982, p. 19.

  11. Majumdar, Boria and Nalin Mehta. Olympics: The India Story. New Delhi: HarperCollins, 2008, p. 172.

  12. Kapadia, p. 42.

  13. The Times, 25 August 1971.

  14. Times of India, 25 August 1971.

  15. Times of India, 26 August 1971

  16. Hindustan Times, 16 March 1975.

  17. Guha, India After Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy. London: Picador, 2008, p. 736.

  18. Times of India, 5 December 1982.

  19. Gupta, Shekhar. ‘Hockey just isn’t cricket’, Indian Express, 7 September 2002.

  20. Haigh, Gideon. Spheres of Influence: Writings on Cricket and Its Discontents. London: Simon and Schuster, 2011, p. 4.

  Chapter XVII

  1. Lord Cornwallis, governor general of India, had all the lands surveyed and rental fixed according to soil and crop classifications and awarded titles to the owners for the land.

  2. In the ryotwari system, the title holder was responsible for payment of annual revenues. In the zamindari areas, the zamindar or feudal owner was responsible for collection of revenues from all his farmers, and he had to pay a fixed rental to the crown. It led to considerable oppression of the small farmers by the zamindar, as the crown would not interfere, and would only insist on its share of revenues

  3. Lord Curzon; Public A; August 1899, nos. 51–54, sourced from the National Archives.

  4. Amitabh Kant, member secretary, NITI Aayog.

  5. Mulayam Singh Yadav, former chief minister of UP, when the IAS in that state protested against the suspension of a young woman IAS officer.

  Chapter XVIII

  1. http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/NEP-ID_27.06.2017_0.pdf.

  2. http://garv.gov.in/garv2/dashboard/garv.

  3. Per capita energy or electricity consumption is the metric to monitor improvements in living standards, socioeconomic growth, etc. While it increased in transitioning economies such as India, it is still much less compared with high-income countries such as the US.

  4. Bhattacharjee, Subhomoy. India’s Coal Story: From Damodar to Zambezi. New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2017.

  5. Bhattacharjee, Subhomoy. India’s Coal Story. New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2017, chapter 2.

  6. http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/NEP-ID_27.06.2017_0.pdf.

  7. Chapter 18, para 15, Second Five Year Plan, Planning Commission. See http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/welcome.html.

  8. Right from the mid-fifties as the nations of the Middle East began to get independence, demands to nationalize their oil fields became strident. Egypt with hardly any reserves also made the additional demand to nationalize the largely French-run Universal Suez Canal Company, which it eventually did in July 1956. It led to a joint attack by Israel, British and French forces, which retook the Canal Zone. The stand-off brought Soviet Union to support the Arab nation and was finally resolved in a UN-led resolution the next year. The Six Day war of 1967 was a watershed moment in the Middle East, where the Israeli forces won decisively against the combined Arab forces of Egypt, Syria and Jor
dan. It has defined the politics, economics and life of the region like nothing else.

  9. An anna was a currency unit used in India, equivalent to one-sixteenth Indian rupee.

  10. http://www.cci.gov.in/sites/default/files/Indicus_20090420152009.pdf.

  11. Trivedi, Prajapati. Administered Price Policy for Public Enterprises. See http://nacwc.nic.in/sites/writereaddata/cna/select-papers/1990-05-Administered_Price_Policy_for_Public_Enterprises.pdf.

  12. Draft Energy Policy, NITI Aayog, Version June 2017.

  13. Report No. 7 of 2012–13. Performance Audit of Allocation of Coal Blocks and Augmentation of Coal Production, Ministry of Coal. See http://www.cag.gov.in/content/report-no-7-2012-13-%E2%80%93-performance-audit-allocation-coal-blocks-and-augmentation-coal.

  14. http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/committee/nep/nep_dec.pdf.

  15. https://www.iea.org/Textbase/npsum/MTCMR2016SUM.pdf.

  16. http://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2016/november/world-energy-outlook-2016.html.

  17. CRISIL Ratings Report. Top fifty stressed assets need haircut_19Jul2017.pdf.

  18. Draft Energy Policy, NITI Aayog, Version June 2017.

  Chapter XIX

  1. Diamond, Larry. Development Democracy: Towards Consolidation. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1999, p. 218.

  2. Ibid., p. 10.

  3. Diamond’s Development Democracy: Towards Consolidation is a seminal contribution that has generated a new branch of scholarship on the role of civil society in democracy transition and consolidation.

  4. Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha (1917–18) are iconic examples of Gandhian civil society activism in action.