Ohio River and Valley and, 45, 54, 65, 84
Revolutionary War and, 90
settlers, American, and, 92
Shawnees and, 65–66, 88, 91
southeast US and, 117
treaties and, 4, 98
western frontier and, 55–57
Wharton and, 58–59, 82
Broken Hand (Thomas Fitzpatrick), 174, 175, 184, 197
“brother,” 24–25
Brothertown Indians, 153
Brown, George, 189
Brown, Hugh, 237
Brown, John (Cherokee), 154
Brulé Sioux, 167, 171, 176, 226
Buchanan, James, 198
Budd, H. J., 189, 209
Buffalo Chief (Cheyenne), 210–11
Buffalo Goad (Wichita), 232
buffalos
Blackfoot peace conference and, 179–80
cattle and, 180
Cheyennes and, 209
demise of, 200, 221–22, 224
Fort Laramie Treaty and, 226
Indians’ opinion and, 202
Little Arkansas Treaty and, 184
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 200, 201, 204, 211, 215, 216
railroads and, 186
Red Cloud War and, 185
Red River War and, 221
settlers and, 221–22
Sherman on, 217
white hunters and, 193, 200
Buffalo War (Red River War), 221, 222–23
Bulkley, Solomon T., 189, 197
Bull Bear (Cheyenne Dog Soldier), 184, 193, 211, 212, 219
Bunt (Otsinoghiyata) (Onondaga), 68, 77, 89, 248
Bureau of Indian Affairs (Indian Office), 173, 229
Burnett, John G., 152–53
Burns, Robert Ignatius, 179
Bushyhead, Isaac, 157
Bushyhead, Jesse, 142
Butler, Elijah, 134, 153
Butler, John, 68, 69, 92–93, 94
Butler, Richard, 94, 100, 102, 103
Butler, Thomas, 92
Butler, Walter, 92
Butrick, Daniel, 147
Cachupín, Tomás Vélez, 166
Caddos, 165, 219, 223
Caldwell, Billy (Sauganash) (Potawatomi), 139–40
California, 5, 172, 173–74, 180, 186
calumets. see pipes and smoking
Campbell, C., 175
Canada, 5, 31–32, 34, 54, 76, 83, 92, 95, 98, 168, 228, 233, 243
Canada Creek, 74, 75, 247
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 55
Canaghquieson (Oneida). see Conoghquieson
Canajoharie, 50
Canasatego (Onondaga), 23, 29, 36, 39, 43–44
Canonicus (Narragansett), 19–20, 290n39
Captain Bull (Delaware), 62
Captain John (Onondiyo) (Oneida), 110–11
captives, 47–48, 69, 167, 183, 206, 223
Carolina people (Americans), 108
Carroll, William, 145, 148, 248
Carrying Place, 73–74, 92
Carter, Jimmy, 241
Cartier, Jacques, 40
Carver, Robert, 32–33
Cass, Lewis, 131, 135, 136, 138, 140, 145, 170, 171
Catawba (Kentucky) River, 81, 303n129
Cat (Bao) (Having Horns) (Kiowa), 196
Catherine (Mohawk), 57
Cattaraugus reservation, 120
cattle, 87, 122, 162, 180, 199, 270, 281
Cavalier, Robert, Sieur de La Salle, 33–34
Cayugas, 1, 24, 77, 101, 111, 248. see also Iroquois
Cayuses, 177
Central Pacific Railroad, 180
ceremonies, 16, 29. see also pipes and smoking; wampum
cession treaties (1817, 1819), 125
Chain of Friendship, 24
Champlain, Samuel de, 40
Charbonneau, Sakakawea (Shoshoni), 169
Charbonneau, Toussaint, 169
Charles (Prince), 10
Charles I, 14
Charlestown, 14, 15
“cheat like a white man,” 102
Chechebinquey (Alexander Robinson) (Potawatomi), 139–40
Cherokee Commission (Jerome Commission), 235–37
Cherokee constitution, 124, 128, 131, 133
Cherokee National Committee, 124, 151
Cherokee National Council
Arbuckle and, 157
Georgia and, 133
on land sales, 129
New Echota Treaty and, 145
Payne and, 141
removal and, 124–25, 136, 151, 154
Ridges and, 136, 138
slaves and, 123
Watie and, 161
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 134
Cherokee Phoenix (newspaper), 9, 129, 131, 136, 142
Cherokees. see also National Party; removal; Treaty of Hard Labor; Treaty of Lochaber (1770); Treaty of New Echota (Ridge’s Treaty) (1835); Treaty Party; individual Cherokees; entries beginning Cherokee …; subtribes
1731–1835, 121–34 (see also removal)
Arbuckle and, 157
Boone and, 87
boundaries and, 62, 72
Choctaws and, 25
“civilized,” 127
civil wars of, 153–63
Creeks and, 25, 123
Delawares and, 25, 76
Detroit conference and, 105
feathers and, 30
Fort Stanwix cessions and, 91
Georgia and, 108, 131, 135
Holston Treaty and, 108
homelands, 122
Hopewell Treaty and, 103–4
Iroquois and, 25, 63–65
Jackson and, 117, 129–30, 148
Johnson on, 80–81
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 182
North Carolina and, 118, 121
number of treaties made, 5
renaissance of, 121–23
reservations and, 183
rights of, 121
Shawnees and, 76, 86, 92
Stuart and, 88
US Civil War and, 161–63
US Constitution and, 134–35
US government and, 146–47
Virginia and, 67
wampum and, 31
western, 139, 140, 158
written treaties and, 128
Cherokee Strip, 163
Cherokee Tobacco case (1870), 233
Cheyennes. see also Plains Indians; individual Cheyennes
alliances, 171
Arapahos and, 209–10
artists, 224
G. Bent and, 332n26
Cimarron, 205, 209, 211, 222, 223–24
Crows and, 171
Fort Laramie Treaty and, 175, 226
Fort Wise Treaty and, 176
gifts and, 171–72
Indian wars and, 199
Jerome Commission and, 235
Kiowas and, 5, 171, 197, 210
Little Arkansas Treaty and, 183, 184
Lone Horn and, 175
medals and, 167
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 182, 189, 193, 194–95, 198, 200, 205, 209–10, 211–12
as prisoners, 223
Red Cloud War and, 184–85
reservations, 163, 215, 217, 219
Sheridan and, 219
US Indian Peace Commission and, 186
US military and, 233
US sovereignty and, 170
violence of, 217, 218, 219
Chicago newspapers, 188, 189, 209
Chickamauga Cherokees, 92
Chickasaws, 25, 34, 104, 114, 203, 235, 247
“chief,” 17
chief salaries, 107–8
Chinook Jargon, 240
Chisholm, Jesse, 196
Chivington, John, 177
Choctaws
Cherokees and, 25
Hopewell Treaty and, 103–5
Jackson and, 118
medals and, 21
Mount Dexter Treaty and, 115
Oklahoma and, 235
reservations and, 203
US government and, 117, 118
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br /> women, 120
Chota, 30, 91, 104, 134
Chouteau, Pierre, 169
Christianity
Cherokee Phoenix and, 129
Indian converts, 51, 136, 178, 223, 227, 228
prisoners and, 224
removal of Christian Indians, 153
treaties and, 95, 147, 227, 230
Cimarron Cheyennes, 205, 209, 211, 222, 223–24
Cincinnati newspapers, 189
“civilization”
agriculture and, 114, 122, 199
Boudinot on, 127
Indians’ opinion of, 202
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 182, 185–86, 199, 204
New Echota Treaty and, 9
N. Taylor on, 181
treaties and, 230
US Department of Interior and, 173
US Indian Peace Commission and, 185
Clare, Lord, 61
Clark, Blue, 236, 238
Clark, George Rogers, 58, 102, 103, 169, 170
Clark, William, 5, 145, 164, 167–71
Claus, Daniel, 57, 66
Clay, Henry, 132, 133, 135
clerks, 37, 39
Clinton, George, 51, 101
clothing, 14, 20
Chicago treaty and, 118–19
Fort Finney conference and, 102
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 71
as gifts, 20, 21
Hendrick and, 51
W. Johnson and, 52
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 194, 196, 197–98, 202
Montour and, 69
19th century, 28
treaty and, 167
Wells and, 113
coercion
Cherokee commission and, 236
W. Clark and, 169
colonial era and, 4
Fort Pitt Treaty and, 97
Harrison and, 115
Indian government and, 17
Jackson and, 117
Jerome Commission and, 235
New Echota Treaty and, 143–44, 151
Shawnees and, 103
sign of consent and, 3
starvation and, 214
US commissioners and, 115
Yakama treaty and, 179
Coeur d’Alenes, 180
Cohen, Felix, 164
Colden, Cadwallader, 17, 42, 51
Colley, Samuel, 176
colonial era
British and, 56
Cherokees and, 122
diplomacy, 12–19
education of Indians and, 204
European treaties and, 4
gifts, 19–22
interpreters and go-betweens, 40–43
Iroquois and, 49
land, liquor, and captives, 43–48
motives, 7
power of words, 22–25
respect and, 243
wampum and pipes, 25–35
writing and memory, 35–40
Colorado
Arapahos and, 210, 215, 217, 270, 281 (see also Sand Creek massacre (1864))
Cheyenne attacks, 183
Fort Wise Treaty and, 176
Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty and, 172
map, 215
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 210–11
trade and, 184
violence and, 217
Colvilles, 180
Comanche-Kiowa treaty, 189
Comanches. see also Plains Indians; individual Comanches; specific bands; specific subtribes
additional compensation, 238
alliances, 171
attacks south of Rio Grande, 172
Black Kettle and, 183
Cheyennes and, 171
cholera and, 174
delegation to Washington, 221
as dominant power, 166
Fort Atkinson Treaty and, 176
Germans and, 5
horses and, 166
Jerome Commission and, 235–36, 237
Kiowas and, 201, 210
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 163, 193, 194, 198, 199, 200, 201, 204, 205, 206, 210, 216
New Mexico and, 20, 21, 166–67
as prisoners, 223
reservations, 163, 183, 203, 205, 214, 215, 219
Texas and, 184, 206
US Indian Peace Commission and, 182, 186
Utes and, 5, 167
Coming to the Grove (Kiowa), 224
commissioners, 7, 16, 186. see also individual commissioners; specific treaties
image, 187
Compromises of 1820 and 1850, 176
condolence ceremony, 16
Conestogas, 55
confederacy, north of the Ohio, 108
confederacy, Shawnee, 86
confederacy, US, 5
confederated nations, 108
Confederate Indian Cavalry Brigade, 162
Confederation Congress, 98
conferences. see also entries beginning Treaty of …; specific conferences
conferences, Albany, 42
conference, Albany (1701), 2
conference, Albany (1714), 48
conference, Albany (1723), 33
conference, Albany (1725–26), 45
conference, Albany (1735), 34
conference, Albany (1746), 50
conference, Albany Congress (1754), 24, 31, 44–45, 65, 67
conference, Albany (1775), 91, 92
conference, Albany (Denniston’s Tavern) (1789), 101
conference, Aquokee Camp, 151
conference, Auglaize River (1792), 108
conference, Blackfoot peace (1855), 179–80
conference, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, (1753), 27
conference, Chota, Tennessee, (1776), 30–31, 91–92
conference, Detroit (1786), 105; (1812), 116
conference, Easton, Pennsylvania (1756), 39, 47; (1758), 20, 21
conference, Fort Benton (1855), 179
conference, Fort Duquesne (1758), 32
conference, Fort Finney (1786), 102–3, 106
conference, Fort Johnson (1755), 51; (1756), 20, 32
conference, Fort Laramie (1867), 189
conference, Fort Laramie (1868), 226
conference, Fort Larned (1867), 189
conference, Fort McIntosh (1785), 102
conference, Fort Pitt (1763), 68
conference, Fort Pitt (1765), 60
conference, Fort Pitt (1767), 61, 86
conference, Fort Pitt (1776), 90
conference, Fort Pitt (1778), 91
conference, German Flatts, New York, (1775), 24
conference, Illinois Campground (Tahlequah) (1839), 156
conference, Johnson Hall (1762), 19, 31, 52
conference, Johnson Hall (1765), 59–60
conference, Johnson Hall (1768), 63–65
conference, Johnson Hall (1774), 88–89
conference, Lancaster, Pennsylvania (1744), 8, 23, 35, 41, 43–44, 45–46, 50, 81; (1748), 35
conference, Montreal (1701), 1–2, 8, 15; (1756) 20, 29–30, 49
conference, New Orleans (1769), 34–35
conference, Okmulgee (1870), 163
conference, Onondaga (1758), 19
conference, Philadelphia (1743), 45; (1758), 33
conference, Red Clay (1834), 138, (1835), 142, 143
conference, representation at, 17, 48
conference, Running Water (1834), 138; (1835), 141
conference, Sandusky (1793), 93, 108–9
conference, speeches, 23–24
conference, Susquehanna River (1706), 18
conference, Tahlequah (Illinois Campground) (1839), 156
conference, Tahlequah (1843), 156
conference, Takatoka (1839), 154
conference, Tremont House (Chicago), 229
conference, Walla Walla Valley (1855), 177–79
conference, Williamsburg (1721), 34
conference, Winchester (1753), 45
Connecticut, 61–62, 75, 125, 127
Connolly, John, 84
Conoghquieson (Canaghquieson) (Kanaghqweasea) (Kanaghwaes) (K
anongyweniyah) (“standing ears of corn”) (Oneida)
Albany conference and, 92
on boundaries, 72, 74
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 54, 68, 70–71, 73, 77, 85, 88–89, 248
W. Johnson and, 64, 89
on land sales, 53–54
on liquor, 46, 53–54
on women, 19
Conquering Bear (Frightening Bear) (Sioux), 176
consensus, 17, 136–37
consent of the people, 17–18, 48
consequences of treaties, 8
Constitution Act of 1982 (Canada), 55
Constitution of the United Cherokee Nation, 156
constitutions, 128
Continental Congress, 92
contracts, 29, 206
Coodey, William (Cherokee), 157
Coosawatie district, 137
Corlaer, 25
Cornelius, Elias, 125
Cornplanter (Seneca), 100, 110, 113
Cornstalk (Shawnee), 90–91
Corn Tassel (Cherokee), 104
Corn Tassel, George (Cherokee), 133–34
Corps of Discovery, 164
corruption, 148. see also bribery
cotton industry, 117
Cotton Kingdom, 117, 147
Covenant Chain, 24, 74
Crawford, Samuel, 188, 189
Crawford, William, 83
Crazy Horse (Oglala), 233
Creek National Council, 125
Creeks (“Red Sticks”), 15, 48, 81. see also individual Creeks
American settlers and, 116–17
ceremonies and, 16
Cherokees and, 25, 123
debt and, 114
Fort Jackson Treaty and, 118
Georgia and, 108
New York Treaty and, 107
Shawnees and, 86
Tahlequah conference and, 156
western, 139
Creek War, 117, 118
Crine (Mohawk), 93
Crockett, Davy, 132
Croghan, George, 14, 40, 45, 66
authority and, 9
character of, 57–58
Connolly and, 84
Fort Pitt negotiations and, 60, 64–65
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 66, 68, 75–76, 77, 80
Franklin and, 60, 61
Indiana Company and, 66
Indian wars and, 89–90
Lydius and, 75
Mohawks and, 57
Montour and, 69
Peters on, 67
Revolutionary War and, 93–94
on settlers, 85, 87
as speculator, 88
on Teedyuscung, 39–40
trip to England, 58–59
Washington and, 83
western frontier and, 57
western tribes and, 88
Croghan, William, 58
Crook, George, 233, 234–35
cross-cultural diplomacy, 12–19
cross-cultural interaction
colonial era and, 15–19
the Crow (Kiowa), 191
Crows, 171, 226. see also Plains Indians
Fort Laramie Treaty and, 174–75
Lone Horn and, 175–76
US sovereignty and, 170
Crow Treaty (1825), 171
Cuerno Verde (Green Horn) (Comanche), 166
Culbertson, H., 175
Culloden, 67
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