The Shadow King
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Judaism, roots of, 131
Kal-Islambouli, Khalid, 124
Kanga, Erustus, 221
Karnak, 27, 41, 180–181
King Tut Unwrapped (documentary), 2, 192, 208(fn)
King Tut’s Final Secrets (documentary), 160(fn), 161. See also National Geographic
Klinefelter’s syndrome, 190
Klippel-Feil syndrome, 148–149
Knight, Christopher, 162
Knight, Frances, 90
KV4, 42
KV5, 112
KV21, 188–189, 229
KV35, 118, 164–166. See also Elder Lady; Younger Lady
KV55
blood group data, 90, 104
Derry’s examination of the mummy, 85
DNA research on Tutankhamun and family, 187, 189
Hawass’s defense of research on, 229
identifying the mummies, 92–93, 192–193
skull dimensions, 72
Tutankhamun’s connection to the mummies in, 103
See also Amarna cache
KV60 tomb, 174–175, 175(fn), 176–178
Lacau, Pierre, 48, 50, 64
The Lancet, 190
Lauer, Jean-Philippe, 81
Leek, Frank
arrival at Luxor, 95
damage to the mummy, 98, 128
examination of the teeth, 102–103
mummy case lids, 102(fn)
published book, 108
removing the brain through the nose, 103(fn)
Leek, Phyllis, 96, 102(fn)
Lefebvre, Gustave, 189
Legends and myths, 2–3. See also Curse myth
Leishmaniasis, 202
Lipids, 203
Looting
annex of the tomb, 78
curse myth as protection against, 52
damage to Tutankhamun, 217–218
Deir el Bahri, 18
KV35, 23–24
KV55, 25–26
locals’ fears of foreigners looting, 22
modern-day looting of Tutankhamun’s tomb and mummy, 97–98
Tahrir Square protests, 224–225
Thutmose III tomb, 21–22
Tutankhamun’s tomb, 43
Lorenzen, Eline, 195, 197, 197(fn), 203–204, 209
Loret, Victor, 21–22, 21(quote), 23, 117, 117(fn)
Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), 162–163
Lost in a Pyramid (Alcott), 53
Lubann, Marianne, 165(fn)
Lucas, Alfred, 42–43
autopsy, 64, 73–74
curse myth, 140(fn)
death of, 86
fungal deaths, 143
mummification process, 83
opening the tomb, 48
removal and transport of the treasures, 54–55
removal of artifacts during World War II, 85–86
studying the mummification process, 80
Luxor, 6, 27, 44–45, 179–181
Lythgoe, Albert, 144
Maatkere, 115, 115(fn)
Mace, Arthur, 39(fn), 43, 54–55
Mackowiak, Philip, 193
Magic bricks, 26
Malaria, 188, 191–193, 197, 202
Malek, Jaromir, 34, 34(fn), 39, 79–80
Marfan syndrome, 190
Mariette, Auguste, 9, 189
Martin, Steve, 123
Masaharta, 115(fn)
Masks, 61–62, 70–71, 73, 77, 123, 163
Maspero, Gaston
Ahmose-Nefertari mummy, 176(fn)
Carnarvon concession, 30–31
Deir el-Bahri find, 17–18
documenting Brugsch’s experiences, 11–15
KV35, 23
looting of Valley tombs, 9–10
unwrapping ceremonies, 19–20
Yuya and Tjuiu find, 24–26
McAlister, Melani, 123
McNeill, Ronald, 46
Media, 2–3
burial chamber excavation, 57–58
cause of Tutankhamun’s death, 107–108
curse myth, 87
DNA research, 203
finding Tutankhamun’s tomb, 44
Hawass’s interest in, 164
Hawass’s National Geographic project, 151–153
opening the tomb of Tutankhamun, 48
Tutankhamun CT scan, 160
Tutankhamun’s biblical connections, 125–128
Tutmania, 123
Memphis, 18
Menes, 221
Meni (Sixth-Dynasty official), 52(fn)
Merenptah, 115, 129(fn), 130
Merenre I, 129
Meritaten, 92
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 122
Meyer, Christian, 193, 193(fn)
Microsatellites, 186–188, 204
Middle Kingdom, 8(fn), 76
Mitochondrial DNA, 176, 204, 208
MN blood group system, 90, 120–121, 120(fn). See also Blood groups
Mokhtar, Gamal, 121
Mold, 142–143
Monotheism, 27–28
Moore, Patrick, 94(fn)
Mormons, 132–135
Moses, 126, 130
Moses and Akhenaten (Osman), 130
Moses and Monotheism (Freud), 130
Mountain, Bill, 98(fn)
Mubarak, Hosni, 124, 161, 183, 223–224, 228
Mubarak, Suzanne, 161
Mummies
Aspergillus fungus, 142–143
baboon, 115
biblical connections, 135–136
Brugsch’s find, 13–14
cephalometrics studies of royal mummies, 114–117
climate control, 132
crocodile mummy DNA research, 209
decapitation during Cairo protests, 224
DNA research on Tutankhamun and family, 133–135, 184–188, 197, 205–208, 226–227
etymology of, 83
excavations at Karnak and Luxor, 6–8
Hatshepsut project, 171–179
identifying KV55 mummies, 92
identifying the KV35 mummies, 164–166
KV60 women, 174–175
looting of Valley tombs, 8–9
monkey mummy DNA research, 200
negligence and decay, 128–129
Pääbo’s ancient DNA research, 199
putrefaction of, 17–18
Weeks’s work in Nubia, 112–113
Welsh, 87, 89–91, 103
See also Elder Lady; Fetuses; Tutankhamun (mummy); Younger Lady; specific individuals
Mummies of the Pharaohs: Modern Medical Investigations (Bucaille), 127
Mummification process, 80–85
abnormalities introduced during, 194–195
anomalies in Tutankhamun, 216–220
DNA research on Tutankhamun and family, 206
Welsh mummy, 90
The Mummy (Webb), 53
The Murder of Tutankhamun: A True Story (Brier), 145–148
Murder theory (Tutankhamen), 145–149
el-Nasser, Gamal Abd, 92, 94, 112, 123
National Geographic, 191–192
CT scan of Tutankhamun, 153–155, 157
determining cause of death, 160(fn)
disentombing Tutankhamun, 151
Hatshepsut project, 172
King Tut’s Final Secrets, 161
Nefertiti and the Lost Dynasty, 164–166
traveling exhibit, 162
National Research Centre (NRC; Cairo), 171
Native Americans, 133, 210
Nature magazine, 199
Nazi Germany, 91(fn)
Neanderthal DNA research, 210
Necrosis, 189, 193(fn), 194, 234–235
Neferneferuaten, 190(fn)
Nefertari. See Ahmose-Nefertari
Nefertiti, 23, 27–28, 164–166, 190(fn), 229, 244
Nefertiti and the Lost Dynasty (documentary), 164–166
Nelson, Mark, 144–145
New Kingdom, 8(fn), 13, 18, 20, 27(fn), 69(fn), 104, 114, 114, 116, 129(fn), 216
New Scientist magazine, 205
New Y
ork Times, 47, 50
Newberry, Percy, 34
Next-generation sequencing, 209–211
Nibhuriya, 146
Nineteenth Dynasty, 8, 8(fn), 13, 18, 22, 35, 73, 77, 116, 126, 128
Nixon, Richard, 122
Njanga (witch doctors), 141
Nubia, 65, 80, 83, 112–113, 112–114, 113–114, 116, 202, 202, 214
Nureddin, Abdel-Halim, 154
Obama, Barack, 137
Obesity, 115(fn), 174
Old Kingdom, 8(fn), 52–53, 221
Oleo-resin, 82
Opening of the Mouth ceremony, 56
Organs, removal and preservation of, 7, 26, 56, 70, 77, 81–82, 177, 216, 218–219
Osiris, 52, 57, 61–62, 68–69, 76, 182
Osman, Ahmed, 130–131, 134
Ötzi the Iceman, 157, 201, 210–211
Pääbo, Svante, 198–202, 210
Paintings, 55–57
Paleopathology, 156–157
Papyri, 41, 45, 201–202, 221
Paulshock, Bernadine, 190
Penis, Tutankhamun’s, 4, 70, 99, 158, 182, 191
Personal possessions, 78–79
Petrie, Flinders, 23, 27, 46
Pinedjem and family, 13–14, 18–19, 22
Plasmodium falciparum, 188
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, 171, 199–201, 204
Pseudohermaphroditism, 190
Psychics, 51–52
Ptolemy, 181, 181(fn)
Pusch, Carsten, 184–188, 197, 205–208, 226–227
Pyramid tombs, 8
Quagga, 199
Quilici, Brando, 173, 175
Qur’an, 127–128, 130
Ra, 27(fn), 56–57
Race of pyramid builders, 66
Radon, 141(fn)
Rahman, Hani Abel, 156, 165, 177
Rameses I, 27
Rameses II (“the Great”)
biblical and Qur’anic connections, 128–130
conservation of, 129
discovery of, 19–20
history and accomplishments of, 13, 19(fn)
KV5 construction, 112
Ramesseum, 11
succession, 77
X-rays of, 130
Rameses III, 20, 115
Rameses IV, 22, 35
Rameses VI, 37
Rameses XI, 42
Reality, community and, 230
Reburial of mummies, 17–19, 74
Reeve, Lyn, 95, 101, 103
Reid, Archibald Douglas, 93
Reliefs, 213–215
Religion
Akhenaten shifting to abstract god, 27–29
biblical and Qur’anic connections of the mummies, 125–128, 130–131, 136
DNA sequencing, 136
Mormons’ research, 132–135
weighing the heart, 68–69
Resin used in embalming, 62, 72–73, 81–82, 82(fn), 186
Rhyl, Wales, 87, 89–91, 103
Ring, faience, 147
Robinson, Kerry, 205
Rodin, Ernst, 148–149
Rollo, Franco, 201
Roman Empire, 65
Röntgen, Wilhelm, 92
Rose, Mark, 136
Rove, Karl, 230(fn)
Rowland, Megan, 227(fn)
Rühli, Frank, 156–157, 159–160
Sackler Library, Oxford, 33
el-Sadat, Anwar, 119, 122–124, 128, 128, 223
Sahure, 194
Saleh, Ahmed, 134
Saleh, Mohamed, 97
Salt, 82–84
Salt, Henry, 7
Saqqaq Eskimo group, 209–211
Saqqara excavations, 7, 31, 81, 102(fn), 129(fn), 201
Sarcophagus, 49, 57–58, 57(fn), 60–62, 74
Scanning electron microscopy, 118
Scarabs, 5, 68–69, 229
Schlögl, Hermann, 244
Schröder, Gerhard, 161
Science magazine, 200
Secrets of Egypt’s Lost Queen (documentary), 177–178
Secrets of the Pharaohs (documentary), 132
Seknet-re, 135
Selim, Ashraf, 157–159, 165–166, 177–179, 178(fn), 185, 187–188, 190–191, 194, 206, 233–234
Sequenenre Tao, 20
Seti I, 8, 20
Seti II, 22, 42, 116
Shoshenq I, 18
Sicard, Claude, 6
Sickle-cell disease (SCD), 193(fn)
Siptah, 22
Sitting Bull, 210
Skin, 69–70, 84, 103
Skull data
cause of Tutankhamun’s death, 158–159
genetic studies in teeth, 113–114
identity of the Younger Lady, 166
reinterpreting Tutankhamun’s, 218–219
resin, 105
shape of, 72
Tutankhamun murder theory, 145–146, 148–149
Skullcap, 97–98
Smenkhkare, 41, 85, 92–93, 105–106, 108–109
Smith, Joseph, 133
Smith, Lindon, 25–26
Smyk, Boleslaw, 143
Social Physics, Law of, 215
Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation (SMGF), 134
Soul, components and preservation of, 81, 81(fn)
Spiritualist movement, 53–54
Sprengel shoulder, 119
Statuary
Amarna, 28
Amenhotep’s temples, 11
Anubis guarding the treasury, 75–76
Tutankhamun’s burial chamber, 41–42, 49–50, 71
Step Pyramid, 81
Stutter bands in DNA, 205–207
Suppiluliuma, 147
Surgey, Alexis, 141
Suskind, Ron, 230
Switzerland, 162
Taboos, 47
Talatat, 214
Tappern, James, 85
Taylor, John, 61(fn), 82(fn)
Technology
curse myth and lost knowledge, 140
gamma ray sterilization, 129–130
identifying corpses, 90–91
scanning electron microscopy, 118
See also Computed tomography (CT scan); DNA research; X-ray technology
Teeth
genetic studies on royal mummies, 114–117
Harris’s genetic research, 113
Hatshepsut project, 177–178, 178(fn)
Leek’s examination of, 95, 102–103
Tutankhamun’s, 158
Terrorism, 161–162
Testicles, 99, 115
Tewfik, 19–20
Textiles
autopsy of Tutankhamun, 64, 67, 70–71
KV55 mummy, 92
mummification process, 82
preservation of body parts, 81
Tutankhamun’s tomb, 43, 45
Theban Mapping Project, 111, 215
Third Dynasty, 81
Thutmose I
discovery of, 13
DNA research, 135, 175–176
Hatshepsut and, 170
misidentification, 116
secret tomb, 8
Thutmose II, 13, 170
Thutmose III, 13, 17, 21–22, 135, 170–171
Thutmose IV, 22–23, 92
Timmann, Christian, 193, 193(fn)
Tiy, 147
Tiye
blood group, 109
discovery of, 26
DNA research on Tutankhamun and family, 135, 188
Egypt’s strength under, 27
identification of, 118
identifying the Elder Lady, 120–121
Yuya and Tjuiu find, 25
Tjuiu
appearance of the mummy, 81–82
cephalometric studies, 115
death by malaria, 193
discovery of, 25, 29
disease and weakness, 189
DNA research on Tutankhamun and family, 185, 188
identification procedures, 116, 118
X-ray data, 120
Tomb (Tutankhamun)
annex excavation, 77–79
Anubis statue guarding th
e treasury, 75–76
curse myth, 144
excavation and artifacts, 39–43, 55–57
inventory, 79–80
postwar destruction, 95–99
treasury, 50, 75–77
World War II tourism, 98(fn)
The Tomb of Tutankhamun (Carter), 219(fn)
Tourism, 6–8, 44–45, 50, 232–233
Trade in antiquities, 8–10, 98
Transvaal Speleological Society, 141
The Treasure in The Forest (Wells), 54
Trinket box, 177
Trumpets, 85–86, 85(fn), 224–225
Tuberculosis, 202
Tutankhamen: The Golden Hereafter (exhibit), 161–162
Tutankhamun (individual)
Akhenaten’s death, 27
association with Osiris, 62
biblical and Qur’anic connections, 125–128, 130–131
building construction, 214
controversy over character and strength of, 213–222
Derry’s analysis of, 233
disease and weakness, 189, 191–194
funeral procession, 55–57
historical information, 45–46
murder theory, 145–149
mystery of, 238
personal possessions, 78–79
reburial of Akhenaten, 29
speculations about the fate of, 45–46
See also Death (Tutankhamun)
Tutankhamun (mummy)
Amenhotep III, Yuya, and Tjuiu blood group data, 109
autopsy, 63–74
blood group testing, 103–104
Carter’s search and excavation, 34–43
CT scan, 153–160
current exhibit, 231–233
damage by Carter and Derry, 128
Deir el-Bahri excavation, 31
DNA research, 132, 135, 183–188, 197, 205–208, 226–227
embalming process, 158
excavation of, 58
Hawass disentombing, 151–152
identifying the fetus, 120, 120(fn)
Karnak inscription, 41
litigation over access to, 59–60
location of the penis, 4, 70, 99, 99, 158, 182, 191
recreating the face, 160–161
reinterpreting CT data, 215–217
removal to glass case, 181–182
sarcophagus and coffins, 60–62
threats to safety of, 244–245
Tutmania, 121–124
X-ray data, 92–95, 101–102, 104–107, 120
Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs (exhibit), 162
Tutankhamun: The Golden King and the Great Pharaohs (exhibit), 179
Tutankhamun: The Living Image of God (Gadalla), 131(fn)
Tutankhaten. See Tutankhamun
Tutmania, 44–45, 121–124
Twentieth Dynasty, 8(fn), 18, 22
Twenty-first Dynasty, 13–14, 18, 22
Tyndale, Walter, 26(fn)
Unguents, 66–67, 67(fn)
Unwrapping ceremonies, 19–20
Uranium, 140, 141(fn)
Urungwe Reserve, Zimbabwe, 141–143
Valley of the Kings, 7–8, 111
antiquities trade, 8–10
Carnarvon concession, 30–32