Anatomy of a Genocide
Page 41
Herzig on, 225
Jews allegedly hidden by, 202–3, 205
Lissberg’s relationship with, 215
trial of, 200–205
and violence against Jews, 202–5, 210, 218–19, 225, 229, 347n
Pal, Richard, 178, 194–95, 350n
and violence against Jews, 177–78, 352n, 354n, 356n
Palek, Izaak, 90, 325n
Pale of Settlement, 73–74
Palestine, 152, 260, 346n
Arab uprising in, 86
British Mandate in, 135 disease in, 85
Jewish immigration to, 2, 3, 4, 5, 83–87, 89, 99–100, 122, 156, 174, 312n, 324n, 326n, 358n
Papusch, 194
Pasichnyk, Petro, 149–50, 290–91
Passover, 23, 85–86
Pavlov, General, 313n
Pavlyshyn, Tetiana, 296
Pawłowski, Stanisław, 132
Peckmann, Heinrich, 184, 191–93, 192, 198, 351n, 355n–56n
Pelatiuk, Sofia, 166–67
Pelatiuk, Vasyl, 166–67, 166
Pelc, Edward, 93, 138–39
Pennell, Joseph, 20
Pepi, 195
Perl, Joseph, 17–18
Petlikowce, 22–23, 40–41, 46, 49
Petlikowce Nowe, 253
Petlikowce Stare, 309n
Petrograd, 63
Petrykevych, Bohdan, 150, 159
Petrykevych, Viktor, 108–9, 109, 130, 150, 158–59, 216, 267, 341n
and civil war between Poles and Ukrainians, 269–71, 273–74
and destruction in Buczacz, 265–66
and Nazi invasions and occupations of Buczacz, 277–78
and violence against Jews, 277
Piława, 252
Piłotkowice, 281
Piłsudski, Józef, 41, 93, 121, 325n
elections and, 115–16
Piotrowska–Dubik, Barbara, 148–49
Płachta, Jan, 117
Podolia, 2, 7, 11, 113
Podzameczek, 146, 252
pogroms, 61, 71, 78, 186, 229, 249, 276, 319n
Pohorille, Mrs., 89
Pohoryles, Rosa, 157
Poles, Polish, Poland, x, xi, 234–36, 350n, 354n, 358n–68n
anti–Semitism and, 21, 24, 65, 68, 71, 94, 100–101, 121–22, 127, 131, 133–34, 152, 154, 156, 333n
arrests and, 131–32, 135, 138–39, 147, 149–51, 173, 273, 280, 283, 338n
Bartov’s mother’s childhood in, 2
and Buczacz as bastion of, 39
Buczacz captured and ruled by, 70–73, 119–20
Buczacz’s spelling in, xiii
civil war between Ukrainians and, 268–74, 268, 297–98
demographic concerns of, 114–16
deportations and, 133, 138, 147–49, 153–55, 243, 273–74, 280, 339n, 367n–68n
early history of, 6–13, 15, 19, 40
economy of, 98–99, 137
education and, 26–28, 30, 35, 90–92, 98, 104–5, 117–18, 132, 135–39, 141–44, 147–48, 322n, 326n, 331n, 333n
elections and, 33–34, 110, 115–16, 144–46
employment discrimination and, 104, 117–18, 136
end of parliamentary democracy in, 116, 121
end of Ukrainian rule in, 70, 72
expansion of, 8–9
Galicia taken over and ruled by, 76, 102–7, 111–15, 117, 156
interethnic strife and violence in, 35–36, 78–81, 79, 80, 103, 116, 121, 124–25, 127
and Jewish immigration to Palestine, 84
Jewish landownership and, 22–24, 39
Jewish population of, 9–10
Jews saved by, 281–84, 364n
and liberation of Buczacz, 179, 241, 246
and maintenance of law and order in Buczacz, 72–73
martyrdom claims of, 289–90
and memory of kresy, 6, 112–15
nationalism of, 26–27, 34–35, 40, 64, 68, 75, 79, 84, 91–93, 94, 101, 120, 155–56
Nazi invasions and occupations of, 126, 130, 139, 147–51, 153–57, 234, 341n
and Nazi invasions and occupations of Buczacz, 162, 167, 181–82, 201, 210, 218, 235, 239–40, 242–43, 249–51, 257–58, 260–61, 279–80, 290, 363n, 365n
and Ottoman siege and destruction of Buczacz, 13
partition of, 40, 64
patriotism of, 40, 66, 93, 113–14, 138
politics and, 30, 32, 101–2, 114–15, 119, 121, 123, 140–41, 327n–28n, 331n
and population of Buczacz, 271, 330n, 367n–68n
and population of Tarnopol, 330n, 367n
relations between Jews and, 41–42, 54–55, 65, 96–98, 100–101, 112, 119, 121–22, 133–37, 151–53, 155–56, 240–43, 246, 249–54, 257–61, 279, 294, 332n, 361n
relations between Nazis and, 123, 127–28
relations between Roman and Greek Catholics in, 118–20
relations between Ruthenians and, 23, 118–21
relations between Ukrainians and, 68–73, 75, 77–79, 101–3, 110–15, 117, 119–28, 132–34, 136–39, 149–50, 153, 155, 266–67, 269–70, 272, 279–80, 288, 290, 317n–18n, 333n–34n
relations between Zionists and, 84
repatriation of, 287–88, 368n
and rescues of babies, 236, 238
resistance and, 254–55, 256, 348n
romances and sexual liaisons of, 210
Ruthenian nationalism and, 19–21
and socioeconomic status of Jews, 42
Soviet invasions and occupations of, 73, 88, 130–57, 160, 230, 234, 240, 242, 244, 250, 253–54, 259–60, 262, 271–73, 275, 277–78, 280, 284–88, 290–94, 297, 336n–38n, 340n–42n, 361n–63n, 366n, 368n
spoken by Jews, 2, 19, 238, 308n–9n
in struggle with Ukrainians over Galicia, 64–65, 69–71, 74–79, 81, 103, 105, 109, 268–70, 274
and Ukrainian cultural and educational societies, 105–7
Ukrainian insurgency and, 124–25, 290, 297–98
Ukrainian militance and, 122–23
and Ukrainian takeover of Buczacz, 65–71
violence against, 78–81, 79, 80, 103, 167, 181, 266–72, 281, 283–85, 287, 297, 359n, 363n–64n
and violence against Jews, 9–10, 97, 133, 156, 182, 194, 246, 250–51, 279–81, 290, 319n, 348n, 358n, 366n
and violence against Ukrainians, 270, 272–73, 290
World War I and, 24, 38, 40–43, 45–46, 49–51, 53–55, 64, 92
World War II and, 99, 119, 132, 138, 148
Polish Constitution Day, 117, 120
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, x, 8, 10
Połowce, 247–48
Porchowa, 120, 282
Potocki, Count Artur, 96
Potocki, Count Emil, 2, 26
Potocki, Jan, 9, 11–12, 15
Potocki, Mikołaj, 14–15, 305n–6n
Potocki, Stefan, 9, 12–14
Potocki family crypt, 254
Potok Złoty, 2, 58
Pożniak, Tadeusz, 90
Prague, 101, 236–37
Prosvita House, 349n
Prosvita (Enlightenment) society, 20, 105–11, 106, 121–22, 297, 328n
Nazis and, 106, 160
World War II and, 106–7
Przewłoka, 160
Pużniki, 272, 364n
Pyszkowcy, 146
Rabinowicz, Ignacy, 354n
Rabinowicz, Józef, 352n, 354n–55n
Rabinowicz, Julia, 215, 355n
Rachelson, Dov, 352n
Ratajski, Witold, 211
Rawa–Ruska, 225
Red Cross, 46
Reich, Mendel, 87, 99–100, 171–73, 216, 221, 253
Reich, Mrs., 222–24
Reinisch, Aliza (Nir), 151, 246
Reinstein, 218
Relief Association for the Destitute Jewish Population of Eastern Galicia, 34
“Report on Ukrainian Cruelties Committed on the Polish Population of Eastern Galicia,” 79, 79, 80
Resurrection Day, 12
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 123, 130, 156
/> Ringelblum, Emanuel, 26, 292
Ritter, Karl, 228–29
Ritter, Sophie, 229
Rohatyn, 294
Roll, Chaja, 98
Roman Catholics, 11, 35, 68, 114, 134, 136–37, 238, 305n–6n, 325n
education and, 14, 26, 39, 91, 136
in Galicia, 309n
Jewish intermarriages and, 23
and Nazi invasions and occupations of Buczacz, 169, 279
Polish Constitution Day and, 117
and Polish rule in Buczacz, 119
and population of Buczacz, 308n, 330n
and population of Tarnopol, 330n
relations between Greek and, 118–20, 139
and relations between Poles and Ukrainians, 269–70
World War I and, 43, 48
Romanians, Romania, x, xi, 4, 16, 178
Rosen, Francia, 233
Rosen, Henryk, 254, 361n
Rosen, Leon, 232–33, 358n
Rosen, Shmuel, 168, 171–72, 174, 175, 254, 346n, 353n–54n
Rosen, Yehiel, 254
Rosenbach, Lumcio, 294
Rosenman, David, 357n–58n
Rosenman, Zosia, 233
Rosenow, Artur, 192, 194, 352n
Rosental, Samuel, 169, 176, 182, 352n–53n
Rosner, Mina, 151
Rothmann, 177
Russian Federation, 298
Russian Revolution, 316n
Russians, Russian Empire, x, xiii–xiv, 2, 10–11, 16
anti–Semitism of, 47, 51
Buczacz occupied and ruled by, 44–56, 58–61, 61, 313n, 315n
and Jewish immigration to Palestine, 85
monastery of, 11
relations between Ukrainians and, 76–77
retreats of, 52–54, 62, 63
and violence against Jews, 47, 50, 55, 59–61
World War I and, 38, 40, 42, 44–63, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 76, 313n, 315n–16n
Russkaya Rada, 22
Ruthenians, Ruthenia, 7, 68, 117, 122–23, 309n
anti–Semitism and, 20–23
education and, 26–28, 35, 118, 123, 322n, 331n
elections and, 34, 115, 311n
ethnic conflicts and, 35, 76–77
in Galicia, 16, 35, 76, 79
Jewish landownership and, 22–23, 39
Jewish politics and, 333n
nationalism of, 19–22, 27, 34–35
and Polish capture and rule in Buczacz, 70–71
and population of Buczacz, 330n
and population of Tarnopol, 330n
poverty and illiteracy of, 35
relations between Poles and, 23, 118–21
and relations between Roman and Greek Catholics, 120
and relations between Russians and Ukrainians, 76–77
socialism and, 32
and Soviet occupation and rule in Poland, 132
Ukrainian militance and, 123
World War I and, 40–42, 45, 64, 76
World War II and, 119
Rutyna, Ludwik, 133–35, 134, 269–70, 280
Rux, 194–95, 352n
Rybachuk, K. M., 274–75
St. Nicholas Greek Catholic Church, 117
St. Petersburg, 59, 316n
Schechter, Barbara, 358n
Schinagl, Matthias, 227–28
Schmetterling, Leon, 361n
Schorr, 189
Schulenburg, Friedrich–Werner Graf von der, 157, 340n–41n
Seelos, Gebhard, 127–28, 334n
Segal, 131, 135–36
Seifer, Bernhard, 26, 171–74, 257, 345n–46n, 364n
and bribes and extortion, 171–72, 254
Eger’s relationship with, 205–6
Pahl’s relationship with, 201–2
Shapira, Jacob, 100–101
Shenko, 256
Sheptytsky, Andrey, 75
Shevchenko, Taras, 127
Shevchenko Scientific Society, 312n
Sholem Aleichem, 140
Shukhevych, Fedir, 162
Shyshman, Ibrahim (the Fat), 12
Siberia, 91, 366n
deportations and, 147, 150–53, 280, 285, 287
Sich, 297, 349n
in Buczacz, 160, 162
Siewiński, Antoni, 39
anti–Semitism of, 39–42, 44–45, 47, 51, 54, 67–68, 70–71
and Bolshevik rule in Buczacz, 74
education and, 39–40, 44, 48, 52, 56–57, 64, 67–68, 71, 74, 325n
and ghettoization of Jews, 51
imprisonment of, 68
nationalism of, 39–40, 68
and Polish capture and rule in Buczacz, 70–71
and Russian invasions and occupations of Buczacz, 44–48, 50–52
and Ukrainian takeover of Buczacz, 65–70, 318n
and violence, plunder, and destruction in Buczacz, 47–49
World War I and, 38, 40–54, 56–58, 68, 313n–14n
Siewiński, Józef, 41, 57, 66–67
Siewiński, Marian, 41, 43, 57, 66, 68
Siewiński, Zygmunt, 41, 43, 57, 66, 68
Sifrei Sha’ashuim (Books of Delight), 25
Silesia, 93
Sipo, 277
in Czortków, 164, 184, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191–94, 192, 193, 196–97, 199, 206, 214, 350n–51n
in Tarnopol, 164, 181, 214
Siwy, Szymin, 146
Siyak, Ostap, 42
Skamene, Emil, 236–38
Skamene, Richard and Frederika, 237
Skvartsova, Anna, 359n
Slavs, 7, 63, 112
Slipenkyi, Danylo, 166–67
Slovakia, xi, 123, 160
Slupski, Kazimierz, 364n
Slyuzbar, Roman, 108
Sobków, Michał, 270–72
social Darwinism, 28
Social General Strike, The (Nacht), 33
socialists, socialism, 30–33
anti–Semitism and, 32, 100
in Buczacz, 30–31, 143
and Jewish immigration to Palestine, 84
Poland and, 30, 32, 140–41
Sokil, 110–11, 122
Sokół (Falcon), 43, 43, 50, 141, 222, 349n
Sokolecki brothers, 354n
Sommer, Abraham, 99–101, 172, 326n
Soroki, 112
Soviet Extraordinary Commission, 232
Soviets, Soviet Union, xi, 2, 126–27, 165, 266–69, 271–82, 296–97, 335n
anti–Semitism of, 24, 131, 133, 152, 154
arrests by, 131–32, 135, 138–39, 145, 147, 149–50, 286, 338n, 341n–42n
and atrocities in Galicia, 79, 268–69
Buczacz invaded and occupied by, 73–74, 82, 84, 88, 130–36, 138–42, 144–45, 147–51, 153, 155, 157, 160, 230, 271, 277–79, 286–88, 291–94, 297, 337n–38n, 363n
Buczacz withdrawals of, 62, 63, 244, 281, 365n
and civil war between Poles and Ukrainians, 268–69, 272–74
deportations and, 133, 138, 140, 145–54, 157, 269, 271, 273–74, 280, 285–87, 297, 338n
education and, 141–44, 149–50
elections and, 144–46, 337n–38n
Jewish immigration to, 174, 326n, 340n–41n
Jews accused of parasitism by, 179
Nazi crimes investigated by, 275–77, 276, 284, 349n
and Nazi invasion of Poland, 126
and Nazi invasions and occupations of Buczacz, 160–63, 167, 179
Poland invaded and occupied by, 73, 88, 130–57, 160, 230, 234, 240, 242, 244, 250, 253–54, 259–60, 262, 271–73, 275, 277–78, 280, 284–88, 290–94, 297, 336n–38n, 340n–42n, 361n–63n, 366n, 368n
Polish border with, 75, 112–13
press and, 129
prisoners executed by, 150
propaganda of, 139–42, 144
relations between Nazis and, 124, 130, 139
and relations between Poles and Ukrainians, 75, 112
repatriating Poles and, 287
resistance and, 255, 260, 282
struggle between Nazis and, 158, 267–68
Ukrainian ins
urgency and, 267, 269, 271, 284–87, 290
violence against, 232, 276, 285
and violence against Jews, 152, 164, 230, 250, 276–77
and violence against Ukrainians, 286, 291, 297
World War II and, 148, 174
see also Bolsheviks
Spanish Civil War, 89–90
Spencer, Herbert, 32
Spielberg, Edzia, 247–50
Stalin, Joseph, 124, 141, 327n, 368n
education and, 143
and interethnic violence in Galicia, 126–27
and Soviet occupation and rule in Poland, 130, 133, 139–40, 142–44
Stalin Club, 141
Stanisławów, 30–31, 57, 70, 75, 102–3, 130
State Justice Administration for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes, 230
Steffi, 225
Steiger, Adam, 204–5
Steiger, Rudolf, 236–38
Stein, 218
Stern, Bernard, 26, 41
refugee issues and, 63
and Russian occupations of Buczacz, 55–56
Stern, Dawid Aba, 353n
Strypa River, Strypa Valley, 6–7, 11–13, 71–72, 95, 220, 222, 249, 259, 279, 291, 305n–6n
Jewish houses along, 217
and Jewish privileges in Buczacz, 13
World War I and, 37, 43–44, 45, 50, 58–59, 62
Sudetenland, 123
Sukkot, 137
Sukowski, Kazimierz, 337n
Świerszczak, Marjan, 254, 361n
Świerszczak, Maryna, 254
Synenka, Oresta, 265, 293–94
Synenkyi, Ivan, 294–95
Szajter, Jan, 91, 93, 139
Szajter, Roman, 93
Szczecin, 283
Szczipaniak, Dr., 211
Szczyrba, Mikołaj, 281–82
Szechner, Jakub, 152
Szeptyłycz, 49–50
Szimer, Izrael, 2, 3, 4, 323n–24n
Szimer, Rina, xv, 1, 1, 324n
Szpigiel, Mojżesz, 260–62
Sztankowska, Antosia, 246
Szwarc, Fiszel, 175–76
Szwarc, Izaak, 170–71, 346n–47n
Szydłowski, Leon, 146
Szymula, Stefan, 131, 145–46
Tabak, Renia, 239–40
Tabak, Sala, 240
Talmud Torah Association, Talmud Torah School, 88, 99–100, 326n
Tarbut School, 97, 98
Tarnopol, 17–18, 46, 75, 83, 103, 136, 193, 221, 332n–33n, 339n
anti–Semitism in, 121
deportations and, 147, 341n, 367n–68n
Nazi invasions and occupations of, 164
politics and, 101–2, 117
population of, 330n, 367n
relations between Roman and Greek Catholics in, 118
repatriating Poles and, 287, 368n
Sipo in, 164, 181, 214
Soviet occupation and rule in, 142
and transportation in Buczacz, 143
Ukrainian insurgency in, 284–86
Ukrainian nationalism and, 122
and violence against Jews, 181