Cumberland, William Duke of, 67
Cumberland Gap, 67
Cumberland-Tennessee-Kentucky region, 77
Curler, Arent van, 25
Currey, Benjamin Franklin, 140, 141, 142, 147
Custer, George Armstrong, 185, 188, 193, 218–19, 233
Custer Died for Your Sins (Deloria), 239
Dagdoga (He Stands). see Watie, Stand
Daily Alta California (newspaper), 173
Dakotas, 174, xii. see also Plains Indians
Dartmouth, Earl of, 82
Dartmouth College, 42, 52, 74
Davis, Edmund, 221
Dawes Act (General Allotment Act) (1887), 234, 236
Dean, James, 42
debt, 114–15
debts, 119
deeds, 44
Deerfield (MA), 26
deerskins, white, 30
Deganawidah the Peacemaker, 16
Delaware River, 38, 39, 77
Delawares (Lenni Lenapes). see also individual Delawares
calumet and, 34
Cherokees and, 25, 76
Croghan and, 61, 64–65, 90
Detroit conference and, 105
Fort Pitt Treaty and, 96–97
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 65, 68, 75
Fort Wayne Treaty and, 116
Hurons and, 25
Iroquois and, 25, 54
Jefferson and, 113–14
W. Johnson and, 76
Johnson Hall conference and, 59–60
Mahicans and, 25
Morgan and, 96
Ojibwes and, 25
T. Penn and, 38
Pennsylvania and, 30, 38–39
Peters and, 68
reservations, 219
Susquehanna attack, 62
Tahlequah conference and, 156
treaty and, 47–48
wampum and, 30
White Eyes and, 97
women and, 18
Delaware State, 94
delegations to London, 15, 30
delegations to Washington, 98–99, 169, 175, 176, 221, 227, 231, 236–37
delegation to New York City, 231, 232
delegation to Philadelphia, 15
Deloria, Jr., Vine, 239
DeMallie, Raymond, 16–17
Denny, William, 33, 39
dependence, Indian, 99, 100, 134, 229
dependence, mutual, 19
De Smet, Pierre-Jean, 175, 189
Devil’s Horn. see Schermerhorn, John F.
Diaquanda (Teyohaquende) (Onondaga), 68, 71, 89
Dinwiddie, Robert, 42, 67
diplomacy. see also negotiations; rituals
American, 98, 103, 227
cross-cultural, 12–19, 98–99
Iroquois, 24, 53
Lone Horn and, 175–76
Plains Indians and, 164–65, 171
power and, 164–65, 173
“dirt king,” 104
diseases
Caddos and, 165
Cherokees and, 150, 152
germ warfare, 54, 58, 68
Iroquois League and, 1
Lone Wolf and, 224
Plains Indians and, 167, 174
power and, 13
treaty locations and, 15
venereal, 57
Dodge, Richard Irving, 221–22, 230
Doer of Justice (Saorghweyoghsta) (William Franklin), 70, 71, 77
Dog Soldiers (Cheyenne), 183, 193, 195, 209, 210–11, 222. see also individual Dog Soldiers
Dohate (Owl Prophet) (Maman-ti) (Touching the Sky) (Kiowa), 223, 224
Donelson, John, 81
Doolittle, James R., 185
Doublehead (Cherokee), 123
Douglas, Stephen, 176
Douglass, Henry, 196
Downing, Lewis (Cherokee), 232
Dragging Canoe (Cherokee), 91, 92
dress. see clothing
Drew, John (Cherokee), 161
drinking. see liquor
Duane, James, 99
Dunlap, R. G., 137
Dunmore, Governor (Lord) (James Murray), 90
Dunmore’s War, 90
Dutch, 3, 4, 25, 26
Dutch language, 42
Dutch Reformed Church, 153
Duthu, N. Bruce (Houma), 242
Duwali (Bowles) (Cherokee), 156
Eastern Woodland Indians, 46, 114
Ecueracapa (Leather Shirt) (Iron Coat) (Comanche), 21
editing, 37
education, 125. see also schools
New Echota Treaty and, 145
Eel River tribes, 116
Eghnisera (Andrew Montour, Sattelihu), 69
Egushawa (Augooshaway) (Gushgushagwa) (Ottawa), 106, 113, 244
Elliott, Joel, 193, 213–14, 218, 230
Emlen, James, 110
empire, 2, 4, 5, 6, 12
English. see also specific colonies
calumet and, 32–33
captives and, 47
French and, 4, 36, 44
neutrality and, 2
wampum and, 31
western Indians and, 72
writing and, 35
English language, 42
Esopus Indians, 37, 295n125
ethnic cleansing, 9, 121
Texas and, 156
Europeans. see also specific nationalities
colonial era and, 4
Indian culture and, 14
Osages and, 165
protocols and, 12
Evans, Lewis, 29
Evarts, Jeremiah (“William Penn”), 131–32
Everett, Edward, 132
extermination, 186
Fairfax, Thomas Lord, 45
Fallen Timbers campaign, 113
Fallon, Benjamin, 170, 171
farming. see agriculture
“father,” 24, 99
Fayel, William, 189, 192
feathers, 30, 34, 64, 102, 194, 197
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation (1960), 239
fences, 44, 47, 64, 87
Fenton, William, 67, 70, 79
Fetterman, William, 185
fictive kinship, 12–13, 18
Fillmore, Millard, 174, 175
First Nations tribes, 5, 10
Fishermore (Kiowa), 194, 198, 205
fishing, 240
Fitzpatrick, Margaret (Adams) (Wilmarth) (Wilmott) (Walking Woman) (Arapaho), 184, 197, 198, 210
Fitzpatrick, Thomas (Broken Hand), 174, 175, 184, 197
Five Nations, 1. see also Iroquois (Iroquois League) (Six Nations); specific tribes
flags, 167
Flatheads (Salish), 169, 171, 179. see also Plains Indians
Florida, 98, 125, 223, 224
Forbes, John, 57, 114–15
Forbes, John and Company, 114–15
force. see coercion; US military
Foreman, James, 157
Foreman, Tom (Cherokee), 138
Forks of the Ohio, 57, 58, 75–76
Forsythe, Thomas, 293n90
Fort Bent, 184
Fort Chartres, 84
Fort Duquesne (Fort Pitt) (Fort Dunmore), 57, 69, 84
Fort Johnson, 52
Fort Marion (FL), 224
Fort Niagara, 54, 68, 92, 93
Fort Pitt (Fort Duquesne) (Fort Dunmore), 57, 58, 69, 84, 85. see also Treaty of Fort Pitt (1778)
Fort Randolph, 91
Fort Sill, 219, 222, 223
Fort Stanwix, 93. see also Treaties of Fort Stanwix (1768, 1784)
Fox Indians (Mesquakies), 34, 115, 170, 235
France and Frenchmen. see also Paris, Peace of (1763, 1783); individual Frenchmen
alliances, Indian, 1, 4, 57, 165
Britain and, 20, 53, 76
calumet and, 32–33, 33–34
English and, 4, 36, 44
Indian culture and, 14
Indian support for, 37
as interpreters, 40
W. Johnson and, 53
Plains Indians and, 165–66
Texas and, 165
/> Virginia and, 81
wampum and, 29–30, 31, 32
Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, 189
Franklin, Benjamin, 6, 58, 60–61, 62, 63, 82, 83, 94
Franklin, William (Doer of Justice) (Saorghweyoghsta), 58, 66, 70, 71, 77, 81, 94, 248
fraud
Greenville Treaty and, 309n51
Henderson treaty (Sycamore Shoals Treaty) and, 104
Indian Springs Treaty and, 118
New Echota Treaty and, 148, 151
Pennsylvania and, 38, 39
private, 2, 4
French and Indian Wars (1754–63), 4, 20, 22, 44, 47–48, 58, 65–66, 67
Frightening Bear (Conquering Bear) (Sioux), 176
Frontenac, Count, 31
Gage, Thomas, 80–81, 86
Galagina (Buck Watie) (Cherokee). see Boudinot, Elias
Gap in the Woods (Howea) (Yamparika Comanche), 236
Gardner, Alexander, 195
Gatling guns, 192, 324n29
Gaustrax (Seneca), 77
General Allotment Act (Dawes Act) (1887), 234
George III, 54, 55, 63, 247
Georgia. see also individual governors
Cherokee homelands and, 122, 135, 137, 141
Cherokees and, 118, 121, 129, 131, 134–35, 136
Corn Tassel and, 134
Creeks and, 118
Creeks and Cherokees and, 108
Hopewell Treaty and, 104
Indian Removal Act and, 133
Jackson and, 117
land claims by, 98
Georgia, Cherokee Nation v., 134
Georgia, Worcester v. (1832), 134
Georgia Guard, 133, 134
German, John and Lydia, 222–23
Germans, 5, 42, 57. see also individual Germans
germ warfare, 54
gifts. see also specific gifts
Buffalo Chief on, 210
captives as, 47, 167
Cheyenne-Kiowa alliance and, 171–72
colonial era and, 19–22, 290n39
Croghan and, 57, 58
Fort Laramie Treaty, 175
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 66, 71, 76, 77
as inducements, 46
W. Johnson and, 52, 89
Lewis and Clark and, 167
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 194, 202, 205–6, 327n66
New Mexico and, 166
treaty and, 167
US commissioners and, 98
writing versus, 35
Gillet, Ransom H., 119
Gilmer, George, 150
Girty, Simon, 108–9
Gist, George (Sequoyah), 128
Given, Joshua (Givens), 236
Glen, (governor of SC), 35
Godfrey, Edward, 202, 218, 324n29
gold, 131, 133, 172, 185, 233
Gold, Harriet Ruggles, 126–27
Good Peter (Oneida), 93, 101, 102
goodwill, 16, 19, 175
gorgets, 21
governments, 17
Grand Ohio Company, 82, 83
Grant, Ulysses S., 219, 229, 231
Grattan, John, 176
Gray Head (Cheyenne Dog Soldier), 195
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 198
“Great Councillor of the Thirteen Fires.” see Washington, George
Great Lakes land, 119, 139
Great Lakes tribes, 54, 61, 240. see also specific tribes
Great Mountain (Onontio) (Chevalier de Montmagny), 25
Great Peace of 1840, 5, 172, 197
Great Peace of Montreal (1701), 1–2, 8, 15, 49
“Great Warriors’ Path,” 63
Greenbrier Company, 67
Greene, David, 135
Green Horn (Cuerno Verde) (Comanche), 166
Grey Beard (Cheyenne Dog Soldier), 205, 222, 223–24
Griffin, Patrick, 88
Grinnell, George Bird, 332n26
Gros Ventres, 175
Guastrax (Genesee Seneca), 68, 248
Guerrier, Edmund, 196–97, 232
Guerrier, Julia (Bent), 196, 197, 198
Guipahko (Lone Wolf) (Kiowa), 183
Gun Merchant (Upper Creek), 48
Gunter, John, 144
Gushgushagwa (Augooshaway) (Egushawa) (Ottawa), 106, 113, 244
Gus-Wen-Tah (Kaswentha). see wampum
Guyasuta (Kayusuta) (Seneca), 54
Haldimand, Frederick, 95
Half Town (Seneca), 100–101
Hall, S.F., 189
Hallowing King (Creek), 97–98
Hamilton, Louis, 218
Hancock, Winfield Scott, 185, 188, 189, 193, 194, 195, 196, 209
Harmar, Joseph, 108, 113
Harney, William S. (Winyan Wicakte) (Woman Killer)
Brulé village destruction and, 176
Fort Laramie Treaty (1867) and, 226, 227
Fort Smith Treaty and, 162
gifts and, 206, 209
image, 187
life history and character of, 187–88
Little Arkansas Treaty and, 184
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 186, 192, 194, 195, 200, 205, 264, 271, 272, 273, 275, 276, 282
US Commission and, 229
Harper’s Weekly (newspaper), 189, 198
Harrison, William Henry, 114, 115–16, 157
Hauptman, Laurence, 161
Having Horns (Bao) (Cat) (Kiowa), 196
Hawkins, Benjamin, 103–4
healing, 243
Heap of Birds (Cheyenne), 223
Hears the Sunrise (Tananaica) (Voice of the Sunrise) (Yamparika Comanche), 222
Heckewelder, John, 25–26, 27, 30, 40
Heizer, Robert, 174
Henderson, James Youngblood, 242
Henderson, John B.
on G. Bent, 184
attitudes, 186, 193–94, 201
on buffalo, 202
Cheyennes and, 209
Harney and, 187, 200, 205
on Indians, 180
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 193–94, 198, 201, 202, 205, 209, 210–11, 226, 229
Henderson, Richard, 91, 104
Hendrick (Mohawk), 24, 44, 51, 52
Henry, Patrick, 89
Herring, Elbert, 143
He Stands (Dagdoga). see Watie, Stand
Hiawatha, 16
Hicks, Elijah, 157
Hidatsas, 172, 175. see also Plains Indians
Hillsborough, Lord, 63, 82, 86
Hitchcock, Ethan Allen, 237
Hitchcock, Lone Wolf v., 238
Hoag, Enoch, 214
Holton, Woody, 89
homelands
Cherokee, 122, 135, 137, 141
Oneida, 110–11
war and treaties and, 2
Honey Eaters (Peneteka Comanches), 183, 200, 204, 214–15
horses, 165–66, 167, 171, 172, 214, 222
hostages, 91, 100, 103
houses of elite Indians, 128
Howea (Gap in the Woods) (Yamparika Comanche), 236
Howland, John, 189, 198
Howling Wolf (Cheyenne), 198, 224
humanitarianism, 182
human rights, international, 243
Hunkpapas, 176
hunting. see also buffalos
Cherokees and, 114–15, 122
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 91
Iroquois and, 1
Jefferson on, 114
rights, 75
settlers and, 87
US expansion and, 107
Hurons, 15, 22, 25, 28, 40, 105. see also individual Hurons
Hyde, George, 332n26
Idaho, 177
ideology, 42
Illinois, 60, 61, 105, 115, 119
“Indian” (“Native American”), xii
Indiana, 77, 105, 115, 153
Indiana Company, 66
Indian appropriations bill (1871), 231, 233
Indian Claims Commission, 235, 238, 241
“Indian country,” 172
Indian department (Britain), 56
Indian Industrial School (PA), 22
4
Indian negotiators, 7
Indian Office (Bureau of Indian Affairs), 173, 229
Indian Removal Act of 1830, 9, 132, 133
Indian Rights Association, 237
Indian Territory
Boudinot and, 233
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 182
reservations, 183
US Civil War and, 161, 163
US Indian Peace Commission and, 186
Indian Trade and Intercourse Act (1790), 107, 241
Indian Trade and Intercourse Act (1834), 172
Indian wars. see also violence and retaliation; specific battles; specific massacres
Auglaize River conference and, 108
boundaries and, 99
Cherokees and, 91, 92
Croghan and, 58, 89–90
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 86
Jefferson and, 114
Logan and, 88
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 198–99, 217
military and, 229
misunderstandings and, 212
Revolutionary War and, 92, 93
right of conquest and, 105
Stanley on, 212
US Congress and, 105, 185
US power and, 108
western frontier and, 85, 111
industrial revolution, 180
intermarriages, 18, 103, 126–27, 167, 176, 184, 196–97. see also Métis (mixed heritage people)
Internal Revenue Act of 1868, 233
interpretation, 238
interpreters and go-betweens
accuracy and, 37
bribery of, 108
Caddo, 165
colonial era and, 40–43
Comanche, 167
Fort Laramie Treaty and, 175
Fort Pitt Treaty and, 97
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 68
Greenville Treaty and, 113
Lancaster Treaty and, 41
Lewis and Clark and, 169
mediators, 13
Pickering on, 111
Sandusky conference and, 108–9
Teedyuscung and, 39
Iowas, 156, 170, 174, 235
Irish traders, 9. see also individual Irish traders
Iron Coat (Leather Shirt) (Ecueracapa) (Comanche), 21
Iroquoian languages, 41, 42
Iroquois Chain of Friendship, 24
Iroquois (Iroquois League) (Six Nations). see also member nations; sub-tribes; individual representatives
Albany conference, 92
boundaries and, 72
British and, 49–50, 53, 54, 85–86
calumet and, 34
Canandaigua Treaty and, 110–11
Cherokees and, 25, 63–65
claims of, 9
Croghan and, 57, 90
cross-cultural interactions and, 16
Detroit conference and, 105
diplomacy, 24, 53
elder/younger brothers of, 24
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 45, 50, 66, 68, 74–80, 79–80, 85, 89, 100
gifts and, 20–21
government of, 17
Indiana Company and, 66
W. Johnson and, 51, 52, 56, 59, 62, 64, 88
Johnson Hall conference and, 59–60
Kayaderosseras patent and, 65
kinship and, 24–25
Lydius and, 75
memory and, 36
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