Wizard
Page 68
22. Ibid., p. 5.
23. M. Josephson, Thomas Alva Edison (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959), p. 356.
24. H. Byllesby to GW, May 21, 1888 [GWA].
25. Leonard Curtis in Henry Prout, George Westinghouse: An Intimate Portrait (New York: Wiley, 1939), p. 101.
26. Prout, pp. 101-4.
27. Charles F. Scott, “Early Days in the Westinghouse Shop,” Electrical World, September 20, 1924, p. 586.
28. T. Hughes, Network of Power (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), pp. 101-3.
29. Prout, George Westinghouse, p. 95.
30. Scott, “Early Days.”
31. Robert Silverberg, Light for the World (Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1967), p. 233.
32. Alfred O. Tate, Edison’s Open Door (New York: Dutton, 1938), p. 148.
33. Laurence Hawkins, William Stanley: His Life and Times (New York: Newcomen Society, 1939).
34. George Westinghouse, “No Special Danger,” New York Times, December 13, 1888, 5:3.
35. Josephson, Thomas Alva Edison, p. 346.
36. David Woodbury, Beloved Scientist: Elihu Thomson (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1944), pp. 169, 179.
37. Josephson, Thomas Alva Edison, p. 346.
38. N. Tesla, “A New Alternating Current Motor,” Electrician, June 15, 1888, p. 173.
39. Leland Anderson, Nikola Tesla (slide presentation) (Colorado Springs, Colo.: International Tesla Society, 1988) symposium. August 1988.
40. William Anthony, quoted in NT, “A New System of Alternate Current Motors and Transformers,” (May 16, 1888), in Lectures, Patents and Articles (1956), p. Lll.
41. Elihu Thomson, quoted in NT, i bid., p. L12.
42. Ibid., p. L12.
43. H. Byllesby to GW, May 21, 1888.[GWA].
44. H. Byllesby to GW, May 21, 1888 [GWA].
45. Ibid.; see also Harold Passer, The Electrical Manufacturers: 1875-1900 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953), p. 175.
46. H. Byllesby to GW, December 13, 1888.
47. C. C. Chesney and Charles F. Scott, “Early History of the AC System in America,” Electrical Engineering, March 1936, pp. 228-35.
48. NT. “Mr. Tesla on Alternating Current Motors,” letter to the editor, Electrical World, May 25, 1888, pp. 297-98; NT, Tesla Said, (1984), p. 4.
49. Henry Carhart, “Professor Galileo Ferraris,” Electrical World, February 1887, p. 284, “as I understand it, there is a gigantic step from Ferraris’ whirling pool to Tesla’s whirling magnetic field,” Pupin to Tesla, December 19, 1891 [NTM].
50. Passer, Electrical Manufacturers, p. 177.
51. G. Westinghouse, internal memorandum. July 5, 1888 [GWA].
52. Ibid.; see also Passer, Electrical Manufacturers, pp. 277-78.
Chapter 6: Induction at Pittsburgh, pp. 51-60
1. N. Tesla, “Death of Westinghouse,” Electrical World, March 21, 1914, p. 637.
2. Charles F. Scott, “Early Days in the Westinghouse Shops,” Electrical World, September 20, 1924, pp. 585-87.
3. Ibid., p. 586.
4. NT, “Tribute to George Westinghouse,” Electrical World & Engineer, March 21, 1914, p. 637.
5. H. Passer, The Electrical Manufacturers: 1875-1900 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953), p. 279.
6. G. Westinghouse, memorandum, July 11, 1888 [GWA].
7. Undated memorandum [GWA]; Passer, Electrical Manufacturers, said that the author was Byllesby, July 7, 1888.
8. NT to GW, January 2, 1900 [LC].
9. NT to GW, September 12, 1892; November 29, 1898 [LC].
10. NT to JJA. January 6, 1899 [NTM].
11. Westinghouse Co. annual report, Electrical Review, June 30, 1897, p. 313.
12. The figure most often noted is $1 million, and the source is O’Neill. This same amount was mentioned by R. U. Johnson in his chapter on Tesla in his autobiography, “This to the man who had sold the inventions used at Niagara to the Westinghouse Company for a million dollars and lived to rue the bargain!” (Remembered Yesterdays [Boston: Little Brown, 1923], 401). As Johnson was Tesla’s closest confidant, the figure must have originally come from Tesla.
13. Letter to Westinghouse Corporation, February 6, 1898 [LC]; Tesla may have also been influenced by the consensus concerning the noble profession of scientist. For instance, Louis Pasteur also refused to seek financial compensation for his discoveries. To do so, Pasteur said, a scientist would “lower himself…A man of pure science would complicate his life and risk paralyzing his inventive faculties” (quoted in M. Josephson, Thomas Alva Edison [New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959], p. 336).
14. Leland Anderson, ed., Nikola Tesla: On His Work With Alternating Currents… (1916), pp. 64-65.
15. P. Callahan, “Tesla Stationary Obtained from Tesla Museum.”
16. Scott, September 20, 1924.
17. Charles F. Scott, to NT, July 10, 1931 [BCU].
18. Ibid.
19. L. Hawkings, William Stanley: His Life and Times (New York: Newcomen Society, 1939), p. 32; Stanley advertisement, “The S.K.C. Two Phase System,” Electrical Review, January 16, 1895, p. vii.
20. Charles F. Scott, George Westinghouse Commemoration (New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1936, 1985), p. 21.
21. Henry Prout, W. Westinghouse: An Intimate Portrait (New York: Wiley, 1939), p. 129.
22. NT, My Inventions, p. 23.
23. “Brown Executes Dogs,” New York Times, July 31, 1888, 4:7.
24. “A Humane Method of Capital Punishment,” Electrical Review, December 24, 1887; “One Dead Dog,” ibid., July 20, 1889, p. 2.
25. “Edison and Capital Punishment,” Electrical Review, June 30, 1888, p. 1; “Edison Says It Will Kill,” New York Sun, July 4, 1889.
26. “Electricity on Animals,” New York Times, December 13, 1888, p. 2.
27. George Westinghouse, “No Special Danger,” New York Times, December 13, 1888, p. 5.
28. Harold P. Brown, “Electric Currents,” New York Times, December 18, 1888, p. 5.
29. “Cockran Debates McKinley at Madison Square Garden,” New York Press, August 19, 1896, pp. 1-2.
30. “Electricity as a Means of Execution,” Elecrical Review, August 3, 1889; “Edison Says It Will Kill,” New York Sun, July 24, 1889.
31. “Electricity as a Means,” Electrical Review, August 3, 1889.
32. “Electrical Execution a Failure,” Electrical Review, August 16, 1890, pp. 1-2.
33. “Kemmler Dies in Electric Chair,” New York Times, August 6, 1890, p. 1.
34. B. Lamme, An Autobiography (New York: Putnam’s, 1926), p. 60.
35. O’Neill, Prodigal Genius, p. 83.
36. B. Lamme, Autobiography, p. 60.
37. Ibid., p. v.
38. Francis Jehl, Menlo Park Reminiscences (Dearborn, Mich.: Edison Institute, 1939), p. 336.
39. Charles F. Scott, “Nikola Tesla’s Achievements in the Electrical Art,” AIEE Transactions, 1943, p. 3.
Chapter 7: Bogus Inventors pp. 61-65
1. “Who Is the Greatest Genius of Our Age?” Review of Reviews, July 1890, p. 45.
2. Nikola Tesla, “The True Wireless,” Electrical Experimenter, May 1919, p. 28, in NT, Solutions to Tesla’s Secrets, J. Ratzlaff, ed. (1981), p. 62.
3. John O’Neill, Prodigal Genius (New York: Ives Washburn, 1944), p. 77.
4. NT to JPM, December 10, 1900 [LC]
5. NT, “On the Dissipation of the Electrical Energy of the Hertz Resonator,” Elecrical Engineer, December 21, 1892; in NT, Tesla Said, J. Ratzlaff, ed. (Milbrae, Calif.: Tesla Book Co., 1984), p. 22.
6. J. G. O’Hara and W. Pricha, Hertz and the Maxwellians (London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd. in assoc. with the Science Museum, 1987), p. 42.
7. NT, December 21, 1892; “New Radio Theories,” New York Herald Tribune, Sepember 22, 1929, in NT, Tesla Said, pp. 225-26.
8. Nikola Pribic, “Nikola Tesla: The Human Side of a Scientist,” Tesla Journal no. 2/3, 1982-83, p. 25.
9. 1889 newspaper
clipping, Edison Archives, Menlo Park, N.J.
10. R. Conot. Streak of Luck (New York: Bantam Books, 1981), pp. 344-46; M. Josephson, Thomas Alva Edison (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959), pp. 335-37.
11. Ambrose Fleming, “Nikola Tesla,” in NT, Tribute to Nikola Tesla: Letters, Articles (1961), p. A-222.
12. Louis Hamon, My Life With the Occult (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1933, 1972), p. 243.
13. Review of Reviews, July 1890, p. 45.
14. “Was Keely a Charlatan?” Public Opinion, December 1, 1898, p. 684.
15. T. Carpenter Smith, “Our View of the Keely Motor,” Engineering Magazine, vol. 2, 1891-92, pp. 14-19.
16. “Keely Not Yet in Jail,” New York Times, September 19, 1888, p. 1.
17. “Keely’s Latest Move,” New York Times, August 24, 1888, p. 5.
18. “Keely in Contempt,” New York Times, November 11, 1888, p. 6.
19. “Inventor Keely in Jail,” New York Times, November 18, 1888, p. 3.
20. Francis Lynde Stetson, quoted in William Birch Rankine, deLancy Rankine, ed. (Niagara Falls, N.Y.: Power City Press, 1926), p. 30.
21. “Science and Sensationalism,” Public Opinion, December 1, 1898, pp. 684-85.
22. W. Barrett, “John W. Keely,” in R. Bourne, ed., The Smithsonian Book of Invention (New York: Norton, 1978), pp. 120-21.
23. Ibid.
24. NT to RUJ, June 12, 1900 [BLCU].
Chapter 8: South Fifth Avenue pp. 66-72
1. Joseph Wetzler, “Electric Lamps Fed From Space, and Flames That Do Not Consume,” Harper’s Weekly, July 11, 1891, p. 524.
2. NT to Petar Mandic, August 18, 1890, in Nicholas Kosanovich, ed. and trans., Nikola Tesla: Correspondence with Relatives (1995), p. 15.
3. Ibid., May 17, 1894.
4. Ibid. Angelina Trbojevic to NT, January 2, 1897, p. 65.
5. Ibid. Jovo Trbojevic to Nikola Tesla, February 27, 1890; Milutin Tesla (a cousin) to Nikola Kosanovic, November 10, 1892.
6. Ibid. NT to Petar Mandic, December 8, 1893, p. 41.
7. Ibid. NT to Pajo Mandic, January 23, 1894, p. 42.
8. Ibid. Milkin Radivoj to NT, September 24, 1895, p. 51.
9. Karl Marx, “The Materialist Conception of History;” in P. Gardiner, ed., Theories of History (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1959), p. 134.
10. NT, “Problem of Increasing Human Energy,” Century, June 1900, pp. 178-79.
11. T. C. Martin to NT, August 5, 1890 [NTM].
12. William Anthony, “A Review of Modern Electrical Theories,” AIEE Transactions, February 1890, pp. 33-42. See also J. Ratzlaff and L. Anderson, Dr. Nikola Tesla Bibliography, 1884-1978 (Palo Alto, Calif.: Ragusen Press, 1979), p. 6.
13. M. Pupin, From Immigrant to Inventor (New York: Scribners, 1923), p. 144.
14. Oscar May, “The High-Pressure Transmission of Power Experiments at Oerlikon,” Electrical World, April 18, 1891, p. 291.
15. Louis Duncan, “Portrait,” Electrical World, April 5, 1890, p. 236; “Alternating Current Motors, Part 2,” June 16, 1891, pp. 357-58; Ratzlaff and Anderson, Bibliography, p. 7.
16. Pupin, From Immigrant to Inventor, pp. 283-84.
17. Elihu Thomson, “Phenomena of Alternating Currents of Very High Frequency,” Electrical World, April 4, 1891, p. 254.For previous aspects of the debate, see also E. Thomson, “Notes on Alternating Currents of Very High Frequency, Electrical World, March 14, 1891, pp. 204-5; “Phenomena of Alternating Currents of Very High Frequency,” Electrical World, April II, 1891, pp. 223-24.
18. NT, “High Frequency Experiments,” Electrical World, February 21, 1891, pp. 128-30.
19. Electrical World, February 21, 1891, pp. 128-30.
20. Wetzler, “Electric Lamps Fed From Space,” Harper’s Weekly, July 11, 1891, p. 524.
21. Ibid.
22. E. Raverot, “Tesla’s Experiments in High Frequency,” Electrical World, March 26, 1892.
23. Gano Dunn to NT, June 1931, in NT, Tribute to Nikola Tesla: Letters, Articles (1961), LS-54.
24. It was the term “without effort” which I believe has been misinterpreted. From Tesla’s point of view, energy was not truly available without effort. Machines instead of humans could be constructed that would extract this “free energy.” Solar, wind, and water power are all ways to extract “free energy” without the exertion of human effort.
25. Sperry’s gyroscope, of course, is based upon the principles inherent in the Tesla rotating egg, and Tesla should therefore be considered ahead of Sperry in this invention.
26. Electrical World, May 20, 1891, p. 288.
27. Robert Millikan to NT, 1931, in NT, Tribute to Tesla, p. LS-30.
28. Petkovich, p. 3.
29. Michael Pupin to NT, December 19, 1891, in NT, Tribute to Tesla, p. LS-11.
Chapter 9: Revising the Past, pp. 73-82
1. Charles Steinmetz, Alternating Current Phenomena (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1900), pp. i-ii [condensed].
2. Oscar May, “The High-Pressure Transmission of Power Experiments at Oerlikon,” Electrical World, April 18, 1891, p. 291.
3. T. Hughes, Networks of Power (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), pp. 131-33.
4. Ibid.
5. Dragislov Petkovich, “A Visit to Nikola Tesla,” Politika, April 27, 1927, p. 3.
6. Hughes, Network of Power.
7. “C. E. L. Brown Portrait,” Electrical World, October 12, 1891, p. 284.
8. M. Dobrowolsky, “Electrical Transmission of Power by Alternating Currents,” Electrical World, September 14, 1891, p. 268.
9. Carl Hering, “Comments on Mr. Brown’s Letter,” Electrical World, November 7, 1891, p. 346.
10. Jonathan Leonard, Loki: The Life of Charles Proteus Steinmetz (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1932), p. 109.
11. John Winthrop Hammond, Charles Proteus Steinmetz (New York: Century Co., 1924).
12. “Charles Steinmetz,” in M. Pupin, “Pupin on Polyphasal Generators,” AIEE Transactions, December 16, 1891, pp. 591-92.
13. Harold Passer, The Electrical Manufcturers: 1875-1900 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953).
14. NT to Villard, October 10, 1892 [Houghton Library, Harvard University].
15. M. Josephson, Edison: A Biography (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959), p. 361.
16. Ibid., p. 392.
17. Ibid.
18. J. Leonard, Loki: The Life of Charles Proteus Steinmetz (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1928), p. 202.
19. H. Prout, George Westinghouse: An Intimate Portrait (New York: Wiley, 1939), p. 125.
20. Electrical World, September 16, 1893, p. 208, cited in Passer, Electrical Manufacturers, p. 292.
21. Charles Steinmetz, Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1902), pp. iii-iv.
22. Pupin, From Immigrant to Inventor, pp. 285-86.
23. Ibid., p. 289.
24. Gisbert Kapp to NT, in NT, Tribute to Nikola Tesla, p. LS-6.
25. B. A. Behrend, The Induction Motor (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1921), p. 1.
26. C. E. L. Brown, “Reasons for the Use of the Three-Phase Current in the Lauffen-Frankfort Transmission,” Electrical World, November 7, 1891, p. 346.
27. Carl Hering, “Comments on Mr. Brown’s Letter,” in ibid., p. 346.
28. W. H. Johnston, “Mr. Tesla and the Drehstrom Systems,” Electrical World, February 6, 1892, p. 83.
29. Carl Hering, “Mr. Tesla and the Drehstrom System,” Electrical World, February 6, 1892, p. 84.
30. Behrend, Induction Motor, pp. xiii-xiv.
31. Ibid., p. 261.
Chapter 10: The Royal Society: pp. 83-97
1. “Mr. Tesla Before the Royal Institution, London,” Electrical Review, March 19, 1892, p. 57.
2. The Tesla oscillator conceived at this time became the basis for all of his later transmitters, such as at Colorado Springs and also Wardenclyffe (see especially, patent nos. 462,418—November 13, 1891; 514,168—February 6, 1894; and 568,178—September 22, 1896).
4. NT, “The Problem of Increasing Human Energy,” Century, June 1900, p. 203.
5. T. C. Martin, “Tesla’s Oscillator and Other Inventions,” Century, April 1895.In NT, Tribute to Nikola Tesla, p. A-16.
6. “NT and J.J. Thomson” (1891), in NT, Nikola Tesla: Lectures, 1956, pp. A-16-21.
7. NT, “High Frequency Oscillators for Electro-Therapeutic and Other Purposes,” Electrical Engineer, November 17, 1898, pp. 477-81.
8. T. C. Martin, J. Wetzler, and G. Sheep to Tesla, January 8, 1892 [NTM].
9. William Preece to NT, January 16, 1892 [NTM].
10. M. Josephson, Thomas Alva Edison (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959), pp. 275-77; E. C. Baker, Sir William Preece: Victorial Engineer Extaordinary (London: Hutchinson, 1976), pp. 185-86.
11. “Mr. Tesla Before the Royal Institution, London,” Electrical Review, March 19, 1892, p. 57; NT, The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla, T. C. Martin, ed. (New York: Electrical Review Publishing Company, republished, Mokelumne Hill, Calif.: Health Research, 1970), p. 200.
12. Most of the titles of these distinguished scientists were obtained later in their career; for example, Dewar became knighted in 1904; Fleming in 1924.William Thomson became Baron or Lord Kelvin a few months after Tesla’s lecture.
13. Ibid., p. 198 [paraphrased].
14. Ibid., p. 200.
15. Ibid., p. 186.
16. Ibid.
17. NT, Inventions, Researches, pp. 130-131; 228-229 [paraphrased in part].
18. Ibid., pp. 287-88 [paraphrased].
19. Ibid., p. 235.
20. W. Kock, Engineering Applications of Lasers and Holography (New York: Plenum Press, 1975), pp. 28-35. I Hunt and W. Draper, Lightning in His Hands: The Life Story of Tesla (Hawthorne, Calif.: Omni Publications, 1964), were the first to suggest that Tesla invented the laser.
21. NT, “On Electrical Resonance,” Electrical Engineer, June 21, 1893, pp. 603-5.
22. NT, “On Light and High Frequency Phenomena,” Electrical Engineer, March 8, 1893, pp. 248-49.