Mary Tudor

by David Loades

  2. Ibid., p. 387.

  3. Perhaps suspecting her intention, none of the senior bishops of the Church would agree to crown her. It was left to the relatively junior Owen Oglethorpe of Carlisle to perform the ceremony. D. E. Hoak, ‘The Coronations of Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I, and the Transformation of Tudor Monarchy’, in C. S. Knighton and Richard Mortimer (eds), Westminster Abbey Reformed (2003), pp. 114-51.

  4. Proceedings in the Parliaments of Elizabeth I: 1558–1581, ed. T. E. Hartley (1981), pp. 12-17.

  5. D. Wilkins, Concilia Magnae Brittaniae et Hiberniae (1737), IV, p. 179; translated in Philip Hughes, Rome and the Counter-Reformation in England (1942), pp. 138-9.

  6. J. Strype, Annals of the Reformation (1725), I, pp. 73-81.

  7. Handbook of British Chronology, pp. 227-83. Loades, Elizabeth I, p. 137 and note.

  8. Lucy Wooding, ‘The Marian Restoration and the Mass’, in Duffy and Loades, The Church of Mary Tudor, pp. 227-57.

  9. This friction had culminated in the so-called ‘Reneger incident’ in 1545 when Robert Reneger of Southampton became so exasperated by the attitude of the authorities at San Lucar that he seized an incoming Indiaman worth many thousands of ducats, for which he was mildly reprimanded by the council. G. Connell Smith, The Forerunners of Drake (1954) p. 141. TNA SPI/200, ff. 95-6.

  10. Elizabeth Russell, ‘Mary Tudor and Mr Jorkins’, Historical Research, 63 (1990), pp. 263-76.

  11. Christopher Goodman, How Superior Powers ought to he Obeyed (1558). John Ponet, A Short Treatise of Politic Power (1556). For a brief consideration of these views, see J. W. Allen, A History of Political Thought in the Sixteenth Century (1928), pp. 116-24.

  12. Loades, Mary Tudor, pp. 315-45.

  13. Wallace MacCaffrey, The Shaping of the Elizabethan Regime, 1558–1572 (1968).

  14. John Bradford, in his Copy of a Letter, pointed out that Henry’s will had settled the succession on Mary on the condition that she married with the consent of the council. The council did consent – but after the event.

  15. Loades, ‘The Personal Religion of Mary I’, in Duffy and Loades, The Church of Mary Tudor, pp. 1-32.

  16. Richards, ‘Mary Tudor as “Sole Quene”’.

  17. Juan Rafael de la Cuandra Blanco, ‘King Philip of Spain as Soloman the Second’, in de Groot, The Seventh Window, pp. 169-80. Pole had also compared Philip to Solomon in his rebuilding of the temple of the Church in England – a task that had been denied to ‘David’ (Charles V).

  18. This was the law, the origin of which was attributed to the Salian Franks, that forbade any woman to inherit the throne of France, or to transmit such a claim.

  19. Statute 1 Mary, sess. 3, c. 1. See above.

  20. Proclamation of 6 June 1558. Hughes and Larkin, Tudor Royal Proclamations, II, p. 90. There is no evidence of it being invoked.

  21. P. S. Boscher, ‘Politics, Administration and Diplomacy: The Anglo-Scottish Border 1550–1560’ (University of Durham PhD, 1985).

  22. TNA E351 /2195-8.

  23. Loades, Reign of Mary, pp. 348-51.

  24. Claire Cross, ‘The English Universities, 1553–58’, in Duffy and Loades, The Church of Mary Tudor, pp. 57-76.

  25. John Edwards, ‘Spanish Religious Influence in Marian England’, in ibid., pp. 201-26.

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

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  LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

  1. Mary from a group portrait of Henry VIII and his family, painted in about 1545. The female figure in the background is supposed to be her jester, Jane the Fool. © Jonathan Reeve JR997b66fp40 15001550.

  2. Princess Elizabeth from the same family group, aged about ten. The figure in the background is supposed to be Henry’s jester, Will Somers. © Jonathan Reeve JR997b66fp40b 15001530.

  3. Princess Elizabeth at about the time of her father’s death, aged twelve. By an unknown artist, in the Royal Collection. © Jonathan Reeve JR998b66fp56 15001600.

  4. Edward VI from the same family group as illustrations 1 and 2. © Jonathan Reeve JR997b66fp40 15001550.

  5. Holbein’s design for a jewelled pendant for Mary, probably executed during his first visit to England in 1527
–8, when Mary was still the king’s heir. © Elizabeth Norton & The Amberley Archive.

  6. Margaret Tudor, Mary’s aunt. She married James IV of Scotland, and after his death at Flodden in 1513, remarried Archibald, Earl of Angus. She was the grandmother of Mary, Queen of Scots. From a drawing by an unknown artist. © Jonathan Reeve JR982b20p837 15001600.

  7. Lady Jane Dudley (Grey). Put up by Edward as an alternative to Mary for the succession, she was defeated in July 1553, and executed after the Wyatt rising in February 1554, at the age of seventeen. © Jonathan Reeve JR1002b66fp107 15001600.

  8. Edward’s ‘Device’ for the succession, naming Jane Grey as his heir. The document is in the king’s hand throughout, except for the amendments, which make all the difference to its meaning. © Jonathan Reeve JRCD2b20p987 15001550.

  9. A page from Edward VI’s journal, for 18 March 1551, in which he refers to Mary and his dispute with her over the mass. © Jonathan Reeve JR2288b7p233 15501600.

  10. A later pastiche of Henry VIII and Mary, based on portraits by Holbein and Hans Eworth. The figure in the background is again Will Somers. © Jonathan Reeve JR1019b66fp8 15001600.

  11. Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, in 1546. A painting by Gerhard Flicke in the National Portrait Gallery. © Elizabeth Norton & The Amberley Archive.

  12. Mary at the age of twenty-eight (in 1543), by the sergeant painter known as ‘Master John’. In the National Portrait Gallery. © Elizabeth Norton & The Amberley Archive.

  13. Thomas Wolsey, Cardinal Archbishop of York and lord chancellor. A drawing by Jacques le Boucq in the Bibilotheque d’Arras. © Jonathan Reeve JR1169b2p7 15001550.

  14. Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester and Mary’s lord chancellor, by an unknown artist. © Jonathan Reeve JR1001b66fp100.

  15. John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, by Hans Holbein. A fierce defender of Catherine’s marriage and of Mary’s legitimacy, he was executed by the king for treason in 1535. © Jonathan Reeve JR2299b4p681 15001600.

  16. A cartoon of Thomas More and his family, executed in 1527–8. A painting based on this cartoon, was made by Rowland Lockey in 1593, and is now in the National Portrait Gallery. © Jonathan Reeve JR2295b2p137 15001600.

  17. An allegorical representation of the betrothal of Mary to the Duke of Orléans, the second son of Francis I of France in 1527. © Jonathan Reeve JR2298b4p645T 15001600.