The Path to Power m-2
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North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA), 498, 503, 583
North Korea, 521, 527
North Sea oil, 322
North-South Summit (1981), 582
Northam, Reginald, 75
Northern Ireland: Conservative policies, 238; Papal discussions, 345
Nott, John, 265
Nottingham, trade unions, 111
Nottingham, University of, 19
Novak, Michael, 539
nuclear weapons: atomic bomb, 53–4, 175; SALT II, 365–6; Soviet strength, 366–7; neutron bomb, 371
nursery education, 159, 167, 188–9, 190–1, 192–3
Nutting, Anthony, 88
Oberon, Merle, 14
Observer, 89
Odom, William E., 533n
OECD, 578
Official Solicitor, 222
oil: crisis, 192, 228–30, 372–3; North Sea, 322
Olivier, Sir Laurence, 295
Onassis, Aristotle, 78
One Nation, 86
One Nation policy, 75
O’Neill, Con, 331
Onslow, Cranley, 363
OPEC, 372
Open University, 179
opinion polls: (1957–8), 92–3; (1963), 128; (1970), 161–3; (1973), 226, 231; (1974), 249, 257, 259; public attitudes to inflation and unemployment, 299; (1976), 316; Scottish devolution (1976), 324; (1977), 395, 404; (1978), 408–9, 415, 417; (1979), 429–30, 444, 449, 453, 455, 457, 458, 459, 460
Options for Change, 531
Orlov, Yuri, 371
Orpington: constituency, 85, 94, 99; by-election (1962), 115, 131
Orwell, George, 471–2
Osborne, Cyril, 154
Osborne, John, 77
O’Sullivan, John, 273, 351
Oxford Union, 42–3, 49
Oxford, University of, 35–60
Oxford University Appointments Committee, 61
Oxford University Conservative Association (OUCA), 42–60, 201
Oxford University Graduate Conservative Association (OUGCA), 62
Pacific Rim, 498, 598
pacifists, 28, 31, 33
Paderewski, Ignace Jan, 602
Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza, Shah of Iran, 365, 380–3, 393
pairing arrangements, 313–14
Pakistan, MT’s visit (1976), 383–4
Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO), 373, 376, 378–9
Pandolfi, Filippo, 345
Pannell, Charles, 107–8
Panorama, 279, 363
Pardoe, John, 131–2
Paris, liberation (1945), 38
Parris, Matthew, 294
Parsons, Anthony, 381
Partnership for Peace, 532–3
Pascal, Blaise, 365
Pasqua, Charles, 494
Paterson, Tessa Jardine, 441, 455
patrials, 212
Patten, Chris: CRD, 292, 410; speech writing, 306, 427; The Right Approach, 316; Stepping Stones discussions, 422; manifesto (1978–79), 435, 447; general election (1979), 443, 444, 450
Paul VI, Pope, 345
Pay Board, 225, 227, 234, 235, 236
pay policy, see incomes policies
Peace Ballot (1935), 10–11, 26
Pearl Harbor (1941), 33
pensioners, 115, 121, 440, 450, 548
pensions: Beveridge Report, 120–1; earnings rule, 121, 123–4; public expenditure, 543; age of retirement, 548–9; scaling back SERPS, 573
Pensions and National Insurance, Ministry of, 119–25
Pepper, Gordon, 303
Percival, Ian, 426
Peres, Shimon, 379
Perth Declaration (1968), 321
Peru, economy, 581, 583
petrol coupons, 230
Peyton, John, 278, 28on, 284, 421
Philby, Kim, 126
Philippines, US involvement, 521, 528
Phillips Curve, 567
picketing, 216–18, 437–8, see also Grunwick dispute
Pike, Mervyn, 112
Pile, Sir William (Bill), 165, 168, 176, 182
Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto, 530, 581
Pitt, Edith, 112
Pitt, William (the Younger), 15, 506
Plaza Agreement (1985), 478
Plowden Report, 184
Pöhl, Karl-Otto, 479
Poland: elections (1989), 508; NATO membership, 532–3; economy, 591–2, 593; MT’s visit (1993), 602–4
police: miners’ picketing (1972), 217–18; confidence in, 541
Policy Search group (‘Stepping Stones’), 421, 422
political correctness, 540
Pompidou, Georges, 207
Poos, Jacques, 495
Popper, Karl, 58–9
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), 198
Portillo, Michael, 443
Portugal, party politics, 340–1
Post Office unions, 399, 400
Potsdam Conference (1945), 45, 54
Poulson, John, 199n, 286
Powell, Anthony, 42
Powell, Enoch: One Nation, 86; Change is our Ally, 86; resignation (1958), 92; dining club speeches, 114; hospital building programme, 115; MT’s opinion of, 129, 162; refuses to join Home Government, 129; rejection of incomes policy, 141–2; immigration issue, 144–7, 212, 405; general election (1970), 162; opinion of U- turns, 196, 206, 221; on MT’s leadership, 196; opposition to EC entry, 207, 210; general election (February 1974), 237; member for South Down, 328
Pre-Retirement Choice, 258, 268
Pre-school Playgroups Association, 547
Prentice, Reg, 449
Presley, Elvis, 77
pressure groups, 111–12
price restraint, 223–4
prices and incomes policy, see incomes policies
Prices Commission, 225
Priestley, J.B., 22, 44
primary schools, 158–9, 167, 182–5, 192
Prior, James: memoirs, 137; relationship with Heath, 201–2; Agriculture Minister, 201–2; Leader of House, 225; manifesto (October 1974), 249; leadership election (1975), 278, 28on, 284; Shadow Employment Secretary, 288–9; trade union policy, 288–9, 301, 311–12, 368, 401–3,404–5, 422–3, 424–5, 428, 436–7; disagreements with Joseph, 301, 303, 368, 402, 416, 423, 430; incomes policy, 303, 311, 415, 416; Heseltine Mace incident, 314; The Right Approach, 316; Grunwick dispute, 368, 399, 401–2; The Right Approach to the Economy, 404; Stepping Stones discussions, 421–3; manifesto (1978–79), 436–7, 447
Private Members’ Bills, 109
privatization, 574, 605
productivity, 576–8
Profumo, John, 126
Programme Analysis and Review (PAR), 190, 195
property-owning democracy, 75, 243
proportional representation (PR), 322–3, 327, 328
protectionism, 476, 502, 595, 596, 597, 599
proton accelerator, 175
Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act (1960), 109–13
public expenditure: Conservative policy (1950s), 86, 92, 115; Treasury resignations (1958), 92; Conservative policy (1960s), 115, 140; cuts (1973), 191–2, 203, 229; cuts (1970), 203; BL rescue, 300; Joseph’s speeches, 317–18; Healey cuts (1976), 320, 568–9; Shadow Cabinet views, 397; (1980s), 571–3
Public Expenditure Survey Committee (PESC), 183
public opinion polls, see opinion polls
Pym, Francis: Macleod’s death, 198; Agriculture, 289, 311; illness, 289, 311; devolution issue, 326; Foreign Affairs spokesman, 418; Stepping Stones discussions, 421; fall of Labour government, 433
Qaddafi, Muammar, 536
Quayle, Dan, 539
Question Time, 125
Rabin, Yitzhak, 379
race prejudice, 30
Race Relations Act (1968), 145
racism, 540
Radcliffe, Lord, 112
Raico, Ralph, 580n
Raison, Timothy, 264, 289
Rantzen, Esther, 144
Rao, Narasimha, 585
rates, 136, 244–5, 247–50, 258
Rawlinson, Peter, 212
Reagan, Ronald: Republican nomination campaign, 360; Strategic Defence Initiative, 367; MT’s first meeting, 372; Presidential contender, 372; foreign policy, 509, 527–8, 531, 605; doctrine, 527–8; Republican Party attitude, 578–9
Redmayne, Martin, Lord, 268
Reece, Gordon: MT’s first contact with, 254–5; MT’s leadership campaign, 267, 273; joins MT’s staff, 294; advice on appearance and voice, 295–6, 343; advice on speeches, 306–7; MT’s US visit, 358–9; ‘Iron Lady’ image, 362; MT’s Syria visit, 376; MT’s Pakistan visit, 383; Central Office Director of Publicity, 410–11, 443; 1978 non-election, 412; winter of discontent, 424; general election (1979), 443, 444, 445, 458
Reed, Douglas, 29
Rees, Merlyn, 408
Rees-Mogg, William, 42
referendum: on Europe, 330–9; Churchill’s proposal, 332; on trade unions, 402–3; single currency, 480; Maastricht, 494
Referendum White Paper, 331
Regional Development Fund, 208
rent decontrol, 91–2, 95, 102
repatriation, 145–6, 147, 212
research councils, 174
Restart programme, 545, 560
Retail Price Maintenance, 131
Reynolds, Quentin, 22
Rhodesia, 368, 417–18
Richardson, Ruth, 586
Richmond Council, 172
Ridley, Adam, 252, 292, 306, 358, 443
Ridley, Nicholas, 221, 225, 265
Rifkind, Malcolm, 322, 323, 325–6
Right Approach, The, 316–17, 404
Right Approach to the Economy, The, 404–5, 419
Rimington, Stella, 144
Ripon by-election (1973), 226
Rippon, Geoffrey, 201, 208, 285, 290
road haulage, 86
Robbins Report, 193
Roberts, Alfred (MT’s father): family background, 3, 16; first job, 3; grocery trade, 3–4; health, 4, 16, 163; marriage, 4; Grantham shop, 4–5; religion and morality, 5–7, 14, 15, 163–4; music, 9; Rotary Club, 16, 26, 27; interest in education, 17, 19, 36; reading, 19, 28; politics, 21–2, 65, 78–9; MT’s career, 24, 65; ARP, 25; wartime, 34; daughters’ car, 74; wife’s death, 106–7; remarriage, 163; death, 163–4
Roberts, Beatrice (née Stephenson, MT’s mother): dressmaker, 4, 13, 17; marriage, 4; Grantham shop, 4–5; religion and morality, 5–6, 15; music, 9; household management, 12–13, 25, 103; furniture, 12, 103; cooking, 12, 37; mother, 15–16; interest in education, 17, 19, 36; reading, 28; death, 106–7
Roberts, Cissy (MT’s stepmother), 163
Roberts, Edward (MT’s uncle), 4
Roberts, John (MT’s great uncle), 9
Roberts, Margaret, see Thatcher
Roberts, Muriel (MT’s sister), see Cullen
Roberts family, 3, 16, 36, 565
Rogers, Ginger, 14
Rolls-Royce, 206–7, 574
Romania: MT’s visit (1975), 353–7; MT’s visit (1971), 354; overthrow of Ceausescus, 508
Romberg, Sigmund, 10
Rome, Treaty of, 210, 333, 481, 482, 484, 496–7
Rookes v. Barnard, 110
Rossi, Hugh, 242
Rotary Club, 13, 16, 26, 27, 565
Rothschild, Victor, 195
Royle, Sir Anthony, 338
Russia: coup (1991), 512–14, 605; Serbia-Bosnia conflict, 516; nuclear power, 520, 521; economy, 521, 589–91; national identity, 526; Chechen Republic, 526–7; democracy, 530, 531; military power, 531–2; relationship with NATO, 533
Ruston and Hornsby, 20, 23
Rwanda, intervention, 535
Ryder, Caroline (née Stephens), 294, 441
Ryder, Richard, 293–4, 306, 356, 363
Ryder plan, 300
Saatchi & Saatchi, 410–11, 458
Sachs, Jeffrey, 59m
Sadat, Anwar, 374–5, 380
safety net (Social Security benefits), 75, 86, 546
St John-Stevas, Norman, 289, 418
Sakharov, Andrei, 364–5
Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 582
Salisbury, Lord, 130, 133
SALT II negotiations, 365–6
Saltley Coke Depot, 217–18
Sarajevo, siege, 514
Scargill, Arthur, 217
Scarman, Lord, 368, 402
Schengen Group, 490
Schlesinger, James, 360
Schmidt, Gerhard, 39
Schmidt, Helmut, 342, 343, 347
schools: private, 157, 159, 167; secondary modern, 157; comprehensive, 157–8, 168, 171, 173, 188; grammar, 157–9, 167, 170–3, 188–9; primary, 158–9, 167, 182–5; direct grant, 159, 167, 173; nursery, 159, 167, 188–9, 190–1, 192–3; leaving age, 159–60, 167, 192; catchment areas, 171; grant-maintained, 173; meals and milk, 179–82, 192; building programme, 183–5, 189, 190, 191–3; size, 190; special, 192; class size, 192; heating, 230–1
Schumpeter, J.A., 593
science: policy, 174–6; history of, 579–80
Science and Engineering Research Council, 175
Scotland, Church of, 555
Scotland, devolution issue, 321–6, 430–2
Scotland and Wales Bill (1976–77), 321, 324–6
Scott, Nicholas, 264, 290
Scottish Nationalist Party (SNP), 321, 323, 430–2
Scottish Conservative Party Conferences: (1975), 323; (1976), 324; (1977), 396
Séguin, Philippe, 494
Seldon, Arthur, 254
Selective Employment Tax (SET), 138, 139
Selsdon Man, 115, 160
Selsdon Park: discussions (1970), 159–60; manifesto, 160–1, 196, 219
Serbia: Yugoslav war, 495, 534; aggression against Bosnia, 514–17, 534
Shakespeare, William, 38
Sharansky, Anatol, 371
Shelepin, Alexander, 349
Shelton, Sir William: friendship with MT, 269, 280; MT’s leadership campaign, 271–2, 274, 276, 277, 280; Backbench Finance Committee, 303
Sherman, Sir Alfred: CPS, 251–2; speech writing for Joseph, 253, 318; MT’s leadership campaign, 273; speech writing for MT, 318; Stepping Stones, 420; winter of discontent, 424; general election campaign (1979), 442
shipbuilding industry, 313, 574
Shore, Peter, 207
Short, Edward (Ted), 169, 171
Silkin, Sam, 400
Silverman, Sydney, 151
Simon, Bill, 360
Singapore: MT’s visit (1976), 386; economy, 584
Singh, Manmohan, 585
Single European Act, 473, 477–8, 479, 484, 496
Skegness, 15, 105
Skinner, Rev. and Mrs, 9–10, 11, 76
SLADE, 437
Slovakia, economy, 592
Slovenia: recognition of, 490, 495; independence, 512; Serbian attack, 534
Smith, Adam, 524
Smith, Ian, 368, 417
Smith, Paddi Victor, 108
Smuts, Jan, 510
Social Democratic and Liberal Party (SDLP), 431
Social Security: ‘safety net’, 75, 86, 546; MT at Pensions, 124; dependency, 146, 440, 538, 544; strikers’ families, 424–5; one-parent families, 538, 545; budget increase, 538, 543–4, 547; MT’s programme, 558–60; reforms (1988), 575
socialism: Churchill’s election broadcast (1945), 45, 50; Hayek on, 50; Brogan on, 52; Labour’s postwar policies, 70; in education, 159, 174; Conservative position, 161; incomes policies, 224; Third World, 384; advance of, 440
Socialist International, 338
Socialist Workers Party, 398
SOGAT, 446
Solidarity, 508, 591
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 350, 363–4, 387
Somalia: crisis, 56; war with Ethiopia, 371; UN intervention, 534–5
Somerville College, Oxford, 33–4, 35–6
Soto, Hernando de, 581
South Africa: arms embargo, 199; sanctions, 368; postal boycott, 399, 400; reform, 509; MT’s visit (1991), 510; economy, 588
; South Korea: US defence, 521; economy, 584, 588
sovereignty, parliamentary, 209–10, 237, 497, 504
Soviet Union: German pact, 29; German invasion, 33; postwar relations with Britain, 56–9; Hungary (1956), 90–1; MT’s visit (1969), 154–6; Helsinki, 349–53; ‘Iron Lady’, 362; SALT II, 365–6; invasion of Afghanistan, 367, 371, 383; dissidents, 371; disintegration, 509–10, 517, 531; support for Serbia, 515; national identity, 523; history, 605
Soward, Stanley, 65
Soward family, 65, 74
Spain: party politics, 341; fishermen, 497
Spearman, Diana, 262
Spence, Henry Ivan, 100
Spivey, Ronald, 76
Stalin, Joseph, 54, 56–7, 90, 175, 369, 523
Stalingrad (1942–3), 33
Stanley, Sir John, 242, 320, 388, 441
Stansgate, Lord, 43
Stanwyck, Barbara, 14
Staravoitova, Galina, 513
State Earnings Related Pension Scheme (SERPS), 573
States of Emergency: (1970), 197–8; (1972), 217, 222; (1973), 230; possibility in 1979, 426
Steel, David, 150, 326, 408, 445
Steering Committee of Shadow Cabinet, 242, 264, 267, 427–9
Stephenson, Beatrice, see Roberts
‘Stepping Stones’ initiative, 420–3
sterling: crisis (March 1976), 312, 315; crisis (September 1976), 315; ERM, 477, 485–7, 501, 570; withdrawal from ERM, 492–4
Stewart, James, 14
Stockton Lecture, 317–18
Stockton-on-Tees constituency, 118
Stormont, 328
Strachey, John, 28
Stradling Thomas, John, 433
Strategic Defence Initiative, 367
Strauss, Franz Josef, 347
Strauss, Norman, 420–1
strikes: miners (1972), 188, 201, 205, 213, 216–18; miners (1974), 192, 200, 201, 437; miners (1984–85), 216, 217, 575; dock (1972), 222; Ford workers (1978), 413, 415; (1978–79), 289, 394–5, 413–14, 419–20, 428
student unions, 185–7, 189
subsidiarity, 482
Suez crisis (1956), 87–91
Sumner, Donald, 85
Sunley, Jonathan, 526n
Supplementary Benefit, 120
supply side revolution, 575
‘Swinging Britain’, 153
Swinton, Lord, 291
Swinton College, 75
Switzerland, political structure, 523
Syria: Yom Kippur War (1973), 372–3; MT’s visit (1976), 373, 376–8
Taiwan: US defence, 521; economy, 584, 588
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, 10
Tanzania, economy, 589
taxation: postwar income tax, 70; Conservative policy (1960s), 115, 116; income tax increases, 115, 116; Selective Employment Tax, 138–9; debate (1966), 140; Labour policy, 160, 605; income tax reduction (1970), 203; corporation tax reduction (1971), 203; mortgage tax relief, 244, 245, 564; business tax cuts, 265; income tax increases (1975), 300; child allowances, 564; income tax cuts (1979, 1984, 1988), 571; corporation tax changes (1984), 571; increases, 573; EC comparison, 574