Seven Decades of Independent India
Page 31
5. The Economist, 18 February 2017, p. 5.
6. Diamond. Development Democracy: Towards Consolidation. p. 221.
7. Ibid., p. 222.
8. ‘The Rational Politics of Cultural Nationalism: Subnational Movements of South Asia in Comparative Perspective’, British Journal of Political Science. 1995, vol. 25, pp. 57–78.
9. The Hindu, 28 August 2015.
10. Mitra. Subrata K. ‘The Quota Movement in Gujarat: Implications for Modi and India’s Democracy’, ISAS Insights No. 289, 2 September, 2015 (ISAS, NUS), Singapore.
11. Subrata Mitra, Studies in Indian Politics, 2016, vol. 4, no. 1.
12. Diamond, 1999. Also see Sumit Ganguly and William Thompson, Ascending India and its State Capacity: Extraction, Violence and Legitimacy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017, p. 65.
13. Tilly, Charles. The Formation of Nation-States in Western Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1975.
Chapter XX
1. See, for example, John Keay, The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company, London: HarperCollins, 1991; Nicola Cooper, France in Indochina: Colonial Encounters, New York: Bloomsbury, 2001; Catia Antunes and Jos Gommans, Exploring the Dutch Empire: Agents, Networks and Institutions, 1600–2000, New York: Bloomsbury, 2015; S.C.M. Paine, The Japanese Empire: Grand Strategy from the Meiji Restoration to the Pacific War, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017; Peter Hopkirk, The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia, London: Hachette, 1990; Stuart Creighton Miller, Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982.
2. Silbey, David J. The Boxer Rebellion and the Great Game in China: A History. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012. Raghavan, Srinath. India’s War: The Making of Modern South Asia, 1939–1945. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2016.
3. Reid, Anthony. A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads. West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, 2015, p. 415.
4. Ramachandra Guha, ed., Makers of Modern India. New Delhi: Viking, 2010, p. 341.
5. Dayal, Shiv. India’s Role in the Korean Question: A Study in the Settlement of International Disputes under the United Nations. S. Chand, 1959. Halberstam, David. The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War. London: Pan Macmillan, 2011. Hailey, Foster. ‘Japan and India Drawing Closer’, New York Times, 17 October, 1957.
6. Widyatmadja, Josef Purnama. ‘The Spirit of Bandung’, Yale Global Online, 6 April 2005.
7. Schell, Orville. ‘Lee Kuan Yew, The Man Who Remade Asia’, Wall Street Journal, 27 March 2015. Barr, Michael D. ‘Lee Kuan Yew and the “Asian Values” Debate’, Asian Studies Review, vol. 24, no. 3, September 2000, pp. 309–34.
8. Zakaria, Fareed. The Post-American World. New York: WW Norton, 2008.
9. World Economic Outlook Database, International Monetary Fund, April 2017.
10. Man Mohini Kaul, ‘ASEAN-India Relations during the Cold War’, in Frederic Grare and Amitabh Mattoo, eds., India and ASEAN: The Politics of India’s Look East Policy. New Delhi: Manohar, 2001, p. 41.
11. Sitapati, Vinay. Half-Lion: How P.V. Narasimha Rao Transformed India. New Delhi: Penguin India, 2016, pp. 265–68.
12. Pandit, Rajat. ‘India, Indonesia to host first air combat exercise with an eye on China’, Times of India, 8 February 2017.
Chapter XXI
1. On 17 February 1898, Hearst’s New York Journal carried the unequivocal banner headline, ‘Destruction of the War Ship Maine was the Work of an Enemy’. The World, on the same day, carried the more cautious: ‘Maine Explosion Caused by Bomb or Torpedo?’ while The San Fransisco Chronicle went with the factual ‘Battleship Maine Blown Up in the Harbor of Havana’. See James Creelman: On the Great Highway: The Wanderings and Adventures of a Special Correspondent. Boston: Lothrop, 1901, p. 178. Also see http://www.ucpress.edu/content/chapters/11067.ch01.pdf.
2. T.N. Ninan, chairman and chief editor, Business Standard: ‘Indian Media’s Dickensian Age’, CASI Working Paper Series, nos. 11–03, December 2011. www.casi.sas.upenn.edu/khemka/ninan.
3. Media for the Masses: The Promise Unfolds, KPMG India-FICCI Media and Industry Report, March 2017, p. 95.
4. Laghate, Gaurav. ‘TV Viewers in India More than All of Europe’s’, Economic Times, 3 May 2017. See http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/tv-viewers-in-india-now-much-more-than-all-of-europes/articleshow/57438521.cms.
5. As in 4 earlier, p. 2. Numbers equalized from rupees to USD at September 2017 exchange rates.
6. Star TV CEO Uday Shankar in Nalin Mehta, Behind a Billion Screens: What Television Tells Us About Modern India. New Delhi: HarperCollins, 2017, p. xix.
7. In the second batch of this phase three auction, only sixty-six frequencies were sold. See http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/GTMw2X88KGjxzMNM0dvKKL/FM-auctions-66-channels-fetch-Rs200-crore-200-remain-unsol.html.
8. Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Consultation Paper on Issues Related to Tariff for Cable TV Services in CAS Notified Areas. New Delhi, 22 April 2010.
9. http://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2012/09/05/why-doesnt-hbo-allow-non-cable-subscribers-to-subscribe-to-hbo-go-a-la-hulu/http://winteriscoming.net/2012/04/the-finances-of-game-of-thrones/.
10. Roughly about Rs 1500 crore on operating expenditure, Rs 1700 crore on salaries and Rs 300–400 crore on capital equipment. Figures from Jowhar Sircar, CEO, Prasar Bharti.
11. Computed by author on basis of Ministry of Information and Broadcasting records, publicly available information on listed TV companies, media reports and industry interviews in select states. The numbers are accurate as of January 2013.
12. TRAI first issued clear recommendations in this regard on 12 November 2008 and then on 28 December 2012. More followed on 12 August 2014.
13. ‘Prakash Javadekar Wants to Abolish His Own Ministry’, Times of India, 10 June 2014; http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Prakash-Javadekar-wants-to-abolish-his-own-ministry/articleshow/36316749.cms. ‘Wisdom a Bit Too Late: I&B Minister Says Don’t Need I&B’, Indian Express, 14 May 2014. See http://m.indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/wisdom-a-bit-too-late-ib-minister-says-dont-need-ib/2060842/.
14. Bhatt, S.C. Satellite Invasion of India. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing, 1994, p. 86.
15. Swami, Praveen. ‘Beating a Retreat: Why Doordarshan’s New Channels Failed’, Frontline, 14 January 1994.
16. Mehta, India on Television.
17. CII, White Paper on Indian Broadcasting, 2012, p. 5
18. Author’s interview with Nripendra Misra, principal secretary to Prime Minister Narendra Modi and TRAI chairman 2006–09, and secretary, telecom 2004–05. Interview in New Delhi on 26 October 2012.
19. ‘IPL bid aggressive but not outrageous’, interview with Nalin Mehta, Times of India, 8 Sep 2017. See http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/academic-interest/ipl-bid-aggressive-but-not-outrageous-steep-inflation-in-tender-was-driven-hugely-by-digital-inflation/.
Chapter XXII
1. National Policy for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship 2015, Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, Government of India.
2. Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of HRD, Government of India.
3. Ministry of Skill Development and Ministry of HRD.
4. All India Survey of Higher Education, 2015–16. Department of Higher Education, Ministry of HRD, Government of India.
5. Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship.
6. MSDE, 2015.
7. Agarwal, Pawan. Indian Higher Education: Envisioning the Future. New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2009.
Chapter XXIII
1. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is an act passed by the US Congress in 2002 to protect investors from the possibility of fraudulent accounting by corporations. It was enacted in response to major public scandals such as Enron Corporation and WorldCom that shook investor confidence.
2. The committee laid down some recommendations to strengthen the
corporate governance framework. Mandatory measures included audit committees, risk assessment and minimization procedures, code of conduct for all board members and senior management, and a whistle-blower policy for the company. Non-mandatory recommendations included instituting a system of training and evaluating the performance of board members.
3. Non-compete fee is paid to a selling shareholder, so that they do not re-enter the business and pose competition to the acquired company.
4. Consultative Paper on Review of Corporate Governance Norms in India. http://www.sebi.gov.in/sebi_data/attachdocs/1357290354602.pdf.
5. http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/protecting-minority-investors.
Chapter XXIV
1. Bird, Richard M. and Eric M. Zolt. ‘Introduction to Tax Policy Design and Development’, paper prepared for a course on practical issues in tax policy in developing countries, 28 April– 1 May 2003, World Bank.
2. Report of the Taxation Enquiry Commission, Ministry of Finance, Government of India. New Delhi, 1954.
3. Report of the Direct Taxes Enquiry Committee, Ministry of Finance, Government of India. New Delhi, 1971. See https://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/Pages/about-us/history-of-direct-taxation.aspx for a lucid history of direct taxation in India.
4. Report of the Indirect Taxation Enquiry Committee. Ministry of Finance, Government of India, New Delhi, 1978.
5. As per the origin-based principle, taxes are levied at the point of production while in case of the destination-based principle, taxes are levied at the point of consumption. Due to the origin-based CST, there was significant tax exportation from the richer producing states to poorer consuming states.
Contributors
SHIVSHANKAR MENON is currently a distinguished fellow of Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C.; chairman, advisory board, Institute of Chinese Studies, New Delhi; member, board of trustees, International Crisis Group; and a distinguished fellow of Asia Society Policy Institute, New York. He was previously the national security adviser to the prime minister of India (January 2010–May 2014) and foreign secretary of India (October 2006–July 2009). He has served as the Indian ambassador/high commissioner to China, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Israel. In 2016 he published a book Choices: Inside the Making of Indian Foreign Policy (Brookings and Penguin Random House India, 2016). He has been a Fisher Family Fellow at the Kennedy School, Harvard University, 2015, and a Richard Wilhelm Fellow at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. He was chosen as one of the ‘Top 100 Global Thinkers’ by Foreign Policy magazine in 2010.
DUVVURI SUBBARAO was the governor of the Reserve Bank of India (2008–13). Prior to that, he was the finance secretary to the Government of India, 2007–08, and secretary to the Prime Minister’s Economic Advisory Council, 2005–07. As a career civil servant for over thirty years, he has worked in various positions at the federal and state levels in India. On leave of absence from the civil service, he worked with the World Bank (1999–2004), where his job involved advising developing countries on macroeconomic management. Subbarao is currently a distinguished visiting fellow at National University of Singapore.
S.Y. QURAISHI, a civil servant, was the seventeenth chief election commissioner of India. He revolutionized voter participation in India. For this and other electoral reforms, he figured in 100 Most Powerful Indians of 2011 and 2012 by Indian Express. He has delivered lectures on democracy and elections worldwide. He is on the board of advisers of International IDEA (Institute of Democracy and Electoral Assistance), Stockholm. He has been appointed the Global Ambassador of Democracy alongside eminent leaders like Kofi Annan. His book An Undocumented Wonder: The Making of the Great Indian Election has been a phenomenal success.
ROBIN JEFFREY is a visiting research professor at Institute of South Asian Studies, Singapore. His most recent book, written with Assa Doron, is Waste of a Nation: Garbage and Growth in India (Harvard University Press, 2018). He is the author, also with Assa Doron, of Cell Phone Nation (Hachette India, 2013). He published India’s Newspaper Revolution in 2000, with two subsequent editions.
TAN TAI YONG, a historian, is the president of Yale-NUS College. He was the director of ISAS, National University of Singapore, from 2008 to 2015. He specializes in South and Southeast Asian History. He has published extensively on the Sikh diaspora, social and political history of colonial Punjab, decolonization and the partition of South Asia, and on Singapore’s history. He has authored and co-authored several books, including Singapore: A 700-Year History, Creating Greater Malaysia: Decolonization and the Politics of Merger, The Garrison State and The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia.
DIPANKAR GUPTA is a sociologist and public intellectual. He was formerly a professor at the Centre for the Study of Social Systems, JNU, and was also associated with the Delhi School of Economics. His research interests include rural–urban transformation, labour laws in the informal sector, modernity, ethnicity, caste and stratification. He serves on the board of the RBI, National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development (NABARD) and Max India. He has authored several books including Justice before Reconciliation: Negotiating a ‘New Normal’ in Post-riot Mumbai and Ahmedabad, The Caged Phoenix: Can India fly? and Interrogating Caste: Understanding Hierarchy and Difference in Indian Society. He is a regular columnist with Times of India and The Hindu.
ASHOK GULATI is currently the Infosys Chair Professor for Agriculture at ICRIER. Prior to this, he was chairman of the Commission for Agriculture Costs and Prices, Government of India; director at the International Food Policy Research Institute. He has written fourteen books and several research papers on Indian and Asian agriculture. He is a prolific writer in the media on agri-policies, and has been awarded the Padma Shri for his contribution to the field of agriculture policies in India.
GAYATHRI MOHAN is a consultant working on agriculture policy research at Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER). During her tenure, she has conducted studies related to the agriculture-water nexus in India, in relation to rest of the world. She is an INSPIRE fellow, with a PhD in agricultural economics from University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. Her areas of research interest include agricultural policies, development economics, natural resource economics and rural development.
PRONAB SEN is the country director for the International Growth Centre’s India Central Programme. Earlier, he was the chairman of the National Statistical Commission; and principal economic adviser at the Government of India’s Planning Commission. He was also the first chief statistician of India; and secretary, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India. A distinguished economist, he has taught at Johns Hopkins University and the Delhi School of Economics. As principal adviser, Perspective Planning Division of the Planning Commission, he was the author of the Approach Paper to four Five Year Plans and the principal author and coordinator of three Five Year Plans and Mid-term Appraisals.
SUMIT GANGULY holds the Rabindranath Tagore Chair in Indian Cultures and Civilizations and is a distinguished professor at the department of political science at Indiana University, Bloomington. He is authored, co-authored, edited and co-edited twenty-five books on contemporary South Asian politics. His most recent book, written with William R. Thompson, is Ascending India and Its State Capacity (Yale University Press, 2017).
POONAM MUTTREJA, executive director, Population Foundation of India (PFI), has over thirty-five years of experience in promoting women’s rights, rural livelihoods, public advocacy, communications and behaviour change. She conceived and promoted the popular television serial ‘Mai Kuch Bhi Kar Sakti Hoon’ (I, a Woman, Can Do Anything). Before joining PFI, she served as the country director of McArthur Foundation in India. She serves on the board of several non-governmental organizations, and has co-founded SRUTI, Dastkar and the Ashoka Foundation. She is an alumnus of Delhi University and Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. Poonam is a regular television and print commentator in India and internati
onally.
RAJIV KUMAR is the vice-chairman of NITI Aayog. He is also the founding director of Pahle India Foundation, New Delhi, and the chancellor of Gokhale Institute of Economics and Politics, Pune. He has served earlier as the secretary general, Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry; director and chief executive of ICRIER; principal economist, Asian Development Bank, and economic adviser, Ministry of Finance, Government of India. His books include Modi and His Challenges, Resurgent India: Ideas and Priorities and Exploding Aspirations: Unlocking India’s Future. A leading economist, he is a widely recognized economic columnist and a leading speaker on issues in Indian political economy.
SANJOY CHAKRAVORTY is professor of geography and urban studies at Temple University and a visiting fellow at the Center for the Advanced Study of India, University of Pennsylvania. His current research focuses on theoretical and empirical work on India, cities, inequality, and epistemology. He also writes fiction. His recent books include The Other One Percent: Indians in America (2016; a collaborative work on the Indian diaspora), The Promoter (2015; a novel), and The Price of Land: Acquisition, Conflict, Consequence (2013). His research has been supported by the National Science Foundation, the National Institute of Justice, the American Institute of Indian Studies, and the World Bank.
A.K. SHIVA KUMAR is a development economist and policy adviser who works on issues of human development, including poverty, health, nutrition, basic education and the rights of women and children. He is a board member of the Global Partnership to End Violence against Children; and is a senior policy adviser to UNICEF India. He also teaches economics and public policy at Ashoka University and Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. He is an alumnus of Bangalore University, the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, and Harvard University from where he did his master’s in public administration and PhD in political economy and government.