The Path to Power m-2

by Margaret Thatcher

  Howe, Martin, 505n

  Howell, David, 403, 404, 421, 424

  Howell, Denis, 398

  Hua Guo Feng, 389–90

  Huang Hua, 388

  Hulbert, Jack, 375

  human rights, 527–30

  Hungary: (1956), 90–1; national identity, 525, 526; NATO membership, 532; economy, 591, 593

  Huntington, Samuel, 517, 524

  Huntingtower Road Primary School, 17, 180

  Hurd, Douglas, 310, 388, 475

  Hussein, King of Jordan, 198

  Hussein, Saddam, 508, 511, 512, 534

  Hutchinson, George, 336

  Hyde, Douglas, 56

  illegitimacy, 11, 544, 549–50

  immigration: Notting Hill riots, 95; Conservative policy (1960s), 115, 145–7; legislation, 145–6, 211–13; Powell’s Birmingham speech (1968), 146–7; Conservative manifesto (1970), 160; Ugandan Asians, 212; MT’s attitude, 212, 405–9; from Pakistan, 384

  Immigration Act (1971), 211–12, 407

  In Place of Strife, 161, 204

  Income Support, 120

  incomes policies: prototypes, 115; pay pause (1961), 116; Wilson’s approach, 128; voluntary restraint, 138, 160; wage freeze (1966), 139; Conservative approach (1960s), 140–1; Powell’s opposition, 141; MT’s CPC lecture, 149; Conservative manifesto (1970), 160, 195; statutory prices and incomes policy, 195, 197, 224–8; Heath Government’s, 195–7, 219, 224–8, 255; voluntary (‘n-i’), 205, 218, 223; Stages 1–3, 225–8, 236; Joseph’s attitude, 255, 256; Conservative policies under MT, 298–304, 397, 403–5, 415–16, 438–9, 575; CBI attitude, 311; The Right Approach, 317; Heath’s views in opposition, 415–16

  India: independence, 54–5; MT’s visit (1976), 384–6; nuclear power, 520, 521; economy, 521, 585

  Indian Civil Service, 24

  Industrial Charter, The, 49–50

  Industrial Re-organization Corporation (IRC), 203

  Industrial Relations Act (1971), 201, 203–6, 215–16, 219, 221–2, 224, 237, 288, 301

  Industry Act (1972), 220

  Industry and Regional Development, 220

  inflation: Conservative manifesto (1950), 70; zero (1959–60), 115; Labour attempts to control, 138–9; Powell’s economic theory, 141; role of trade unions, 141; role of money supply, 149; role of taxation, 160; Conservative approach (1970s), 160, 196, 223, 227, 229; removal of credit controls, 213; unemployment, 213, 567; theories of, 219; rise, 226–7, 243; effects, 243; Joseph’s approach, 244, 254–6; Healey’s calculations, 258; Conservative policies under MT, 298–304, 397, 538, 567–9, 575, 596–7; falling, 315, 409; MT’s New York speech (1990, 479

  Inns of Court Conservative Society, 85, 109, 116

  Institute of Directors, 372

  Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA), 142, 254

  Inter-Governmental Conference (1996), 488

  interest rates, 115, 226, 230, 300, 315–16, 397, 479, 567

  International Monetary Fund (IMF): global influence, 56; involvement in British economy, 140, 310, 315, 319, 320, 394, 400, 409, 569, 571; Conference (1992), 492; currency board proposal, 590

  internationalism, 470–2, 511

  investment grants, 203

  Iran: Iraq war, 90; overthrow of Shah, 365; MT’s visit (1978), 380–3; Islamic fundamentalism, 536

  Iraq: coup, 88; Iran war, 90; invasion of Kuwait, 508, 534

  Ireland, Maastricht referendum, 494

  Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), 434

  Irish Republican Army (IRA), 434

  iron and steel, 69, 86

  Islamic fundamentalism, 535–6

  Israel: Suez crisis, 88, 89; Six Day War, 88; Yom Kippur War (1973), 229, 230, 372–3; MT’s visit (1976), 373, 378–80

  Italy, MT’s visit (1977), 345–6

  ITN, 418

  ITV, 444–5

  James, Sally, 441–2

  James Committee, 190, 245

  James of Rusholme, Lord, 177

  Japan: Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 53–4; surrender (1945), 54; ‘threat’, 520; defence, 520, 521; economy, 584

  Jarrett, Clifford, 123

  Jauch, Dr, 26

  Jay, Peter, 368

  Jellicoe, George, Lord, 202

  Jenkin, Patrick, 192, 289, 310

  Jenkins, Roy, 213, 331, 395, 407

  Jews: Hitler’s treatment of, 26–7, 29; Finchley, 98–9, 230, 374; Arab-Israeli war (1973), 230; role in development of capitalism, 580; Warsaw Ghetto uprising, 602, 605

  Joad, C.E.M., 22

  Jobseeker’s Allowance, 545

  John Paul II, Pope, 345–6, 371–2, 556

  Johnson, Frank, 273

  Johnson, Nevil, 324

  Johnson, Paul, 451

  Jordan: ‘Black September’, 198; Palestinian problem, 374

  Joseph, Helen, Lady, 266

  Joseph, Sir Keith: influence on MT, 50, 135–6; economic policy, 50, 141, 229, 241, 244, 320; MT’s adoption, 98; MT’s Private Member’s Bill, 111; Cabinet reshuffle (1962), 125; leadership election (1965), 135–6; Shadow Cabinet, 144; race relations, 146; Trade and Industry Shadow, 156; Buckingham University, 159–60; quoted, 162; on ‘cycle of deprivation’, 167, 200, 547, 552; Social Services, 180, 200, 547; Heath government, 196; industry policies, 220; Arab-Israeli war (1973), 230; Shadow Cabinet (1974), 242; Centre for Policy Studies, 250–7, 286; Upminster speech, 253–4; Edgbaston speech, 253, 262–3, 266; Leith speech, 254; Preston speech, 255–7; Shadow Home Secretary, 255; relationship with Heath, 255, 260; leadership question, 262, 266–7; MT’s leadership campaign, 274, 278, 279, 282; policy role in MT’s Shadow Cabinet, 285, 286, 288, 290, 292–3, 297–300; British Leyland rescue, 300; trade union policies, 301; incomes policies, 302–3, 311, 404, 416; The Right Approach, 316; speeches, 317–18; Grunwick dispute, 368, 402; ‘Stepping Stones’, 420–2; trade union policy, 423, 430; manifesto (1979), 436; on ‘centre ground’, 439, 449; general election campaign (1979), 447, 451

  Jouvenal, Bertrand de, 48

  Kaberry, Donald, 93, 94–5

  Kay, Miss (KGGS), 18

  Keays, Bill, 446

  Keegan, George, 366–7

  Kendall, Denis, 29, 33, 43

  Kennedy, John F., 117, 118

  Kenya: Asians, 145, 212; economy, 588–9

  Kerr, Sir John, 386

  Kesteven and Grantham Girls’ School (KGGS), 9, 17–19

  Keynes, John Maynard, 75, 565, 566

  Keynesianism, 160, 193, 313, 320, 565

  Khalid, Leila, 166, 198

  Khomeini, Ayatollah, 365, 382

  Khrushchev, Nikita, 90, 117, 118

  Kilbrandon Royal Commission, 321

  Kinchin-Smith, Michael, 46

  Kipling, Rudyard, 17, 37, 196, 455, 601n

  Kirk, Peter, 337

  Kissinger, Henry, 348, 360, 373

  Kitson, Timothy, 240, 274, 277, 283

  Klaus, Vaclav, 592

  Koestler, Arthur, 57–8

  Kohl, Helmut, 344, 347, 481, 482

  Korda, Alexander, 14

  Krebs, Richard, 29

  Kroger, Helen and Peter, 154

  Kurds: safe havens, 512; statehood, 523–4

  Kuwait, Iraqi invasion, 508, 534

  Labour Club, Oxford, 49

  Labour Party: Grantham, 21; defence policies, 25, 26, 44; general election (1945), 44, 46; economic failures, 50; Colm Brogan’s view, 52; Indian independence, 55; general election manifesto (1950), 69–70; general election (1950), 73, 74; general election (1951), 75; Suez crisis, 88; attacks on Macmillan, 92; general election (1959), 93; policies (1960s), 114; pensions reform, 124; general election (1964), 132; general election (1966), 137; SET, 138–9; statutory incomes policy, 141; general election (1970), 160–2; trade union reform, 161, 204, 206; education policy, 166; EC contributions, 208; ‘social contract’, 236, 413, 419; general election (February 1974), 238; policies (1974), 241; housing policy, 243, 250; right wing, 259; general election (October 1974), 261; Wilson government, 312–13; Callaghan government, 315; devolution, 322–
6, 430–2; Lib-Lab pact, 326–8, 394, 397, 410; Europe referendum, 330–1, 3345 Grunwick dispute, 397–401; extreme left, 400–1, 439; incomes policy, 403, 413, 422; general election (1979), 439–41, 445–6, 454, 455–6; single currency, 479; general election manifesto (1983), 605

  Lambert, Constant, 38

  Lamont, Norman, 357, 421, 492

  Land Commission, 136

  Latham, Michael, 242

  Latin America, 581–3

  law, rule of, 580

  law and order: Conservative policy (1960s), 115; penal policy 116–17; debate (1990s), 538; social service, 558

  Law Commission, 563

  Lawson, Nigel: MT’s housing policy group, 242; EMS policy, 339; Policy Search group, 421; Chancellor of Exchequer, 568; Budgets (1984, 1988), 571; shadows Deutschmark, 596

  Lawton, Frederick, 83

  Le Marchant, Spencer, 432

  League of Nations, 24, 26, 510–11

  League of Pity, 16

  Lebanon, Islamic fundamentalism, 536

  Lee Kuan Yew, 386

  Left Book Club, 28

  Lenzerheide, 105–6

  Lever, Harold, 243, 265

  Lewis, C.S., 40–1

  Lewis, Russell, 280

  Li Hsien-nien, 389

  Liberal Party: collectivism, 21; by-election victories, 93, 131, 226, 445; in Finchley, 98–9, 131, 137, 237; general election (February 1974), 238; rejects Heath coalition proposal, 239, 259; Lib-Lab pact, 326–8, 394, 397, 410; fall of Labour government, 431–2; general election campaign (1979), 445

  libraries, 179

  Lilley, Peter, 539

  Liverpool Edgehill by-election (1979), 445

  Lloyd, Selwyn, 116

  local education authorities (LEAs), 157, 167, 168, 169–70, 189

  local government: press facilities, 110–111; cap to spending, 247; subsidy, 248; direct-labour organizations, 328; Community Charge, 571; extra money for, 573; promotion of competition, 575

  Local Government Act (1963), 181

  Lockhart, Robert Bruce, 29

  Lockheed Corporation, 206–7

  London, City of, 499

  Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 8

  Longford, Lord and Lady, 309

  Longmore, Sir Arthur, 33

  Lowe, John, 68

  Lubbers, Ruud, 345

  Luxembourg, MT’s visit (1975), 337

  Lyons, J. 67, 74

  Maastricht Treaty, 333, 468, 473, 477, 480, 481–8, 494–5

  McAlpine, Alistair: Party Treasurer, 292, 334, 443; MT’s office, 293; EC referendum, 334, 335; MT’s departure, 465

  Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 510

  McDowell, Gary, 551n

  Maclean, Fitzroy, 370–1

  Macleod, Iain: One Nation, 86; MT’s adoption, 98; ‘Scramble from Africa’, 114–15; Party Chairmanship, 119; Cabinet reshuffle (1962), 125; refuses to serve in Home Government (1963), 129; leadership election (1965), 133–4; Shadow Chancellor, 137, 139, 141, 142, 144, 264; Shadow Cabinet tensions, 144; immigration, 145; education, 179; death, 180, 198–9, 200, 201; Memorial Lecture, 396

  Macmillan, Harold: The Middle Way, 50; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 87, 91, 118; leadership, 91–2, 99, 114, 115, 117–18, 280; cabinet reshuffle (1961), 117; cabinet reshuffle (‘Night of the Long Knives’) (1962), 125; European negotiations, 126, 127; resignation, 128; successor, 128–9; anti-right speech, 297; National Unity call, 319

  Macmillan, Maurice: disagreement with MT, 183; Employment, 224; miners’ dispute, 228; replaced by Whitelaw, 231; father, 319; devolution issue, 324

  Macpherson, Niall, 119, 123, 125

  McWhirtcr, Norris, 398

  McWhirter, Ross, 398

  Mafia, 522

  Maguire, Frank, 431

  Maidstone constituency, 94

  Major, John, 474–5, 480, 483, 488, 568

  Malaysia, economy, 584

  Malcolm, Noel, 497

  Malita, Mircea, 354

  Mao Tse Tung, 389, 390

  Margadale, Lord, 273

  Marples, Ernest, 124

  Marten, Neil, 136, 338

  Marx, Karl, 58

  Marxists, 58, 579

  Matraszek, Marek, 592n

  Maude, Angus: One Nation, 86; Change is our Ally, 86; sacked by Heath, 273; MT’s Shadow Cabinet, 290; CRD, 290, 292; policy-making role, 297–8; speech writing, 306, 328; The Right Approach, 316; The Right Approach to the Economy, 404; ‘Stepping Stones’, 421; manifesto (1978–79), 435, 447

  Maudling, Reginald: Cabinet reshuffle (1962), 125; leadership election (1965), 133–6, 144; Deputy Leader, 144; race relations policy, 146; refuses to shadow Trade and Industry, 156; economic policy, 160, 199, 301–2; Poulson affair, 199, 286; resignation, 199, 224; miners’ strike (1972), 217; Shadow Foreign Secretary, 286, 290, 351, 362; incomes policy, 301–2; MT’s 1976 Conference speech, 316; dismissed as Shadow Foreign Secretary, 319–20; European Union report, 338; Helsinki, 352, 353; Middle East policy, 373–4; Rhodesia issue, 418

  Maxse, Maijorie, 65

  Maxwell-Fyfe, David, 48

  Maxwell-Fyfe, Pamela, 48

  Maxwell-Hyslop, Robin, 313

  Medium Term Financial Strategy (MTFS), 569–70

  Meir, Golda, 378–9

  Melvin, Neil, 526n

  Mendelssohn, Felix, 9

  Menem, Carlos Saul, 583

  Mengistu, Mariam Haile, 371

  Menzies, Sir Robert, 387–8

  mercantilism, 581

  Merchant Shipping Act (1988), 210, 497; see also Factortame case

  Messerlin, Patrick, 502

  Methodism, 5–11, 24, 31, 37, 39, 565, 603

  Mexico, economy, 582–3

  Middlesbrough West by-election (1962), 115

  Militant Tendency, 286, 400

  milk, school, 179–82, 189

  Mill, John Stuart, 21, 50

  Millar, Ronnie: speech writing, 307, 427, 442, 458; ‘Labour Isn’t Working’, 411; general election campaign (1979), 442, 456, 458

  Miller, John, 63, 67–8

  Miller, Phee, 63, 67

  Millington, Ernest Rogers, 19

  Milosevic, Slobodan, 371

  Milton, John, 8

  miners: strike (1972), 188, 201, 205, 213, 216–18; strike (1974), 192, 200, 201, 437; strike (1984–85), 216, 217, 575; strike ballot (1973), 225; demands (1973), 226–7; overtime ban (1973–74), 228, 229, 231; strike ballot (1974), 234, 235

  Minford, Patrick, 575n, 597n

  Minimum Lending Rate (MLR), 226, 230; see also interest rates

  minorities, ethnic, 525, 539–40

  Mitchell, Austin, 396

  Mock, Alois, 342

  Molotov-Ribbentrop pact (1939), 56

  monetarism: Powell’s approach, 147; Conservative policies (1970s), 160, 219; Joseph’s approach, 244, 255–6, 318; MT’s Shadow Cabinet, 290, 301, 318; MT’s instincts, 568; present policy, 570

  Monetarism is Not Enough, 318

  money supply: expansion as response to unemployment, 141; MT’s CPC lecture, 149; growth (1972–73), 225–6; Joseph’s approach, 256; inflation, 299–300; IMF deal, 320

  Montgomery, Fergus, 258, 267, 271

  Morning Cloud, 261

  Moro, Aldo, 346

  Morrison, Peter, 273

  mortgage: subsidy, 226, 227, 243, 245; rate, 226, 236, 243, 247, 249, 258; tax relief, 244, 245

  Moscow, MT’s visit (1969), 154

  Moss, Robert, 361

  Moss, Stanley, 46

  Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 55

  Muggeridge, Malcolm, 309

  Muldoon, Robert, 386–7

  Mulley, Fred, 398

  Munich Agreement (1938), 25, 26, 27

  Munro, Hector, 325

  Murray, Charles, 544, 549

  museums, 179

  Mussolini, Benito, 11, 24

  Mutual Balanced Force Reduction (MBFR), 349–50

  Nagasaki (1945), 53–4

  Napoleon, 15

  NASA, 154

  Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 88

  nat
ion states, 522–7

  National Assistance, 120, 121

  National Association for Freedom (NAFF), 398–401

  National Association of Head Teachers, 161

  National Chamber of Trade, 287

  National Coal Board (NCB), 143, 215–18, 228, 234–5

  National Economic Development Council (NEDC), 126, 232, 311, 404

  National Freight Authority, 143

  National Freight Corporation, 574

  National Front, 406

  National Health Service (NHS): creation, 44; Conservative policy (1950), 70; hospitals, 115; press scare, 441; issue, 538; reforms (1990), 571; funding, 573; competition, 575

  National Incomes Commission (NIC), 126

  National Industrial Relations Court (NIRC), 204, 222

  National Insurance, 44, 120, 121–2

  National Plan (1965), 138

  National Union of Mineworkers (NUM), 215–18, 228, 232, 234–5, 437; see also miners

  National Union of Railwaymen (NUR), 446

  National Union of Teachers (NUT), 166, 169, 177, 189

  nationalism, 135, 509, 511, 522–7

  nationalization, 69–70, 86, 150, 605; see also privatization

  NATO: Hungary (1956),90; British role, 91, 349; MT’s attitude, 155, 362, 501, 519; European role, 340, 471, 475; post-Cold War role, 469, 503, 519, 532–3; US role, 475; Bosnia, 516–17

  Nazism, 24, 29, 51, 600, 602

  Neave, Airey: MT’s leadership campaign, 269–80, 282; MT’s office, 283, 293; Shadow Northern Ireland Secretary, 289, 327, 431; Central Office changes, 291–2; death, 434

  Neave, Diana, 270

  Neighbourhood Watch, 551

  Netherlands, MT’s visit (1976), 345

  neutron bomb, 371

  New Members’ Dining Club, 114, 117

  New Zealand: butter and lamb, 208; MT’s visit (1976), 386–7; economy, 585–6

  Newspaper Editors’ Guild, 112

  Newton, Sir Isaac, 20

  Niarchos, Stavros, 78

  Nicaragua, US aid, 528

  1922 Committee: MT’s first meeting, 107; Macmillan, 117; du Cann’s Chairmanship, 225, 264, 285, 289, 335; Heath’s battle with, 263–4; MT’s leadership, 285

  Nixon, Richard M., 196, 348, 349, 360

  Noble, Michael, 202