Mary Tudor

by David Loades

  34. The submission of John Barret, Norwich’s leading evangelical preacher under Edward VI, took all the stuffing out of Protestant resistance in Norwich. Ralph Houlbrooke, ‘The Clergy, the Church Courts and the Marian Restoration in Norwich’, ibid., pp. 124-48.

  35. The Displaying of the Protestants (1556), p. 51.

  36. Jose Ignacio Tellecehea Idigoras (trans. Ronald Truman), ‘Fray Bartolome Carranza: A Spanish Dominican in the England of Mary Tudor’, in J. Edwards and R. Truman (eds), Reforming Catholicism in the England of Mary Tudor: The Achievement of Fray Bartolome Carranza (2005), pp. 21-32.

  37. See (for example) Patrick Collinson, ‘The Persecution in Kent’, in Duffy and Loades, The Church of Mary Tudor, pp. 309-33.

  38. A Short Treatise of Politike Power (1556), f. E v.

  39. Thomas F. Mayer, ‘The Success of Cardinal Pole’s Final Legation’, in Duffy and Loades, The Church of Mary Tudor, pp. 149-75.

  40. Machyn, Diary, p. 86.

  41. John Foxe, Acts and Monuments (1583), p. 1,597. Foxe claimed to have been told this story ‘by the woman herself’. Her son was called Timothy.

  42. Federico Badoer to the Doge and Senate, 21 July 1555. Cal. Ven.,VI, pp. 138-9. According to Badoer several members of the council wrote at the same time, distancing themselves from her instruction.

  43. One contemporary report states that she had been delivered of a shapeless mass of flesh, which would suggest a tumour, but there is no proper corroboration. Her physicians seem to have expressed no opinion.

  44. Rodriguez Salgado, The Changing Face of Empire, pp. 92-3, 101.

  45. Machyn, Diary, p. 93. The English gentlemen stayed only to witness the handover of power on 25 September and then returned home.

  9 Mary Alone

  1. Redworth, ‘“Matters Impertinent’’’.

  2. Redworth says, on Spanish authority, that Mary discussed some matters of state with the select council rather than the privy council, but is not clear what these matters were. Probably the reference is to Philip’s Continental affairs in so far as these affected England.

  3. Rodriguez Salgado, The Changing Face of Empire, p. 101.

  4. Loach, Parliament and the Crown, pp. 129-58. It was during this session that some members held illicit meetings with the French ambassador to discuss oppositional tactics, and the Commons rejected a government measure for the recall of religious refugees.

  5. A Machiavellian Treatise by Stephen Gardiner, trans. and ed. P. S. Donaldson (1975). On Gardiner’s authorship, see also D. Fenlon in Historical Journa1, 19 (1976), p. 4; to which Donaldson replied in the same journal, 23 (1980), pp. 1-16.

  6. Redworth, ‘“Matters Impertinent”’.

  7 Loades, Mary Tudor, pp. 258-9.

  8. Typical, although unusually explicit, was John Bradford’s Copy of a letter … sent to the Earls of Arundel, Derby, Shrewsbury and Pembroke (1556).

  9. Rodriguez Salgado, The Changing Face of Empire, pp. 149-51.

  10. Loades, Two Tudor Conspiracies, pp. 176-27. Henry was the second son of John Sutton de Dudley, and the younger brother of Edmund Sutton, 4th Baron Dudley. He is always called by the name of his brother’s title.

  11. TNA SP11/7, no. 47. Third confession of Thomas White, 30 March 1556.

  12. D. Loades, The Tudor Navy (1992), pp. 164-5.

  13. There are several lists of ‘suspect persons’ in the State Papers, e.g. TNA SP11/7, nos. 23, 24, 25.

  14. Cal. Ven., VI, p. 285.

  15. Pole to Philip, 5 October 1555. Cal. Ven., VI, pp. 205-6. Renard was not replaced for the obvious reason that Philip’s servants were seen to be discharging his function, but Renard had always been the Emperor’s ambassador, not the king’s.

  16. For a full discussion of Cranmer’s fate and its implications, see Diarmaid MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer (1996), pp. 573-91.

  17. Bradford, Copy of a letter. Other works in a similar vein include A Supplication to the Queen’s Majesty (1555) and A Warning for England (1555).

  18. Cal. Ven., VI, pp. 401-2.

  19. Cal. Span., XIII, p. 260.

  20. R. A. de Vertot, Les ambassados de Mss de Noailles (1743) V pp. 361-3.

  21. APC, V p. 320.

  22. Cal. Span., XIII, p. 276.

  23. Mayer, ‘The Success of Cardinal Pole’s Final Legation’.

  24. Cal. Ven., VI, p. 880.

  25. Nicholas Wotton to the queen, 20 and 29 October 1556. Calendar of State Papers, Foreign, II, pp. 267-73.

  26. The list is printed as Appendix 2 in Loades, Mary Tudor, pp. 358-69.

  27. Cal. Span., XIII, pp. 286-7.

  28. Loades, Mary Tudor, p. 273.

  29. C. S. Knighton, ‘Westminster Abbey Restored’, in The Church of Mary Tudor, pp. 77-123.

  30. Loades, ‘The Marian Episcopate’.

  31. Secret Protestants – after Nicodemus, who came to Christ at night.

  32. BL Lansdowne MS 170, f 129. Loades, Reign of Mary, pp. 186-8.

  10 Philip & Mary at War

  1. Machyn, Diary, p. 129.

  2. I am indebted to Corinna Streckfuss of Christ Church, Oxford, for several important points relating to Philip’s image in contemporary Habsburg propaganda.

  3. Machyn, Diary, p. 133. This Russian, who had returned with Richard Chancellor, and narrowly survived shipwreck in Scotland, was Ossip Nepeja, but Machyn had no means of knowing that.

  4. Ibid., p. 141. The ‘forest’ was probably Windsor Great Park. It was just before this that Sir James Granado had been killed in a riding accident while showing off a horse at St James’. Mary had apparently witnessed the accident.

  5. Francois de Noailles to Montmorency, 5 April 1557. Harbison, Rival Ambassadors, p. 324. A Latin version was also prepared for Philip. BL Sloane MS 1786.

  6. Surian to the doge and senate, 3 April. Cal.Ven., VI, 1, 004. Feria had apparently told Surian that ‘it is in His Majesty’s power to make the country wage war against France when and in what manner he chooses’. This was theoretically correct, but not practicable, as Philip himself realised.

  7. Loades, Reign of Mary, p. 191.

  8. For a discussion of the circumstances of this revocation, see Mayer, Reginald Pole, pp. 312-14.

  9. Loades, Two Tudor Conspiracies, pp. 151-75.

  10. Notes by Wotton, April 1557. TNA SP69/10/587.

  11. Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials, III, ii, p. 515, prints the full text of the proclamation.

  12. Loades, Reign of Mary, pp. 305-6.

  13. Cal. Span., XIII, 290-1.

  14. Loades, Mary Tudor, p. 278. On Ribault and his activities, see G. Lefèvre-Pontalis, Correspondance Politique de Odet de Selve, pp. 218-23; also Harbison, Rival Ambassadors, pp. 283-5.

  15. Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials, III, ii, pp. 67-9. TNA KB8/37.

  16. These despatches contain a full account of Norroy the herald’s mission to the French king. Cal. Ven., VI, 1,148-51.

  17. C. S. L. Davies, ‘England and the French War, 157-9’, in Loach and Tittler, The Mid-Tudor Polity. BL MS Stowe 571, ff 77-132.

  18. Loades, Elizabeth I, pp. 116-17.

  19. Cal. Span., XI, 393. Cal. Ven., VI, 1058. Henry Clifford, The Life of Jane Dormer, Duchess of Feria, ed. J. Stevenson (1887), pp. 79-80.

  20. This was according to a report written by Michel Surian long after the event. Cal. Ven., VI, 1537. Fresnada, the king’s confessor, was credited with this brief breakthrough.

  21. Cal. Ven., VI, 1024.

  22. Loades, Mary Tudor, p. 289.

  23. On the bull Praeclara, see M. C. Knowles, The Religious Orders in England, III, The Tudor Age, pp. 423-6.

  24. This could not be assumed, as Paul had already withdrawn similar concessions made elsewhere. In this case Pole’s ‘special case’ representations were successful.

  25. Philip and Mary to Paul IV, 21 May 1557. Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials, III, ii, pp. 474-6.

  26. For a full discussion of Paul’s views on heresy, particularly in respect of Pole, see Dermot Fenlon, Heresy and O
bedience in Tridentine Italy (1972).

  27. ODNB.

  28. TNA SP69/11/637. Ecclesiastical Memorials, III, ii, p. 37.

  29. Cal. Ven., VI, 1161, 1166. Mayer, Reginald Pole, pp. 307-15.

  30. Mayer, ibid., pp. 316-20.

  31. Feria to Philip, 10 March 1558. Cal. Span., XIII, 366-9. Mayer, ‘Cardinal Pole’s Final Legation’, in Duffy and Loades, The Church of Mary Tudor, pp. 149-75.

  32. Bernardo Navagero to the doge and senate, 14 August 1557. Cal. Ven., VI, 1428. Navagero also understood that Mary was insisting that if any charges were to be proffered against Pole, they should be heard in England – as had been done with Cranmer.

  33. APC, VI, p.137.

  34. Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland (1898), I, 416.

  35. Susan Brigden, New Worlds, Lost Worlds (2000), p. 218. Loades, Reign of Mary, p. 311.

  36. BL Stowe MS 571, ff 77-132.

  37. Juan de Pinedo to Fransisco de Vargas, 2 September 1557. Cal. Span., XIII, 317.

  38. BL Stowe MS 571. This information is included in a note written on the document some years later by Richard Beale, then clerk of the council, saying that he had had it from Robert Davys, who had been Whightman’s assistant, ‘so the whole charge was borne by King Philip’ (f. 78).

  39. Machyn, Diary, p.147.

  40. APC, VI, pp. 141-2. A shortage of victuals appears to have been responsible.

  41. Loades, Reign of Mary, pp. 376-8.

  42. Ibid., p. 317. For a full discussion of these events see David Potter, ‘The Duc de Guise and the Fall of Calais’, English Historical Review, 98 (1983), pp. 481-512.

  43. TNA SP69/11/699.

  44. Loades, Reign of Mary, p. 317.

  45. David Loades, England’s Maritime Empire, 1490–1690 (2000), pp. 83-5.

  46. Cal. Ven., VI, 1,396-7.

  47. P. Morgan, ‘The Government of Calais, 1485–1558’ (Oxford University DPhil, 1967).

  48. The Cardinal of Siguenza to the princess dowager of Portugal, 29 January 1558. Cal. Span., XIII, 346-7.

  49. Philip to Feria, 31 January 1558. Cal. Span., XIII, 347. Feria to Philip, 2 February 1558, ibid., 349-51. For the possible influence of sickness upon this reluctance, see F. J. Fisher, ‘Influenza and Inflation in Tudor England’, Economic History Review, 2nd Series, 18 (1965).

  50. BL Cotton MS, Titus B II, f. 59. Printed in G. Burnet, The History of the Reformation in England (1681), II, pp. 324-5.

  51. Loades, Reign of Mary, pp. 144-8.

  52. Feria to Philip, 5 July 1558. Cal. Span., XIII, 402-3.

  53. Feria to Philip, to March 1558. Cal. Span., XIII, 366-8. It is clear that Feria’s hostile and suspicious attitude made a difficult situation worse, as he never troubled to conceal his contempt.

  54. TNA SP11/14, no. 3. Cal. Span., XIII, 416-7.

  55. Cal. Span., XIII, 369. Loades, Reign of Mary, p. 324.

  56. Loades, ‘Philip II and the Government of England’, in Claire Cross, David Loades and J. J. Scarisbrick (eds), Law and Government under the Tudors (1988), pp. 177-94.

  57. Arras to Feria, 26 May 1558. Cal. Span., XIII, 388.

  58. APC, VI, p. 303,13 April 1558. Ruy Gomez to the queen, 26 July 1558. TNA SP69/13/811 (English copy).

  59. Loach, Parliament and the Crown, pp. 159-72.

  60. Ibid., p. 161. 4 & 5 Philip and Mary, c.16.

  61. L. O. Boynton, The Elizabethan Militia, 1558–1638 (1967).

  62. Feria to Philip, 2 February 1558. Cal. Span., XIII, 351.

  63. Machyn, Diary, p. 161.

  64. TNA SP11/11/57. Loades, Reign of Mary, p. 375. Mayer, Reginald Pole, pp. 320-1.

  65. For a recent and favourable assessment of the church at the end of Mary’s reign, see Eamon Duffy, Fires of Faith; Catholic England under Mary Tudor (2009), pp. 171-187.

  11 Mary & Elizabeth

  1. For example the manors of Chingford, Runwell and Rivenhall in Essex, granted in March 1555. Calendar of the Patent Rolls, Philip and Mary, I, p. 225. It was Giovanni Michieli from whom she obtained the coach. J. A. Rowley Williams, ‘Image and Reality: The Lives of Aristocratic Women in Early Tudor England’ (University of Wales PhD, 1998),p. 232.

  2. TNA LC9/52/21.

  3. Mayer, Reginald Pole, pp. 302-55.

  4. Machyn, Diary, p. 143.

  5. Ibid., p. 159. For a full discussion of this sermon and its significance, see Eamon Duffy, ‘Cardinal Pole Preaching: St Andrew’s Day 1557’, in Duffy and Loades, The Church of Mary Tudor, pp. 176-200.

  6. Loades, Mary Tudor, pp. 370-1.

  7. TNA SP11/14, no. 1.

  8. A. Feuillerat, Documents Relating to the Office of the Revels in the Reigns of Edward VI and Mary (1914), p. 335.

  9. Ibid., pp. 225-31. For a fuller discussion of this see Loades, Intrigue and Treason (2004), p. 225.

  10. Machyn, Diary, p. 162.

  11. Cal. Ven., VI (ii), ii May 1557, p. 1,054.

  12. Michieli had earlier said that she understood Spanish, but did not speak it. Loades, Mary Tudor, p. 225.

  13. Loades, Intrigue and Treason, pp. 217-18.

  14. Ibid., p. 226. Jane appears to have been an ‘innocent’, that is an adult with the mental age of a child. She had been in Mary’s service for many years. John Southworth, Fools and, Jesters at the English Court (1998), pp. 100-6.

  15. Loades, Mary Tudor, pp. 302-3.

  16. BL Add. MS 710009.

  17. Ibid., f. i5v. Extracts from the document, edited by Fiona Kisby, were published in Ian Archer et al. (eds), Religion, Politics and Society in Sixteenth Century England, Camden Society (2003), pp. 18-35.

  18. Loades, Intrigue and Treason, pp. 222-3.

  19. BL Add. MS 710009, ff. 31-2.

  20. David Loades, The Tudor Court (1986), pp. 63-4. William Cecil later made strenuous efforts to stamp out this ‘room service’.

  21. TNA E351/1795.

  22. On Cornwallis, see R. C. Braddock, ‘The Rewards of Office Holding in Tudor England’, Journal of British Studies, 14 (1975) pp. 29-47.

  23. Loades, Mary Tudor, pp. 370-80.

  24. Surian to the doge and senate, 15 January 1558, Cal. Ven., VI (ii) p. 1427. Philip to Pole, 21 January, Cal. Span., XIII , p. 340.

  25. Loades, Mary Tudor, p. 302.

  26. Ibid., p. 377.

  27. TNA SP11/13, nos. 51, 52, 54, 55, etc.

  28. Machyn, Diary, pp. 161-2. Sir Edward Hastings (master of the horse) became lord chamberlain, Sir Thomas Cornwallis controller, Sir Henry Jerningham master of the horse, and Sir Henry Bedingfield vice chamberlain and captain of the guard.

  12 Elizabeth the Heir

  1. Cal. Span., XIII, 398. Loades, Reign of Mary, p. 333.

  2. Feria to Philip, I May 1558. Cal. Span., XIII, 378-80.

  3. Notes in Renard’s hand for a letter to Philip (it is not certain that it was ever sent), dated in the Calendar ‘March ? 1558’, but apparently written before the author knew of Thomas Stafford’s execution on 28 May 1557. Cal. Span., XIII, 272-3.

  4. Loades, Mary Tudor, p. 303.

  5. BL Cotton MS Titus B.II, f. 109. Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials, III, ii, p. 418.

  6. Feria to Philip, 23 June 1558. Cal. Span., XIII, 399-400.

  7. Machyn, Diary, pp. 166-7.

  8. T. Glasgow, ‘The Navy in the French Wars of Mary and Elizabeth, 1557–59’, Mariners Mirror, 53 (1967), pp. 321-42; 54 (1968), pp. 23-37.

  9. Rodriguez Salgado, The Changing Face of Empire, pp. 306-7.

  10. Extracts from A Journal of the Travels of Philip II by Jean Vandenesse, printed as an appendix to Cal. Span., XIII.

  11. Loades, Mary Tudor, pp. 380-3.

  12. ‘The Count of Feria’s Despatch to Philip II of 14 November 1558’, ed. M. J. Rodriguez Salgado and Simon Adams, Camden Miscellany, XXVIII (1984) pp. 319/28.

  13. An epitaphe upon the death of Quene Marie, Society of Antiquaries, Broadsheet 46. Foxe, Acts and Monuments, p. 2,098.

  14. ‘Feria’s despatch’, pp. 320/29.

  15. Philip to t
he princess dowager of Portugal, 4 December 1558. Cal. Span., XIII, 440. The letter was written in haste, and mainly about other matters.

  16. Rodriguez Salgado, The Changing Face of Empire, pp. 166-7.

  17. Ibid.

  18. ‘Feria’s despatch’, pp. 320 /29 and note.

  19. Ibid., pp. 25/35. Paget had refused to see Feria privately.

  20. In fact Elizabeth had no particular animus against Boxall, who was a relative nonentity. He was a clerical pluralist on a grand scale, but of the second rank, being warden of New College, Winchester, Archdeacon of Ely and Dean of Peterborough. He became a principal secretary in December 1556.

  21. Her story was written down by her servant, Henry Clifford, appearing in 1887 as The Life of Jane Dormer (cited above).

  22. Cal. Ven., VII, p. 93. Rowley Williams, ‘Image and Reality’, p. 237.

  23. Feria to Philip, 21 November 1558. Cal. Span., Elizabeth, I, pp. 1-4.

  24. TNA SP12/1, no. 57.

  25. Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials, III, pp. 536-50.

  26. Loades, Intrigue and Treason, pp. 250-5.

  27. Rowley Williams, ‘Image and Reality’, p. 243.

  28. Machyn, Diary, p. 178. For a discussion of Machyn’s attitude to Elizabeth (and other things), see Gary G. Gibbs, ‘Marking the Days: Henry Machyn’s Manuscript and the Mid-Tudor Era’, in Duffy and Loades, The Church of Mary Tudor, pp. 281-308.

  29. A Speciall grace, appointed to have been said after a banket at Yorke … in November 1558 (RSTC 7599). BL MS Royal 17. C. III.

  30. Ibid.

  31. Machyn, Diary, p. 180.

  32. These sermons were not officially encouraged, and were banned by proclamation, but not until 27 December. Hughes and Larkin, Tudor Royal Proclamations, II, pp. 102-3.

  33. Intrigue and Treason, p. 271. Machyn, Diary, p. 180.

  34. TNA SP12/1, no. 7. L. S. Marcus, Janel Mueller and M. B. Rose, Elizabeth I. Collected Works (2000), p. 51.

  35. Ibid., pp. 135-50. W. P. Haugaard, ‘Elizabeth Tudor’s Book of Devotions: A Neglected Clue to the Queen’s Life and Character’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 12 (1981), pp. 79- 105.

  13 The England of the Two Queens

  1. The Passage of our most dread Sovereign Lady, Queen Elizabeth, through the City of London … (1559), in A. F Pollard, Tudor Tracts, pp. 367-95.