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The Marshall Plan

Page 75

by Benn Steil


  Nosek, Jindřich, 138, 424

  Nosek, Václav, 236, 424

  Nourse, Edwin, 194, 197, 424, 532n

  Novikov, Nikolai, 46, 59, 71, 77, 118, 120, 121, 424

  nuclear weapons, 4, 9–10, 91, 125–26, 250, 291, 321, 378

  Nunn, Sam, 388

  Nye, Joseph, 2, 31

  Occupation Statute, 335–36

  occupation zones, 4, 63–64, 70, 457

  see also specific zones

  Office of European Affairs, U.S., 151, 160

  Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI), 228

  Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), 315–16

  Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 188

  Office of War Mobilization, U.S., 104

  oil supplies, 11, 24, 190, 215, 257, 367, 401

  “One World” agenda, x, 2–3, 10, 371–72

  “On the International Situation” (Zhdanov), 182–85

  “On the Morals of Chess” (Franklin), 340

  open-door approach, 88, 265–67, 268, 271, 385

  Orbán, Viktor, 396, 424–25

  Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), 305–6, 336, 370

  Orwell, George, 10, 337

  Otschkin, Boris, 290–91, 425

  Palais de Marbre Rose, 331

  Palestine, 17, 21

  Panama Canal, 24

  Parliament, British, 267

  Parliamentary Council (West Germany), 287

  Parodi, Alexandre, 333, 425

  Partnership for Peace (PfP), 390

  pastoralization, x, 66, 89, 115, 149, 161

  Patterson, Robert, 33, 52, 60, 199, 425

  Patton, George S., 5, 241, 425

  Pauley, Edwin, 62, 425

  Pavlov, Valentin, 387, 425

  Payne, Robert, 304

  Pearl Harbor attack (1941), 2, 26, 97

  Pearson, Drew, 201, 425

  Peasant Party, 82

  Pella, Giuseppe, 354, 355

  “percentages agreement,” 47, 241

  Peres, Shimon, 399–400

  perestroika, 381, 385

  Peskov, Dmitry, 399, 425

  Peter I (“the Great”), Czar of Russia, 71

  Peterson, Maurice D., 122, 425

  Philadelphia Inquirer, 334

  Philby, Kim, 79, 425

  Philip, André, 18, 425

  Pickering, Thomas, 388, 425

  Pieck, Wilhelm, 80, 254, 336, 337, 425

  Plan A, 326–28

  Poland, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 16, 17, 28, 63, 71, 74, 78, 83, 119, 128, 130, 132, 133, 135, 136–37, 141, 142, 148, 180–86, 184, 185, 186, 227, 228, 241, 242, 306, 315, 340, 372, 384, 385, 387, 391, 393, 395–96, 401, 402

  police forces, 236, 237–38, 240, 254, 275, 290

  Policy Planning Staff (PPS), 87–88, 98–103, 108, 253, 265, 316, 328

  Policy Planning Staff paper (PPS/1), 98–103

  Polish Workers Party, 136–37

  Politburo, 74, 119, 127–28, 130, 211, 293, 303

  Populists, 236–37

  Portugal, 147, 318

  Portugalov, Nikolai, 380–81

  “Positions and Recommendations” report, 33

  Poskrebyshev, Alexander, 127–28

  Potsdam Conference (1945), 5–9, 20–21, 34, 62–63, 64–65, 66, 70, 91, 128, 133, 164, 202, 203, 204, 241, 255, 268, 269, 276, 277, 281, 330–31, 356, 371

  pounds sterling, 22, 154, 161–62, 165

  Prague, 138, 143, 237

  Prague coup (1948), 235–44, 250, 257, 259, 265, 266, 340, 371, 384, 394

  Pravda, 24, 47, 57, 119, 239, 298

  Present at the Creation (Acheson), 35

  President’s Committee on Foreign Aid (Harriman Committee), 194–98, 222–23, 263, 343, 345, 416, 532n

  price controls, 168, 220, 221, 270, 307, 346, 361

  Primakov, Yevgeny, 387–88, 425

  Princeton University, 22–23

  production levels (productivity), 77, 81–82, 94–95, 163, 168–69, 174, 366

  Progressive Party, 267

  propaganda, 38, 74, 91, 151, 175, 183, 187–88, 205, 217, 228–29, 236, 250, 257, 261–62, 267, 302–3, 310, 314, 315–16, 323, 328, 330, 349, 352, 369, 401

  protectionism (trade barriers), 51, 66, 88, 100–101, 155, 156, 158–59, 167–68, 172, 216, 223, 306, 363–65, 369

  Prudential Life Insurance Co., 232

  Putin, Vladimir, 380, 391, 392, 394–95, 398–99, 401, 425–26

  Quadripartite (Four Power) agreement, 95, 208, 273, 286, 288, 290–91, 308, 310, 323, 329–33, 361, 379–80

  Quebec Conference (1943), 69

  Queuille, Henri, 320, 351, 353, 374, 426

  radio, 87, 228–29, 238, 239, 268, 275, 286, 315, 323

  Radio in the American Sector, 286

  Radio Moscow, 239, 268

  Rally of the French People (RPF), 187, 350, 412

  Ramadier, Paul, 114–15, 134, 137, 186, 188, 360, 374, 426

  Ratiani, Georgii M., 298, 426

  rationing, 68, 105, 190, 221, 302, 307, 366–67

  raw materials, 82, 94, 140, 164, 222–23, 251, 342, 364, 572n

  Rayburn, Sam, 34, 190, 191–92, 426

  Reagan, Ronald, 381, 426

  reconstruction, 51, 118–19, 140–41, 149–50, 206–10, 313–14, 336, 357–62, 378–79

  Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), 51

  Red Army, 4, 48, 75, 185, 188, 210, 237–38, 239, 241–42, 250, 257, 270, 303, 382–84

  Reed, Philip D., 214, 426

  refugees, 303, 330

  Reichstag, 15

  reparations, 4, 6–7, 60–71, 75–79, 85, 107, 109, 123, 128, 131, 176, 203–6, 249, 266, 276, 281, 310, 313, 325, 330, 331, 337, 356–58, 361, 362, 368

  Republican Party, U.S., 34, 37, 50, 88, 101, 111, 191–98, 199, 213, 215–16, 219–22, 224, 225–26, 247–48, 251, 258, 259, 260, 262, 301–2, 317–18, 346, 348, 371, 372, 389–90

  Reston, James, 27, 36–37, 87, 96, 101, 180, 185, 210, 211, 213, 223, 228, 231, 232, 250, 259, 327, 426

  reunification, 209, 326, 377–78, 379, 381, 382, 419, 427, 430, 557, 562, 570n

  Reuter, Ernst, 274, 279, 290, 304, 307–10, 426

  Révai, József, 180, 426

  revolutionary violence, 186, 187–89

  Rhine region, 82, 103, 252

  Riddleberger, James (Jimmie), 243, 325, 426

  Ripka, Hubert, 119, 140, 142, 143, 236, 237, 239, 240, 243–44, 426

  Roberts, Frank, 283–84, 286, 426

  Robertson, Brian, 64, 206, 207, 272, 280, 307, 308–9, 361, 426

  Roll, Eric, 156, 426–27

  Roman Empire, 35

  Romania, 7, 16, 71, 73, 126, 136, 142, 148, 184, 228, 306, 399, 401, 530n

  Rome, 155, 355

  Roosevelt, Eleanor, 115, 356, 370, 427

  Roosevelt, Franklin D.:

  Acheson’s views on, 38, 88, 89, 341

  background of, 427

  death of, 47, 62, 97, 104

  economic policies of, 8, 11, 12, 26, 51, 88–89, 90, 91, 162, 165, 192, 222, 362, 370

  foreign policy of, 8, 12, 26, 51, 56, 82, 162, 176, 192, 213–14, 222, 362, 370, 379

  German reconstruction as viewed by, 56, 61–62, 75, 77, 89, 104, 128, 379

  Morgenthau Plan supported by, 6, 115

  Morgenthau’s relationship with, 8, 69, 81, 89–90, 165, 270

  New Deal programs of, 51, 88, 192, 195–96, 215, 216, 366

  One World agenda of, x, 2–3, 10, 371–72

  postwar development supported by, 2–3, 9, 10, 12, 18, 24, 26, 38, 40, 75, 82, 88–89, 90, 91, 162, 165, 223, 295, 309, 318, 341, 362, 370, 371–72, 379

  at Potsdam Conference, 7–8, 62

  Soviet policy of, 2–3, 5, 28, 61–62, 77, 82, 97, 176, 182, 241, 270, 357, 398

  Stalin’s relationship with, 3–4, 5, 7–8, 9, 24, 47, 73, 77, 82, 165, 182

  at Tehran Conference, 78

  Truman compared with, 5, 8, 9, 12, 38, 40, 47, 62, 88–89, 91, 97, 98, 165, 182, 371–72

  U.N. proposal of, 40, 82, 295, 309, 3
18

  at Yalta Conference, 6, 24, 75, 88, 223

  Rostow, Eugene, 241, 427

  Rostow, Walt, 66, 87, 91, 427

  Royall, Kenneth, 12, 92, 151–52, 229, 271, 280, 290, 296, 427

  rubles, 270

  Ruhr region, 62, 66, 68, 82, 123, 150, 152, 153, 164, 203, 276, 281, 360

  Russell, Bertrand, 303

  Russia, 6, 57, 126, 204, 292, 374, 375, 385–88, 574n, 576n

  Russian Civil War, 57

  Russian Revolution, 126, 204, 292

  Russo-Japanese War, 6

  Saakashvili, Mikheil, 396–97, 427

  Saar region, 62, 66–67, 69, 150, 322, 356

  Sabanadze, Natalie, 402, 427

  Sarbanes, Paul, 393

  Sartre, Jean-Paul, 303

  Sazonov, Sergei, 71, 427

  Scandinavia, 159, 168–69, 171, 173

  see also specific countries

  Schumacher, Kurt, 208–9, 228, 328, 335, 336, 359, 427

  Schuman, Robert, 188, 263, 271, 287, 294, 295, 309, 313–14, 322, 327, 350–51, 360, 374, 427

  Schuman Plan, 153, 374

  Scowcroft, Brent, 387, 427

  Secret Police, 237–38

  Selective Service, U.S., 258

  Semenov, Vladimir, 253–54, 427

  Semler, Johannes, 359, 428

  Senate, U.S., 34, 39, 42, 50, 57, 70, 97, 207, 211–12, 221, 226, 228–30, 247–49, 257–58, 260, 301–2, 317–20, 346

  Foreign Relations Committee of, 57, 70, 196, 211–12, 225, 230, 248, 319

  Serbia, 391–95

  Seville, Kingdom of, 339

  Sforza, Carlo, 189, 428

  Shreve, Earl, 223–24

  Sicherman, Harvey, 382, 428

  Široký, Viliam, 142–43, 428

  Slánský, Rudolf, 180–81, 428

  Slovak Democrats, 236–37

  Slovakia, 385, 401

  Slovenia, 401

  Smirnov, Andrei, 202, 254, 428

  Smith, Frederick, 216, 428

  Smith, Jean Edward, 534n–35n

  Smith, Lawrence H., 193, 198, 231, 428

  Smith, Walter Bedell, 25, 60, 70, 73–74, 77, 144, 152, 180, 206–7, 265–67, 268, 283–87, 288, 293, 312, 428, 518n

  Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930), 51

  Smutný, Jaromír, 239–40, 428

  Snyder, John, 220, 221, 428

  Social Democratic Labor Party, 72

  Social Democratic Party (SPD), 76, 80, 208–9, 228, 304, 310, 328, 335, 359, 382

  Social Democrats (Czechoslovakia), 237

  socialism, 20, 123, 170, 192, 216, 227–28, 235, 344, 348–49, 359–61

  Socialist Party, 187, 272, 349, 350

  Socialist Unity Party (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands) (SED), 80, 273, 285, 286, 303, 311, 336–37, 383

  Sokolovsky, Vasily, 64, 65, 253–54, 271, 272, 273–74, 276, 277–78, 282, 289, 291, 312, 357, 428

  Soros, George, 374, 428

  “Sources of Soviet Conduct, The” (Kennan), 90–91

  South Korea, 33, 115

  sovereignty, 49, 131, 140, 163, 169, 171

  Soviet Military Administration, 228, 271, 275

  Soviet Union:

  Acheson’s views on, 25–28, 30, 35, 40, 42, 43, 50, 51–52, 91, 92–93, 98, 129, 133, 311, 313, 336, 373

  autocratic tradition in, 58, 71, 182, 312, 337, 385–86

  borders and buffer areas of, x, 38, 63, 71, 73, 212, 235, 244, 282, 356, 371, 372, 386, 390, 391, 395, 398, 460

  collapse of, 386–87, 391, 399

  Communist Party of (CPSU), 46, 57–58, 74, 119, 121, 127–28, 130, 135, 163, 175, 180, 181, 211, 227–28, 230, 293, 303, 380

  containment of, 29–32, 33, 37, 41, 255–56, 316, 325–28, 340, 369, 373, 375, 386, 389–90, 403

  coup in (1991), 387

  Eastern Europe dominated by, 23, 70, 80–81, 82, 91, 108, 123, 138, 236–37, 242–44, 250–51, 259, 278, 324, 370–72, 390

  elections (1946) in, 10, 27, 29

  expansionism, 24–25, 39, 47–48, 73, 82–83, 107–9, 110, 161

  FDR’s policy on, 2–3, 5, 28, 61–62, 77, 82, 97, 176, 182, 241, 270, 357, 398

  five-year plans for, 123

  German invasion of, 73, 278, 386

  map of, 460

  Marshall Plan opposed by, 115–21, 126–29, 130, 132–45, 161, 175–84, 202–6, 223, 227–30, 242–44, 259, 265–68, 275–76, 288–89, 306, 314–15, 370–71, 383–90, 400

  Marshall’s views on, 84–86, 108–9, 115, 228, 281–82, 285, 287

  military forces of, 4, 48, 75, 185, 188, 210, 237–38, 239, 241–42, 250, 257, 270, 303, 382–84

  Moscow show trials in, 179, 182

  in Nazi nonaggression pact (1939), 73, 79

  Prague coup (1948) orchestrated by, 235–44, 250, 257, 259, 265, 266, 340, 371, 384, 394

  satellites of, 10, 23, 102, 121, 133, 135–36, 144–45, 168, 257, 401

  sphere of influence of, 2, 7, 47, 60, 241, 250, 340–41, 370–71, 404, 456, 566n

  Truman’s policies on, 5, 8–9, 25, 32–34, 62–63, 85, 165, 175–76, 183, 219, 228, 242, 265, 278–83, 370–71, 372, 380

  U.S. embassy in, 28, 55, 65

  Soviet zone, 20, 79–81, 228, 270, 271, 272, 275, 280, 281–82, 285, 329–30, 336

  Spaak, Paul-Henri, 17–18, 158, 160, 252, 305, 428–29

  Spain, 24, 147, 148, 260

  spheres of influence, 2, 7, 47, 60, 241, 250, 340–41, 370–71, 404, 456, 566n

  Spiel, Hilde, 106, 272, 275, 429

  Stalin, Joseph:

  Acheson’s views on, 24–25, 310–11, 312, 323

  background of, 3, 57, 292, 339, 429

  Berlin blockade approved by, 323–25, 332, 372

  Berlin policies of, 253–54, 278, 282–83, 287–88, 291–92, 296–97, 303, 310–12, 323, 330–31, 334

  Cold War strategy of, 10, 31, 182–83, 259, 266–67, 390

  Cominform supported by, 180, 182, 184, 185–86

  Czech relations of, 138–44, 242–44, 250–51, 259, 340, 372

  death of, 306, 312, 408

  as dictator, 3, 4, 17, 27–28, 29, 57, 58, 61, 73–75, 130, 138–44, 182–84, 185, 211, 291, 303, 311–12, 337, 339

  Eastern European policies of, 23, 70, 79, 80–81, 82, 91, 108, 123, 138, 236–37, 242–44, 250–51, 259, 278, 324, 335–36, 337, 370–72, 390

  East German policies of, 79, 324, 335–36, 337, 372

  “election speech” of (1946), 10, 27, 29, 71

  European communism supported by, 29, 181–84, 185–88, 211, 227, 351

  expansionist and interventionist policies of, 24–25, 39, 47–48, 73, 82–83, 107–9, 110, 161

  FDR’s relationship with, 3–4, 5, 7–8, 9, 24, 47, 73, 77, 82, 165, 182

  foreign policy of, 3, 24–25, 31, 71–83, 127–29, 133, 181–82, 203, 211, 296, 339–40, 370–71, 380

  German independence opposed by, 3, 5, 7–9, 10, 61–62, 68, 78–83, 115, 120, 177, 203, 253–54, 276, 296, 311, 335–36, 368, 372

  Kennan’s views on, 29, 107–9, 237, 267, 269, 340–41, 385, 389

  London Program opposed by, 284–87, 288, 311, 313

  Marshall Plan opposed by, 115–21, 127–29, 130, 133–35, 142–45, 161, 177, 179–84, 223, 242–44, 259, 266–67, 288–89, 306, 314–15, 370–71, 385, 400

  Marshall’s relationship with, 39, 46, 55–57, 71–86, 105, 110, 115, 177, 179, 281, 285, 341, 349

  military security as concern of, 211, 223, 235–36, 250–54, 266–67, 278, 282, 317–18, 322, 339–41, 370–71, 381, 390

  Molotov’s relationship with, 4, 6, 47, 48, 58, 74, 77, 79, 110, 120, 127–30, 133, 203, 266–67, 269, 288, 291, 293

  Morgenthau Plan supported by, 339–41, 370–71, 381, 390

  NATO opposed by, 317–18, 322

  negotiating attitude and strategy of, 4, 72, 77, 83, 139–40, 182, 268–69, 284–87, 291–92, 310–15, 330–31

  at Potsdam Conference, 6–8, 276

  at Tehran Conference, 74

  Truman Doctrine as opposed by, 46–47,
48, 165, 242

  Truman’s relationship with, 5–9, 24–25, 46–47, 62–63, 82, 165, 242, 267–69, 278, 282–83, 293–96, 389

  Vinson’s proposed meeting with, 293–95, 312

  Wallace initiative supported by, 267–68

  at Yalta Conference, 4, 24–25, 79, 205–6

  Stalingrad, Battle of, 204, 312

  starvation, 15, 18, 89, 95, 99–100, 105, 170, 208–9, 244, 245, 275, 358

  State, War, and Navy department staff (SWNCC), 86–87, 98

  State Department, U.S., 9, 18, 27, 32–34, 37, 51, 55–57, 86–87, 89, 98, 101–2, 108–11, 134, 142, 150, 154, 156, 157, 158–59, 206–7, 219, 300, 301, 315, 335

  steel, 150, 153, 159–60, 164, 169, 215, 277–78, 310, 322

  Steinbrueck, Peer, 374, 429

  Steinhardt, Laurence, 142, 143, 237, 239, 240, 242, 243, 259, 429

  Stettinius, Edward, 77

  Stillwell, James, 151

  Stimson, Henry L., 89, 91, 101, 133, 189–90, 198–99, 206, 271, 429

  stock market crash (1929), 51

  stopgap funding, 221–22

  Stránský, Jaroslav, 236, 429

  Stuttgart, 67, 68, 209

  Sudoplatov, Pavel, 127, 128, 429

  Suez Canal, 24

  superpowers, 24, 35–36, 38, 40, 42–43, 161, 576n

  Suslov, Mikhail, 209, 227–28, 429

  Svoboda, Ludvík, 239, 429

  Sweden, 141, 147, 168, 190, 260, 341, 395

  Switzerland, 141, 147, 260

  Syria, 295, 392

  Szklarska Por¸eba conference, 180–85, 235

  Taber, John, 192, 232, 429

  Taft, Robert, 215–16, 226, 258, 429

  Talbott, Strobe, 387, 388–89, 429

  tariffs, 51, 100, 158–59, 165, 223, 314, 401

  TASS, 129, 228, 267, 268, 323

  taxation, 34, 67, 76, 90, 192, 222, 270, 307

  Taylor, Charles, 315

  Taylor, Frederick, 292

  Technical Committee on Berlin Currency and Trade, 308

  Tehran Conference (1943), 74, 78

  Teltschik, Horst, 378, 430

  Tempelhof airfield, 274, 277

  textiles, 224

  Thatcher, Margaret, 378, 379, 430

  Thorez, Maurice, 181, 185–88

  Tiananmen Square protests (1989), 380

  Time, 51, 222, 314, 320

  Tito (Josip Broz), 48, 73, 93, 130, 136, 184, 185, 245, 278, 289, 430

  Togliatti, Palmiro, 181, 188, 261, 263, 430, 568n

  Tolstoy, Leo, 28

  totalitarianism, 29, 61, 71, 89, 190–91, 212, 214, 248, 276, 503n–4n

  Toynbee, Arnold, 303

  trade barriers (protectionism), 51, 66, 88, 100–101, 155, 156, 158–59, 167–68, 172, 216, 223, 306, 363–65, 369

  trade deficits, 67–68, 70, 140, 141, 154, 173, 221, 307, 358, 362–65, 369–70

 

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