Anatomy of a Genocide
Page 40
Grabowce, 281
Great Britain, 32, 91, 156, 172
Balfour Declaration and, 83
and conditions in Galicia, 76, 103, 117
and Jewish immigration to Palestine, 83, 86
Great Depression, 95–96, 98
Great Synagogue, 14, 60, 96, 114, 117, 168, 294–95
Greek Catholics, 75, 114–15, 117, 136–37, 163, 305n–6n, 309n
and atrocities in Galicia, 78
education and, 14, 26, 39, 136
elections and, 311n
Jewish intermarriages and, 23
and Nazi invasions and occupations of Buczacz, 169
Polish Constitution Day and, 120
and population of Buczacz, 308n, 311n, 330n
and population of Tarnopol, 330n
Prosvita and, 106, 107
and relations between Poles and Ukrainians, 120–21, 270
relations between Roman and, 118–20, 139
Griffel, Aliza, 241–42, 359n
Griffel, Dvorah (Diamant), 242, 259n
Grocholl, Bruno, 205, 206
Gromnicki, Stanisław, 26
Gross, Gershon (George), 152
Gross, Hersz, 177
Habsburg Empire, x, 316n
Galicia annexed by, 15
nationalities of, 16
Ruthenian nationalism and, 19
Hałkiewicz, Władysław, 135–36, 280
Halpern, Mordechai, 82, 151–52, 167, 171–72, 176, 347n, 349n
Halpern, Sarah, 82
Hamburg, 200, 226
Hamerskyi, Volodymyr, 168, 211, 216, 222, 356n
Hanover, Nathan, 9–10
Hapoel (the Worker), 99
Hashomer Hatza’ir (the Young Guard), 84, 326n
Haskalah, 17, 25, 30
Hausner, Giza, 234
Hebrew, xiii, 23, 41, 151, 295, 326n, 330n
and education in Buczacz, 25
and education in Galicia, 17
Hecht, Izidor (Viktor Gekht), 130, 151, 242–45, 360n
Heinrich, Richard, 199–200
Heiss, Jacob, 249–50, 250
Held, Rachel, 358n
Helene, 202
Heller, Hersh and Cyla, 359n
Heller, Zvi, 83–84, 101
Hersas, Berko, 346n
Herzig, Berta, 224–26, 227
Herzig, Ewald, 158, 224–26, 224
Herzog, Anne, 245–46
hideouts, survivor’s sketches of, 264
Hildemann, Karl, 192–93, 350n, 352n
Hirschhorn, Jancie, 177
Hirschhorn, Rosa, 244–45
Hitler, Adolf, 123–24, 156, 219, 297, 332n, 346n
expansionism of, 126
and interethnic violence in Galicia, 126–27
and relations with Ukrainians, 123, 126
seizure of power by, 185, 191
and Soviet occupation and rule in Poland, 130, 137–39, 154
and violence against Jews, 96–97, 173, 236, 294
Hnatiuk, Volodymyr, 292
Hnatyshyn, 106
Hnilcze, 272
Hoffer, Walter, 202, 355n, 366n
Holocaust, 156, 253, 294, 296, 316n, 342n
Hołowczyńce, 260–61, 362n
Homberg, Naftali Herz, 17
Horak, Johann, 202
Horowitz, Bina and Gisela, 189
House of Commons, British, 103
Hrushevsky, Mykhailo, 312n
Hryń, 246
Hrynkiv, Mikhailo, 162
Hungarians, Hungary, xi, 16, 123, 160
deportations and, 341n
World War I and, 40, 44, 46
Huzar, Mykhailo, 165, 180
Independent Buczaczer Congregation and Benevolent Association of the City of New York, 29
Israel, 8, 83–85, 87, 135, 236, 245, 253, 294–95, 359n
Israelite Free School, 17–18
Ivantsiv, Mykola “Rosa,” 297
Jäger, 194
Jagielnica, 189, 353n
Jakubowski, Mrs., 229
Jan III Sobieski, king of Poland, 12
Janda, Witold, 130, 138–39, 147–48
Janicka, Jadwiga, 131–32
Jazłowiec, 58, 68, 121, 165, 318n, 329n
Jerusalem, 228
Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society, 312n
Jewish Anti–Fascist Committee, 316n
Jewish Baron Hirsch School, 25
Jewish Colonization Association (Ika), 312n
Jewish National Fund (Keren Kayemet LeYisrael, KKL), 85, 98
Jewish Organization, 3
Jews, Judaism:
accused of parasitism, 179
as areligious, 23
arrests of, 151, 169, 171, 173–77, 188–89, 192, 202–3, 206–7, 210, 218, 221–27, 234, 239–42, 245–49, 257, 277, 280, 283, 338n, 341n, 347n, 349n, 355n
Balfour Declaration and, 83
in collaborating with Nazis, 169–79, 182–89, 191, 194, 198, 201–3, 205–6, 213, 216, 228, 235, 253–54, 345n–48n
confiscation of clothing of, 215
court (Hofjuden), 23, 309n
daily life in Buczacz of, 232–56
demoralization of, 87, 99–100
deportations of, 3, 16, 55, 70, 147–48, 150–52, 154, 156–57, 170, 170, 172, 176–77, 186–89, 225, 228–29, 234, 242–43, 339n, 341n, 346n–47n
and early history of Poland, 8–10
education and, 14, 17–18, 23, 26–32, 39–40, 67–68, 84, 88–93, 97, 98–100, 134–37, 139, 148, 152, 237, 240, 312n, 322n, 325n–26n, 331n, 333n
elections and, 6, 33–34, 115–16, 144, 146, 311n, 325n
employment difficulties of, 90, 117, 136
extorting of, 169, 171
and fires in Buczacz, 47–49
and founding of Buczacz, 8
Germanization of, 16
German spoken by, 19, 30, 308n
ghettoization of, 26, 51, 173, 198–99, 203, 213, 229–30, 233, 238, 243, 246, 248–49, 256–58, 276, 281, 351n–52n
Hasidic, 18, 171
immigration to Palestine of, 2, 3, 4, 5, 83–87, 89, 99–100, 122, 156, 174, 312n, 324n, 326n, 358n
immigration to Soviet Union of, 174, 326n, 340n–41n
immigration to U.S. of, 28–29, 33, 100, 157, 358n
investigating Nazi crimes against, 230–31
landownership of, 22–24, 39–40, 46–47, 151, 153, 213, 216, 217, 258, 309n
liberation of, 249, 259, 362n
and liberation of Buczacz, 240–41, 245–47
and maintenance of law and order in Buczacz, 72–73
military service of, 17
as murderers of Christ, 21, 100
nationalism of, 33–34, 84–85, 87, 97, 154
and Nazi invasions and occupations of Buczacz, 90, 162, 164–230, 233–50, 254, 256–57, 265, 267–68, 271, 278–80, 283, 294–95, 344n–48n
and Nazi occupation of Poland, 147, 150, 153, 156–57
and Nazi takeover of Galicia, 156–57
omnipresence of, 21
orphanage of, 88–89
Orthodox, 17, 96, 167, 332n
and Ottoman siege and destruction of Buczacz, 11–13
passivity of, 179, 198–99, 294
patriotism of, 41, 54
peasants and, 21, 23–24, 34
physical appearance of, 42, 90, 94, 95, 139, 148, 238, 241, 249, 251, 258, 358n
and Polish capture and rule in Buczacz, 70–71, 119–20
Polish Constitution Day and, 117
Polish spoken by, 2, 19, 238, 308n–9n
and Polish–Ukrainian struggle over Galicia, 75–76, 78–79, 81, 103
politics of, 30–34, 40, 88, 96, 99, 101–2, 115, 119, 130, 133–35, 150, 152–53, 156, 238, 311n, 316n, 325n–29n, 331n, 333n, 335n, 348n
and population of Buczacz, 14, 115–16, 271, 308n, 330n
and population of Poland, 9–10
press on, 20–23
reformed, 18
as refugees, 42, 55, 61, 341n
and rescues of bab
ies, 236–38
rescue vs. abuse of, 246–47
resistance of, 173–74, 176, 178–79, 238, 253–56, 260, 282, 327n, 346n, 348n, 360n
return to Buczacz of, 82–83
rights and privileges of, 8–9, 13, 17–20, 140–41, 153
saved by Poles, 281–84, 364n
as slave laborers, 162, 167, 171, 176, 189, 193, 199, 214, 216, 227, 250, 257, 353n, 362n
socioeconomic status of, 16–17, 20, 22, 28–31, 34, 42, 47, 50, 52, 56, 65, 84, 88, 95–96, 98, 101, 135–36, 138, 148, 150–51, 169, 171–72, 175, 179, 216, 252, 254, 261, 346n
and Soviet invasions and occupations of Poland, 130–36, 138, 140–41, 144, 146–48, 150–57, 160, 242, 250, 259–60, 262, 280, 340n–41n, 362n
and Soviet withdrawals from Buczacz, 365n
starvation and diseases of, 241, 243, 249, 251, 258, 261–62
study houses of, 13, 14, 293, 295, 296
synagogues of, 11, 13, 14, 59–60, 96, 114, 117, 168, 203, 293–95, 305n–6n
tax obligations of, 16–17
as tolerated and foreign, 18
and Ukrainian takeover of Buczacz, 66–70
violence against, 3, 5, 9–10, 12, 24, 26, 47–48, 50–51, 55–57, 59–61, 69–71, 74, 78, 82, 92, 96–97, 133, 152, 156, 159–62, 164–215, 211, 217–62, 223, 265–68, 271, 273, 276–81, 290–91, 294–98, 315n–16n, 319n, 332n–33n, 341n–42n, 345n, 347n–49n, 351n–59n, 362n, 366n, 368n
World War I and, 22, 24, 40–42, 45, 47–57, 59–62, 60, 65, 85, 88–89, 95–96, 98, 315n
World War II and, 98, 100, 172, 174, 176, 316n
see also anti–Semitism
Jezierzany, 353n, 362n
Jordan, Gerhard von, 345n
Joseph and His Brothers, 82
Judenrat, 26, 169–77, 179, 191, 205, 252–54, 257–58, 345n–46n, 364n
and arrests of Jews, 176–77, 202
bribery and, 169, 171–72, 174, 182, 254, 258
Lissberg and, 213, 216
violence against, 353n
and violence against Jews, 173, 175, 182, 186–89, 198, 201, 221, 228, 235
jüdische Wecker, Der (The Jewish Awakener), 30
Jurman, Alicja, 250–51
Kafchuk family, 248–49
Kallmeyer, Fritz, 193
Kamieniec Podolski, 113, 170, 341n
Kardasz, Iwana, 210, 211
Karl, Anita, Mali, and Samuel, 238–39
Katzmann, Friedrich, 350n
Kazakhstan, 147, 149, 341n
Kazan, 53
Kazanovich, Romaniia, 359n
Kazimirowna, Helena Piotrowska, 148–49
Kaznovskyi, Antin, 342n
Kaznovskyi, Volodymyr, 163–65, 165, 167, 248, 256, 342n, 349n
and violence against Jews, 179-81
Kerensky, Alexander, 62
KGB, 159
Khrushchev, Nikita, 284–85
Khvostenko, Maria, 278–79
Kieroński, Leon, 27–28
Kießling, Willy, 202–3, 218–19
Kiev, x, xiii–xiv, 139, 286
Kit, Vasyl, 349n
Kitaj, Emil, 189
Klajnfisz, 148
Klanfer, Erna, 347n–48n
Klara, 217–19, 233–34
Kleiner, Benio, 237–38
Kleiner, Gisela, 211, 237–38, 358n
Kleiner, Markus, 181
Kleiner, Shoshana, 358n
Klonicki, Adam, 234–36
Klonicki, Aryeh (Leon Klonymus), 234–36
Klonicki, Malwina, 234–36
Knaack, Heinrich, 210–13, 355n
Kocik, Izabela, 366n
Kofler, Oskar, 22–25
ethnic conflicts and, 35
imprisonment of, 24
Jewish landownership and, 22–23
on relations between Jews and peasants, 23–24
and Russian occupation of Buczacz, 46
World War I and, 24, 40–41, 46, 49, 53
Kofler, Salomon, 23–24, 41
Köllner, Kurt, 188, 350n
arrests by, 188–89
bribes hoarded by, 182, 189
court judgment against, 190–91, 196
deportations and, 186–89
physical appearance of, 224
and violence against Jews, 185–91, 351n, 353n
wife of, 186, 189, 190
Kołomyja, 345n
Koltsio, Volodymyr, 108
Kompanets, Ivan, 284–85, 287
Komunistyczna Partia Zachodniej Ukrainy (KPZU, Communist Party of Western Ukraine), 101–2, 119, 135, 329n
Kopyczyńce, 207–8, 276
Kornblüh, Józef, 181, 258–59, 349n
Korngut, Adolf, 136, 364n
Koropiec, 146, 162, 270, 272
Korościatyn, 269–71, 363n–64n
Kośmierzyn, 2
Kowalski (dogcatcher), 250
Kowalski, Stanisław, 12, 91–93
Kowalski, Stefan, 337n
Kozak, Ivan and Paulina, 242
Kozarska–Dworska, Jadwiga, 136–38
Koźmińska–Frejlak, Ewa, 24
Krakauer Zeitung, 183
Kraków, xi, 54, 89, 260, 350n
Kramarchuk, Tadei, 106, 160, 163, 341n
Kramer, Baruch, 87, 170–73, 201, 216, 345n–46n
Kramer, Bernard, 349n
kresy, 6, 112–15
Kriegel, Hella (Helga Bauer), 358n
Kriegel, Menachem, 358n
Kriegel, Sofia, 211, 358n
Kripo building, 187
Kristallnacht, 186
Kropotkin, Peter, 32
Krüger, Friedrich–Wilhelm, 350n
Kubasiewicz, Stanisław, 271
Kujath, Hans, 342n, 366n
Landau, Munio (Menachem), 347n
League of Nations, 77–78
Lefin, Mendel, 17
Lehkyi, Vasyl, 338n
Lemberg (Lwów), University of, 35, 105, 311n, 322n
Lenin, Vladimir, 63, 140, 141, 142–43, 291
Leszczańce, 110
Lev, Aba, 59–61, 316n
Lipka, Frydzia, 233
Lissberg, Henriette, 215–24, 219, 223, 224, 226, 355n–56n
Lissberg, Klaus, 222, 223
Lissberg, Richard, 158, 213–21, 217, 355n–56n
apartment of, 220–21, 220, 221
and arrests of Jews, 355n
Jewish house cleaners of, 217–19
Jewish slave labor and, 214, 216
physical appearance of, 214, 223
villa of, 223
and violence against Jews, 213–15, 355n
Lissberg, Udo, 217–18
Lithuania, 8, 10, 197, 353n
Littschwager, Gerhard, 342n–43n
Łódź, 114, 172
Łosiacz, 281
Lublin agreement, 273, 287
Luchkiv, Viktor, 66–68, 70
Ludwigsburg, 230
Luh, 110, 111, 122
Lutsiv, Volodymyr “Orel,” 160–61, 297, 338n
Lwów (Lviv, Lemberg), xi, 3, 4, 67, 71, 93, 103, 123–24, 127, 135, 186–87, 189, 197, 199, 218, 228, 236, 238, 293, 312n, 339n, 340n, 350n, 355n
deportations and, 341n
and Jewish immigration to Palestine, 85–87
and maintenance of law and order in Buczacz, 72–73
and Nazi occupation of Poland, 148
and Polish–Ukrainian struggle over Galicia, 75–76
Mácków, Justyna, 270
Majer, Lieutenant, 47
Makabi (Maccabi), 99
Mańkowski, Piotr, 113–14
Marx, Karl, 140, 141, 143
maskil, 17–19
Maslachenko, Comrade, 142–43
Medwedowce, 120, 252
Medyński, Captain, 49
Medyński, Stefan, 146
Meerengel, Emanuel, 96, 346n
Mehmed IV, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, 11–12
Melnyk, Vasyl, 107–8
Menatseach, Naftali (Naftale Hertz Siegman), 25
Michał Wiśniowiecki, king of Poland,
11
Miller, Hindzia (Hilda Weitz), 347n
Mizrahi party, 96, 99
Mogielnica, 23
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, 130, 156
Moltke, Count Hans–Adolf von, 123–24, 333n
Monasterzyska, 43, 47–48, 146, 201, 313n, 319n, 337n
deportations and, 228–29
and violence against Jews, 229
Moscow, x, xi, xiii, 155–56, 327n
Mroczkowska, Josephine, 80
Mroczkowski, Wacław, 132, 145
Müller, Heinrich, 156–57
Müller, Hermann, 181–82
Lissberg’s relationship with, 215, 220–21
and violence against Jews, 221
Muscovy, Muscovites, 10, 40, 43, 49-50, 52, 57, 126–27
Muzyka, Hanna, 297
Myszkowce, 246
Nacht, Fabius, 30–31, 324n
Nacht, Max, 30, 32–33
Nacht, Siegfried, 30–33, 32
Nachtigal, Ester, 262
Nagórzanka, 44, 108, 138–39, 160, 162, 166, 180, 189, 353n, 361n
Nahajowski, 235–36
Narodovtsi, 19
Narutowicz, Gabriel, 115
National Minorities Bloc, 115
National Socialists, National Socialism, 126, 190–91, 196, 213, 354n
Native School Society (Ridna Shkola), 118
Neufeld, Jacob, 238
New York, 88, 172, 326n
and demoralization of Jews, 99
Jewish immigration to, 28–29, 100, 157
Nezhynskyi, Anton, 162
Nikolai II, tsar of Russia, 62
Nikolai Romanov, grand duke of Russia, 51
NKVD (Soviet secret police), 293, 297, 338n–40n
deportations and, 147–48, 285–86
education and, 149–50
elections and, 145–46
and Soviet invasions and occupations of Poland, 131–33, 139, 145–46, 149–50, 156, 271–72, 285–86, 340n
Ukrainian insurgency and, 269, 271, 285–86
and violence against Ukrainians, 298, 328n, 338n–39n
Non–Party Jewish Economic Bloc, 96
Nowostawce, 120
Okhrana, 55–56
Ordnungsdienst (OD, Jewish police), 169–71, 175–79, 346n–48n, 355n
resistance and, 253, 255, 348n
violence against, 178, 230
and violence against Jews, 175–77, 183–84, 194, 198, 203, 235
Orhanizatsiya Ukrainskykh Natsionalistiv (OUN, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists), 103, 108–11, 112, 122, 125, 125, 155, 163, 266, 269, 272–73, 285–87, 297, 333n, 338n–39n
moderate faction of (OUN–M), 348n–49n
and Nazi invasions and occupations of Buczacz, 160–62, 168
radical wing of (OUN–B), 267, 268, 349n
Ostapowicz, Teofil, 28, 92
Ottomans, Ottoman Empire, x, 129
Buczacz besieged and destroyed by, 11–13
Polish treaty with, 11
OUN–UPA, 265, 268, 269, 287, 292–93, 297, 368n
Pahl, Peter, 201
and arrests of Jews, 202–3