The Shadow King
Page 34
Ay, 56, 146–147, 214, 236, 244
Baboon, 114
Bacteria, ancient DNA from, 202
Badeir, Saleh, 151–153
Baker, Brenda, 192
Barnes, Ian, 198, 202–203, 210
Bat guano, 141–143
el-Batrawi, Ahmed, 109, 118–119
Battle scenes, 213–215, 221
BBC, 94, 94(fn), 104, 224
Begin, Menachem, 122(fn)
Belzoni, Giovanni, 7–8
Bethell, Richard, 144
Bib, beaded, 97, 159, 219
Biban el-Moluk (Valley of the Kings). See Valley of the Kings
The Bible, The Qur’an and Science (Bucaille), 127
Biblical connections, 13–14, 125–128, 130–131, 133–134, 136
Bitumen, 83
Black Saturday, 87
Blood groups
Amenhotep III, Yuya, and Tjuiu, 109
determination process, 93
Elder Lady, 120–121
fetus, 119–120, 120(fn)
genetic significance of, 120(fn)
identifying the Elder Lady, 121(fn)
reviving Tutankhamun’s blood, 104, 104(fn)
Tutankhamun skin sample, 103
Welsh mummy identification, 90
Boat, 22–23
Body, 69–70
Bone samples, DNA research and, 174–175
Booby-traps, 139–141
Book of the Dead, 69, 69(fn), 71
Boraik, Mansour, 180, 182
Boyer, Richard, 148–149, 217(fn)
Brain, removal of, 82, 103(fn), 105, 217(fn)
Braverman, Irwin, 193
Breasts, 3, 190, 193
Brier, Bob, 84, 145, 147, 149, 174, 190
British Museum, 54, 108–109
Brugsch, Émile, 5, 10–15, 17, 19–20
Bucaille, Maurice, 127–128, 130
Buckley, Stephen, 84
Budd, Eric, 98(fn)
Budge, Ernest, 52
Burton, Harry
autopsy, 64
photos of Tutankhamun, 97–98
reburial of Tutankhamun, 74
removal and transport of the treasures, 54–55
Bush, George W., 230
Callender, Arthur, 38, 54–55
Camp David Accords, 122(fn)
Cannibalism, 83
Canopic jars, 26, 81
Carnarvon, Almina, Lady, 54, 59
Carnarvon, George Herbert, Earl of attempts to X-ray Tutankhamun, 92(fn)
Carter’s discovery, 38–39
curse myth, 142–143
death of, 51–54, 71(fn), 143
Deir el-Bahri excavation, 30–32
fate of Tutankhamun, 46–47
grand opening of the tomb, 47–50
the search for Tutankhamun’s tomb, 35–36, 39–43
Carter, Howard
Amarna cache, 29
archived information, 33–34
artwork, 34
autopsy, 63–64, 67, 69, 72–74
beaded bib, 219
burial chamber excavation, 55–62
childlessness of Tutankhamun, 77
curse myth, 52–54
damage to Tutankhamun’s mummy, 128
Deir el-Bahri excavation, 30–32
Derry and, 66
failure to reconstruct Tutankhamun, 96
fascination with Anubis, 76
grand opening of the tomb, 47–50
KV5, 112
litigation over tomb contents’ access, 59–60
looting of KV35, 23–24
mystery of Tutankhamun, 238
personal possessions of Tutankhamun, 78–79
reburial of Tutankhamun, 74
removal of Tutankhamun, 44–45
retirement and death, 79
strength of character, 80
the search for Tutankhamun, 34–43, 39(fn)
X-ray data, 92, 92(fn)
Carter, Jimmy, 122(fn)
Cartouches, 22
Cave disease, 141–142
Centre for GeoGenetics, Denmark, 195, 197
Cephalometrics, 114
Chariot, 213–214, 220
Chariots of the Gods (von Däniken), 140
Chickens, mummification of, 84
Christianity, roots of, 131
Christie, Agatha, 11(fn)
Chronicle (documentary), 94
Chukshi Eskimo group, 210
Circumcision, 115
Clayton, Peter, 102(fn)
Cleft palate, 158
Clegg, LeGrand, 136
Cloning DNA, 199–200
Clubfoot, 189, 193–194, 233–234
Coffins, 60–62, 61(fn), 73–74, 81, 85–86, 163
Colossi of Memno, 11
Computed tomography (CT scan)
DNA analysis of Tutankhamun and others, 185, 188–189, 194
Egyptian Mummy Project, 153–155
Elder Lady and Younger Lady, 165–166
fetuses, 235(fn)
Hatshepsut project, 177–179, 178(fn)
KV55 mummy, 192
reconstructing Tutankhamun’s face, 161
reinterpreting Tutankhamun, 215–220
Rühli’s opinion on, 157, 159–160
technique, 155–156
Congenital aneurysm, 106, 108
Connolly, Robert
Amenhotep III, Yuya, and Tjuiu blood group data, 109
anomalies in Tutankhamun’s mummy, 217(fn), 219
blood group determination, 93, 103–104
cause of death, 220–221
controversy over blood group results, 136
Tutankhamen murder theory, 145, 148–149
X-ray analysis, 104–107, 234
X-rays of the fetus, 119–120
Corelli, Marie, 51–52
Corthals, Angelique, 173–176, 178–179, 183–184
Cosmos, 61, 61(fn)
Craniofacial structure, 116
Crick, Francis, 198
Crocodile, death by, 220
Crocodile mummies, 209
Cromer, Evelyn Baring, Earl of, 21, 24, 37, 48
Crown, 71
CT scan. See Computed tomography
Culture, 28
Curse myth
blemish on Tutankhamun’s face, 71(fn)
booby traps, 139–141
Carnarvon’s death, 51–54
CT scan of Tutankhamun, 154–155
deaths from fungus, 142–143
debunking though science, 144–145
Derry’s interviews, 87
fueling Tutmania in America, 123
Harrison’s research team, 103
origins of, 52–54
Reid’s death, 93
The Curse of The Pharaohs (Vandenberg), 140
Dahamunzu, 146–147
Davis, Theodore M., 24–26, 29
Dean, Geoffrey, 140–142
Death
chronology studies of pharaohs reigns, 114–117
during childbirth, 115, 115(fn)
of Hatshepsut, 178
Death (Tutankhamun)
autopsy failing to reveal, 72
battle injury, 222
chest injury, 216–220
controversy over, 243–244
fractured femur, 159–161
malaria and a weak constitution, 191, 193, 197
murder theory, 107–108, 145–149, 236–237
public speculation by the media, 73
sickle cell disease, 193(fn)
wild animal attack, 220–221
X-ray data of the skull, 105–106, 105–106, 148–149, 158–159
Deir el-Bahri cache, 12–15, 17–19, 30–32, 37, 170–179. See also Valley of the Kings
Derry, Douglas
autopsy, 63–65, 67, 69–72
background of, 65–66
conclusions about the mummy, 233
curse myth, 140(fn)
damage to Tutankhamun’s mummy, 128
examining the mummy’s teeth, 102–103
exil
e in Essex, 87
KV55 mummy, 85, 85(fn)
mummification of women, 82–83
mummification process, 80, 84
sarcophagus, 57(fn)
Tutankhamen murder theory, 149
Tutankhamun’s fractured femur, 159
Weeks and, 112
World War II, 86–87
Derry, John, 87
Derry, Ramsay, 84(fn)
The Devourer, 69
di Paolo, Nicola, 142–143
Dinosaur DNA, 132, 200
Discover magazine, 179
Discovery Channel, 2, 148, 153, 172–177, 185–186, 192, 207
Disease
Akhenaten, 189–191
Derry’s finds, 233
DNA from disease-causing bacteria, 202
DNA research on Tutankhamun and others, 188–189
epilepsy, 243–244
fetuses lack of, 235(fn)
spread of, 173
Tutankhamun’s diseases and weaknesses, 189–192, 235
Djoser, 81
DNA research, 4, 137
animal mummies, 208–209
controversy over, 2–3
criticism of Zink, Pusch, and Gad’s research, 197–198, 204–208
disease-causing bacteria, 202
Egyptian Museum lab, 170
Hatshepsut project, 171–179
history of, 198–200
Iskander and Yoshimura’s research, 135–136
limits to interpretation of, 235–236
next-generation sequencing, 209–211
problems with ancient DNA analysis, 198–205
publication of, 2
questioning the reliability of genetic data, 193
Tutankhamun and family, 183–188, 197, 205–208, 226–227
Woodward’s research, 132, 134–135
Dobbin, Roy, 84
Dodson, Aidan, 98–99, 115(fn), 166, 190(fn)
Donoghue, Helen, 202–203
Doyle, Arthur Conan, 52
Durrheim, David, 221
Dynastic spans, 8(fn)
Eaton-Krauss, Marianne, 194
Edwards, Amelia, 7
Egarter-Vigl, Eduard, 157, 160(fn)
Egypt, modern, 4
economic downturn and austerity, 119
exhibition of Tutankhamun, 161–164
Hawass engaging Egyptians in archaeological heritage, 153
losing interest in Egyptology, 181
political changes, 241–243
political turmoil with Israel, 94–95
Sadat assassination, 123–124
Tahrir Square protests, 183, 223–225
uprising, 85(fn)
World War II, 85–87
Egypt Exploration Fund, 7(fn)
Egyptian Mummies (Taylor), 61(fn)
Egyptian Mummy Project, 153–154
Egyptian Museum (Cairo), 4, 20(fn), 166–167, 169–170, 179, 224–225, 241
Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty, 122(fn)
Eighteenth Dynasty, 8, 8(fn), 13, 22, 27, 35, 77, 81–82, 163, 170, 185
Elder Lady
appearance of, 117–118, 117(fn), 166–167
as Nefertiti, 165
blood group determination, 120–121, 121(fn)
DNA research on Tutankhamun and family, 135, 184–185, 188
Electrophoresis, 186(fn)
Elliot School of International Affairs, 123
Elliot Smith, Grafton
Akhenaten, 29, 189–190
Derry and, 65
Elder Lady and Younger Lady, 117–118, 117(fn)
eugenics, 91(fn)
KV55 find, 26, 85, 85(fn)
mummies from Amenhotep II’s tomb, 117–118
mummification process, 82–84
X-ray data, 92
El-Qurn, 11
Embalmers. See Mummification process
Embalming materials, 36
Engelbach, Rex, 85
Epilepsy, 243
Epitrochlear foramina, 103
Eskimo research, 209–211
Eugenics, 91, 91(fn)
Exodus, Book of, 126–128, 130
Face
mummification process, 81
Tutankhamun’s, 71, 136, 160–161, 164
Fag el-Gamous cemetery, 132
Faience, 49, 49(fn), 147
Fairman, H. W., 91–92, 98
Farouk, 86–87, 92
Femur, fracture in, 159, 160(fn), 161, 216
Fetuses
disappearance of, 108–109
discovery of, 77
DNA research on Tutankhamun and family, 135, 185, 187–188, 204
Hawass’s opinion on identity of, 229
identity of, 4
lack of deformity, 235(fn)
X-rays of, 118–120
Filer, Joyce, 192–193
Fire-lighter, 78, 78(fn)
Fishing, 194
Fleming, Elizabeth, 34, 36–37, 39
Fletcher, Joann, 165, 165(fn), 166
Flooding, 29
Foodstuffs, 191
Foramen magnum, 217–219
Fracture of Tutankhamun’s leg, 159, 160(fn), 161
France: looting of Valley tombs, 9
Frayling, Christopher, 47
Freud, Sigmund, 130
Fröhlich syndrome, 189–190
Funeral procession, 55–56
Fungus, 129, 141–143
Gaballah, Fawzi, 135
Gad, Yehia, 177
building the DNA lab, 173
controversy over DNA results, 206
Corthals’ consultation with, 174
DNA project, 171
DNA research on Tutankhamun and others, 184
lack of DNA data, 176
precautions during sampling, 203–204
refusal to publish DNA data, 178–179
sampling the KV60 mummies, 175
successful results, 187
Tahrir Square protests, 183, 223–224
Gadalla, Moustafa, 131(fn)
Galton, Francis, 91(fn)
Gamma ray sterilization, 129
Garstin, William, 22, 48
Gebel Adda, Citadel of, 112–113
Geddes, Linda, 205
Genealogy, 133
Genesis, Book of, 130
Genetic fingerprinting, 171, 185–188, 204–205
Genetic studies, 113. See also DNA research
Gerigar, Reis Ahmed, 37
Gilbert, Tom, 198, 201–202, 208–209, 211
Global warming, 197(fn)
Gostner, Paul, 157, 159, 160(fn), 178(fn), 194, 217(fn), 233–234
Graefe, Erhard, 178
Granville’s mummy, 202
Great Pyramids, 24, 46, 62, 66, 140, 152, 242
Grey, Todd, 148–149
Griffith Institute, 33–34, 36–37, 39
Griggs, Wilfred, 132–134
Haggard, Henry Rider, 46, 52
Hair samples, 121
Hall, H.R., 52
Hall, Leslie, 91(fn)
Hamdi, Saleh Bey, 64, 70, 72
Hanawalt, Robert, 236
Hanging, 65
Harer, Benson, 215–218, 217(fn), 218–221
Harris, James
genetic studies on royal mummies, 114–117
genetic work on teeth, 113–114
identifying the fetus, 120
identity of Amenhotep III mummy, 244(fn)
KV60 mummy, 175(fn)
search for Nefertiti, 165
Tutankhamen murder theory, 149
Harris, John, 98
Harrison, June, 94
Harrison, Ronald, 90–91
background, 91–92
blood group testing, 103–104
cause of Tutankhamun’s death, 107–108
craftsmanship of Tutankhamun’s coffin, 96(fn)
digitization of data, 219
eugenics, 91(fn)
identifying KV55 mummies, 92
identifying the fetus, 120
Tutankhamun’s diseases and weaknesses, 190
; Tutankhamun’s fractured femur, 159
Tutankhamun’s missing penis, 99
unpublished book, 108
X-rays of the fetus, 119–120
X-rays of Tutankhamun, 93–95, 101–102, 234
Harvey, Sarah Jane, 89–91
Hatshepsut, 17
Deir el-Bahri excavation, 30
discovery of, 23
DNA research, 171–179
Hawass’s hunt for, 170
history of, 170–171
identification of Tjuiu, 118
Hatshepsut, Temple of, 11
Hawass, Zahi
background, 152–153
criticism of, 164
CT scan of Tutankhamun, 153–155, 157–158
disentombing Tutankhamun, 151–152
DNA research on Tutankhamun and family, 170, 179, 184, 186–187, 191–192
halting DNA testing, 135
Hatshepsut project, 172–173, 175
passion for ancient Egypt, 229–230
publication of DNA data, 2
recreating Tutankhamun’s face, 161
reinterpreting CT data, 215–216
removal of Tutankhamun to a glass case, 181–182
revolution, 223–229
search for Nefertiti, 164–166
successor, 241–243
traveling exhibition, 162, 164
Head of mystery, 61
Heart, Tutankhamun’s lack of, 216–218
Heart as seat of intelligence and knowledge, 68–69, 76
Heart scarab, 68–69, 225
Herbert, Evelyn (Carnarvon’s daughter), 35, 38, 47–48
Herbert, Mervyn (Carnarvon’s brother), 47
Herodotus, 82, 82(fn)
Hieroglyphs, 8
Hippo, death by, 220–221
Histoplasma capsulatum fungus, 141–142
Hittite letters, 146, 148, 236–237
Hittites, 19(fn), 67
Horemheb, 73, 146–147, 190, 214
Hosni, Farouk, 158, 161
Hoving, Thomas, 39(fn), 122, 164
Human tissue legislation, 104(fn)
Hunting, 191, 194, 220–221
Hydrocephalus, 85(fn)
Hyksos, 127
Ibrahim, Mohamed, 241–243
Ikram, Salima, 152–153
Inca mummies, 173
Incest, 191–192
Ineni (architect), 8
Inhapy, 18
Insecticide, 129
Irwin, Gerald, 145
Isis, 61–62
Iskander, Nasry, 132, 135
Iskander, Zaki, 96–97
Ismail, Somaia, 172–173
Israel, 122–124, 126–127
ITV, 108–109
Jackal. See Anubis
James, Susan, 165
Jesus, Tutankhamun as, 125–126, 131
Jesus in the House of the Pharaohs (Osman), 131
Jewelry
autopsy of Tutankhamun, 67–68, 72–74
KV55 mummy, 25–26, 92
modern-day looting of Tutankhamun’s tomb and mummy, 97–98
removal during World War II, 85–86
Tutankhamun murder theory, 147
Tutankhamun’s mummy, 97
Jews, 133–134, 136
John Paul II, 143
Johnson, Ray, 213–215, 221
Johnstone, Paul, 94, 94(fn), 95, 109
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 1–2, 187, 191–192, 194, 197–198, 207–208, 208(fn), 215