Montour and, 69
Morgan and, 96
names and, 25
negotiation and, 7
New York State and, 96, 101–2
19th century and, 119
Ohio country and, 54
Ohio Indians and, 77
other peoples’ lands and, 49–50, 54, 60, 77, 80, 86
Peace of Montreal and, 1–2, 286n3
Peace of Paris and, 100
Pennsylvania and, 44–45, 62
Pickering and, 110
ratification and, 48
rights of, 43–44
Schermerhorn and, 139
settlers and, 119
stories and, 23
Susquehanna attack, 62
trade and, 12
treaty cloth and, 11
US and, 6
violence of, 1
Virginia and, 81
wampum and, 31, 32
women and, 18–19, 101–2
on writing, 40
Isawanhonhi, Nicolas Vincent (Huron), 28
I-See-O (Kiowa), 225
Isenberg, Andrew, 221
Jackson, Andrew
Cherokees and, 125, 129–30, 129–33, 135, 137, 138, 140, 148
Choctaws and, 118
Fort Jackson Treaty and, 117
Georgia and, 135
New Echota Treaty and, 148
on reservations, 144
Schermerhorn and, 139
on treaties, 132–33
Jacobites, 67
Jacobs, Wilbur, 86
James (King), 14
Jamestown, 13
Jefferson, Thomas. see also Clark, William; Lewis, Meriwether
acquisition of Indian lands and, 113–14, 180
Cherokees and, 133
on Indians, 130
Lewis and Clark and, 169
Logan and, 88
as speculator, 89
Walker and, 67
western tribes and, 164
Jemison, Jacob, 25, 31
Jerome, David H., 235, 236
Jerome Commission (Cherokee Commission), 235–37
John Forbes and Company, 114–15
Johnson, Guy, 57, 65, 66, 68, 78, 92, 93
Johnson, Molly (Mary) (Brant), 19, 51, 52, 57
Johnson, William (Sir William) (Warraghiyagey)
authority of, 9
Board of Trade and, 82
British and, 60
calumet and, 34
calumet/Wampum and, 30, 32
captives and, 47
Conoghquieson and, 46
Croghan and, 59
on Fort Stanwix Treaty, 88
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 62–63, 65–66, 69–72, 76, 77, 80, 246, 248
Franklin and, 60–61
on gifts, 22
gifts and, 20
Hudson Valley conference, 37
image, 50
Iroquois and, 9, 50, 52, 53, 60, 64, 88
Kayaderosseras patent and, 65
kinship and, 57
life history, 50–53
Lydius and, 75
Mohawk language and, 68–69
Mohawks and, 50–51, 65
New York lands of, 76
Niagara conference and, 55
Ohio nations and, 77
Oneidas and, 73–74
Onondagas and, 62
Senecas and, 54
on settlers, 89
on transactions with Indians, 12
wampum and, 10, 32
western frontier and, 56
women and, 19, 68
Johnson Hall, 92. see also conference, Johnson Hall (1762, ‘65, ‘68, ‘72)
Johnson v. McIntosh (1823), 5, 109
Jones, Dorothy, 14, 84, 90, 98
Jones, Douglas, 194, 202, 210, 213
Joseph, Chief (Nez Perce), 228
journalists. see newspapers (press); individual journalists
justice, 243
Justice, Daniel Heath, 144
Justice Department, 235, 241
Kagama, US v. (1886, 1903), 237–38
Kahmungdaclageh (The Ridge) (Cherokee). see The Ridge
Kahnawake Mohawks, 26, 34, 69
Kamiakin (Yakama), 179
Kanaghqweasea (Canaghquieson) (Kanaghwaes) (Kanongyweniyah) (“standing ears of corn”) (Oneida). see Conoghquieson
Kanawha River, 62, 63, 66, 72, 77, 81, 87, 90, 91
Kanien’kehaka (Mohawk), xii
Kansa Indians (Kaws), 170–71, 216
Kansas
Arapahos and Cheyennes and, 183
Cherokee lands, 163
Indian raids and, 183
Little Arkansas Treaty and, 184
map, 215
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 210–11, 216
non-Indians and, 176
reservations, 183
Senecas and, 119
violence and, 217
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), 176
Kansas Pacific Railroad, 184, 186
Kaswentha (Gus-Wen-Tah) (wampum belt), 3. see also wampum belts
Katsienkos (Koietsenkos) (Qóichégàus) (Real/Principal Dogs) (Sentinel Horses) (Kiowas), 191, 197, 207
Kaws (Kansa Indians), 170–71, 216
Kayaderosseras patent, 65
Kayusuta (Guyasuta) (Seneca), 54
Keeper of the Sacred Arrows (Medicine Arrows) (Stone Forehead) (Cheyenne), 211, 216
Kendall, Amos, 125, 135, 158
Kentucky
Boone and, 87
Cherokees and, 91, 122
Fort Stanwix cession and, 90
Henderson and, 104
Shawnees and, 86, 91, 103
Virginia and, 81, 84, 89, 98
Kentucky (Catawba) River, 81, 303n129
Kickapoos, 60, 235
Kicking Bird (Teneangopte) (Tonaenko) (Kiowa)
assassination of, 223
gifts from, 206
image, 203
medals and, 212
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 183, 194, 197, 198, 202, 205
Sheridan and, 218
Warren Wagon Train Massacre and, 220
Killbuck (Delaware), 68, 85
King, Thomas (Oneida), 64
King George’s War (1744–48), 20, 24
kinship
boundaries and, 46–47
calumet and, 33
captives and, 47–48
Cherokees and, 123
Croghan and, 58
“fictive,” 12–13, 18
French and, 287n9
Iroquois and, 24–25
W. Johnson and, 51, 57
metaphors, 99
Plains Indians and, 165
protests and, 120
trade and, 167
women and, 18
Kinzua Dam, 10–11
Kiowas. see also Plains Indians; individual Kiowas
additional compensation, 238
alliances, 171
artists, 224
attacks south of Rio Grande, 172
Black Kettle and, 183
Cheyennes and, 5, 171, 197, 210
Comanches and, 201, 210
Fort Atkinson Treaty and, 176
Jerome Commission and, 235–36, 237
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 182, 193, 194, 197, 201, 205, 206, 209, 210, 215–16
as prisoners, 223
reservations, 163, 183, 203, 205, 214, 215, 219, 238
resistance by, 184
Texas and, 184
US Indian Peace Commission and, 186
violence of, 218–19, 220, 221
Kip, Lawrence, 177, 178, 179
Kirkland, Samuel, 74, 92, 102
Knell, David, 160
Knox, Henry, 98, 105, 109
Koietsenkos (Katsienkos) (Qóichégàus) (Real/Principal Dogs) (Sentinel Horses) (Kiowas), 191, 197, 207
Kondiaronk (the Rat) (Huron), 15
Kutenais, 179
Kwahadi Comanches, 200, 216
labor, cheap, 173
La Chine massacre, 1
Lake Ontario, 1, 72<
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Lakotas (Sioux), xii. see also Plains Indians; individual Lakotas; specific Lakota subtribes
alliances, 171
Black Hills and, 234
calumet and, 35
Crows and, 171
Fort Laramie Treaty and, 227
Harney and, 187
Oglalas, 35, 226, 239
Red Cloud War and, 184–85
Sioux Act and, 234–35
Lamar, Mirabeau B., 156, 172
land. see also agriculture; buffalos; hunting; railroads; settlers, American; specific treaties
bounties, 58, 67, 84, 100, 103, 111
colonial era and, 43–48
cultural understanding of, 44
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 48, 84
interpreters and, 42
ownership of, 5, 44
private (private property), 93, 98, 204, 234
removal and, 118–19
land, sales of
Black Hawk on, 115
as capital offense, 118, 129
Cherokees and, 123–24, 133
Croghan and, 58
deceit and, 111
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 91
prices, 116
Red Jacket and, 113
right of conquest versus, 105
rights and, 65
sales of, 4, 44, 56, 121
Sandusky conference and, 109
speculators and, 55–56
treaties and, 98, 113
Wharton and, 84–85
Wyandots on, 116
land companies, 4–5, 101. see also specific companies
languages of treaties, 196, 197, 238, 240. see also interpreters and go-betweens
Latrobe, Charles, 118–19
Lawrence Tribune (newspaper), 228
Lawyer (Nez Perce), 178, 227
leadership, Indian, 17, 19, 21, 86, 129, 136, 149
Lean Bear (Cheyenne), 224
Leather Shirt (Ecueracapa) (Iron Coat) (Comanche), 21
Leavenworth, Jesse, 184, 189, 194, 201, 214, 216
Lee, Arthur, 100, 102
Lee, Richard Henry, 97–98
Lee, Williams v. (1959), 239
Left Hand (Arapaho), 197
legality, 3, 4, 14, 56, 58, 86, 121, 145, 149, 229, 239, 242. see also authority; rights of Indians; sovereignty; US authority; US courts; US Supreme Court
Lehigh Valley, 39
Le Jeune, Paul, 22
Lenni Lenapes. see Delawares
Leschi (Nisqually), 177
L’Etalie, François, 175
Lewis, Andrew, 66–67, 81, 90, 94
Lewis, Charles, 90
Lewis, Meriwether, 5, 145, 164, 167–71, 178, 228
The Life and Adventures of Joaquin Murieta, The Celebrated California Bandit (J. R. Ridge), 161
Lincoln, Abraham, 176, 194, 200
Lindsay, William, 149
liquor
Canasatego and, 23
Chicago Treaty and, 119
colonial era and, 45–46
Conoghquieson on, 53–54
Croghan and, 57
Harrison and, 116
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 197, 201, 216
Montour and, 69
Pickering on, 111
Satanta and, 192
Seneca treaty and, 119
Teedyuscung, 39, 46
Treaty of St. Louis and, 115
literacy, 111, 128, 129, 238. see also written treaties
literature, treaties as, 8
Little Abraham. see Abraham
Little Carpenter (Attakullakulla) (Cherokee), 63, 81, 91
Little Man (Cheyenne Dog Soldier), 210
Little Medicine (Cheyenne), 235
Little Mountain (Kiowa), 171, 172
Little Raven (Arapaho)
delegation to Washington and, 231
Fort Larned conference and, 191
image, 232
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 191, 205, 209–10, 211, 216
on Sand Creek massacre, 183
Sheridan and, 218
Stanley on, 198
on women, 18
Little Robe (Cheyenne), 183, 205, 209, 211, 212, 231, 232
Little Turkey (Cherokee), 95
Little Turtle (Miami), 112–13
Logan (Mingo), 88
London, delegations to, 15, 30
Lone Horn (Miniconjou Sioux), 175–76
Lone Wolf (Guipahko) (Kiowa), 176, 183, 198, 218–19, 220, 221, 224
Lone Wolf (Mamaydayte, adopted son) (Kiowa), 225, 236, 237, 238
Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 237–38
Long, John, 17, 32, 33, 52
long knife (Assaryquoa) (Assaraquoa) (sword), 25, 29
Looking Glass (Nez Perce), 179
Looney, John (Cherokee), 154
Lords of the Treasury, 82
Louisa River, 303n129
Louisiana, 40, 54, 166, 169
Louisiana Purchase, 170
Louisiana Territory, 5, 21, 34, 117
Louis XIV, 4
Lower Creeks, 116–17, 118
Lowery, George (Cherokee), 147
Loyal Land Company, 67
Lumpkin, Wilson, 137, 142, 148–49, 150, 155
Lydius, John Henry, 46, 75
Lyons, Scott, 2–3
Lyttleton, William, 48
Mackenzie, Ranald, 222
Magpie (Cheyenne), 190, 190, 196, 218
Mahdabee, 10
Mahicans, 25, 108. see also individual Mahicans
Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act (1980), 241
Maman-ti (Touching the Sky) (Dohate) (Owl Prophet) (Kiowa), 223, 224
Mamaydayte (Lone Wolf, adopted son) (Kiowa), 225, 236, 237, 238
Mandans, 167, 169, 170, 172, 175. see also Plains Indians
Manifest Destiny, 172. see also US expansion
Mann, Barbara, 309n51
Manypenny, George, 233–34
maps, 46–47, 78, 175, 215
Maquachake (Mekoche) (Shawnee), 102, 103
Marquette, Jacques, 32
Marshall, John, 133, 134
Marshall, Peter, 63, 82
Marshe, Witham, 41, 46
Martin, Joseph, 103–4
Maryland, 41, 44
Mascoutens, 60
Mason-Dixon line, 83
Massachusetts, 241
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 4
Massasoit (Wampanoag), 13–14
matrilineal societies, 24
Mayetin (Woman’s Heart) (Kiowa), 221, 223, 224
McCusker, Philip, 196, 198, 206, 215, 231, 232
McGillivray, Alexander, 107
McIlworth, Thomas, 50
McIntosh, John, 157
McIntosh, Johnson v. (1823), 5, 109
McIntosh, Lachlan, 103–4
McIntosh, William (Creek), 118, 125, 129
McKay, William Cameron, 179
McKee, Alexander, 85
McKenney, Thomas, 99
Mdwekantons, 174
medals
allegiances and, 21
Hopewell Treaty and, 104
Kiowas and Comanches and, 221
Lewis and Clark and, 167
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 212
peace medals, 99, 198, 206, 208, 212, 221
power and, 99
Wayne and, 112
mediators, 13. see also interpreters and go-betweens
Medicine Arrow ceremony, 205
Medicine Arrows (Keeper of the Sacred Arrows) (Stone Forehead) (Cheyenne), 211, 216
Meigs, Jane (Ross), 158
Meigs, Return J., 141–42
Meigs, Return J. (grandson), 158
Mekoche (Maquachake) (Shawnee), 102, 103
Meldrum, Robert, 175
Memorial Peace Park (Medicine Lodge), 225
memory
calumet and, 34
colonial era and, 35–40
Hopewell Treaty and, 104
US Supreme Court and, 238
wampum and, 27–29, 30, 32
writing and, 39
> Menominees, 170
Merrell, James, 8, 57
Mesquakies (Fox Indians), 34, 115, 170, 235
metaphors, 14–15, 22, 24, 42
Métis (mixed heritage people), 32, 42–43
Mexican War (war of 1846–1848), 172
Mexico, 5, 138, 156, 165, 172
Miamis, 20, 25, 35, 105, 112–13, 116, 140
Michigan, 105, 115, 139
Mille Lacs (Ojibwe), 240
miners, 177
Mingos, 54, 77, 88
Miniconjou Sioux, 175
Minnesota, 174, 240
missionaries, 134. see also individual missionaries
Mississaugas, 32
Mississippi law, 118
Mississippi state, 98, 104–5, 115
Mississippi Valley, 4, 32
Missouri, 119, 169, 185
Missouri Democrat (newspaper), 188
Missouri Republican (newspaper), 189
Missouris, 167, 170
Mitchell, David D., 175
moccasins, 169
modern law, 241–42
modification of treaties, 48
Mohawk language, 68, 71
Mohawks. see also Iroquois (Iroquois League) (Six Nations); Kahnawake Mohawks; individual Mohawks
abduction by, 26
adoptions by, 41
Croghan and, 58
Dutch traders and, 3
Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 75, 85, 246, 248
Iroquois League and, 1, 24
W. Johnson and, 50, 51, 52, 57, 65, 76
Kayadoerosseras patent and, 65
names for, xii
neutrality and, 2
post French and Indian War, 64
Revolutionary War and, 92
singing and, 31
wampum and, 30–31
women, 19
Mohawk Valley, 52, 69
Moluntha (Mekoche Shawnee), 103
Monongahela battle (1755), 57
Monroe, James, 170
Montagnais, 22
Montana, 171, 177
Montcalm, Marquis de, 20
Montmagny, Chevalier de (Great Mountain) (Onontio), 25
Montour, Andrew (Sattelihu, Eghnisera), 40, 41, 42, 68, 69, 88
Montour, Madam, 69
Montreal, Great Peace of (1701), 1–2, 8, 15, 49
Montreal surrender (1760), 54
Mooney, James, 196
morality, 242–43
Moravians, 25, 42, 47, 125, 142
Morgan, George, 58, 60, 61, 66, 90–91, 94, 96, 97
Morris, Robert Hunter, 16, 47
motives for treaties, 7–8
Mount Johnson, 52
multiculturalism, 14, 52–53
Murphy, Thomas, 184, 189, 217, 218
Murray, James (Governor (Lord) Dunmore), 90
names, 25
Napoleon Bonaparte, 5
Narragansetts, 13, 14, 19–20
National Party (Cherokee), 147, 153–54, 156, 160, 162. see also Ross, John (Cherokee)
nation-to-nation networks, 13
“Native American” (“Indian”), xii
Native American Rights Fund, 239
Navajos, 166, 227, 239
Nebraska, 183
negotiations. see also diplomacy; rituals
Indians and, 3
Iroquoian, 67
power and, 7
Pen and Ink Witchcraft Page 56