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46.“Kongo,” in Kwame Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates, Jr., eds., Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience, New York: Basic Books, 1999, pp. 1104–5; and Edgerton, Troubled Heart, pp. 7–14.
47.Edgerton, Troubled Heart, p. 60.
48.Patrick Manning, Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa, 1880–1985, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988, p. 129.
49.Library of Congress Area Handbook on Zaire, Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1993
50.“Congo, Democratic Republic of the,” in Africana, pp. 03–7.
51.Library of Congress Area Handbook on Zaire.
52.Ibid.
53.Edgerton, Troubled Heart, p. 181.
54.Wrong, In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz, p. 83.
55.http://www.facts.com/wnd/kabila.htm.
56.Minorities at Risk website, http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/assessment. asp?groupId=49003.
57.http://www.facts.com/wnd/kabila.htm.
58.http://www.theirc.org/index.cfm?section=news&wwwID=1704.
59.Edgerton, Troubled Heart, p. 237.
60.World Bank, “Democratic Republic of the Congo: Transitional Support Strategy,” February 4, 2004.
61.UNICEF, “State of the World’s Children 2005,” pp. 64–65.
62.Quoted in Christopher Hitchens, “The Perils of Partition,” Atlantic Monthly, March 2003.
63.Alberto Alesina, William Easterly, and Janina Matuszeski, “Artificial Countries and Economic Development,” Harvard and NYU mimeograph, 2005.
64.Howard M. Sachar, The Emergence of the Middle East: 1914–24, New York: Knopf, 1969, pp. 123–27.
65.Besides Sachar, see also the discussion in Arthur Goldschmidt, Jr., A Concise History of the Middle East, 7th ed., Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2002; David Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East, New York: Avon Books, 1989; Albert Hourani, A History of the Arab Peoples, New York: Warner Books, 1991; and Tom Segev, One Palestine Complete: Jews and Arabs under the British Mandate, New York: Metropolitan Books, 1999. I have drawn on all these sources for the text here.
66.Lawrence James, Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India, New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1997, p. 611f.
67.Quoted in Owen Bennet Jones, Pakistan: Eye of the Storm, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2002, p. 109.
68.Quoted in William Easterly, “The Political Economy of Growth Without Development: A Case Study of Pakistan,” in Dani Rodrik, ed., Searching for Prosperity, Princeton N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003, p. 396.
69.Mary Anne Weaver, Pakistan: In the Shadow of Jihad and Afghanistan, New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 2002, p. 219.
70.Quoted in Bennet Jones, Pakistan, p. 281.
71.Francis M. Deng, War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in the Sudan, Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1995, p. 26.
72.Jok Madut Jok, War and Slavery in Sudan, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001, p. 92.
73.Ibid., p. 96.
74.Deng, War of Visions, p. 5.
75.Ibid., p. 87.
76.Ibid., p. 95.
77.Ibid., p. 137.
78.Douglas H. Johnson, The Root Causes of Sudan’s Civil Wars, Oxford: James Currey, 2003, p. 180.
79.Scott Peterson, Me Against My Brother: At War in Somalia, Sudan, and Rwanda, New York: Routledge, 2000, p. 179.
80.Bill Berkeley, The Graves Are Not Yet Full: Race, Tribe, and Power in the Heart of Africa, New York: Basic Books, 2001, p. 210.
81.Ibid., p. 213.
82.International Monetary Fund, Sudan: Final Review Under the Medium-Term Staff-Monitored Program and the 2002 Program—Staff Report, November 2002, IMF Country Report, No. 02/245, p. 37.83. http://www.msf.org/content/page.cfm?articleid=84CE9E44-BE8C-4882-83BE7C9305E2B7E4.
84.http://www.savedarfur.org/go.php?q=currentSituation.html.
85.http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/fromthefield/108963973484.htm.
86.Global Development Network Growth Database, August 2003, Social Indicators and Fixed Factors file; www.nyu.edu/fas/institute/dri/index.html.
87.UNICEF, “State of the World’s Children 2005,” pp. 64–65.
88.Jayanth K. Krishnan, “Professor Kingsfield Goes to Delhi: American Academics, the Ford Foundation, and the Development of Legal Education in India,” William Mitchell College of Law Working Paper no. 3, March 2005.
CHAPTER 9. INVADING THE POOR
1.Quoted in http://www.socialstudieshelp.com/USRA_Imperialism_Justify.htm.
2.John McMillan, “Avoid Hubris: And Other Lessons for Reformers,” Stanford University mimeograph, July 2004.
3.Naomi Klein, “Baghdad Year Zero: Pillaging Iraq in Pursuit of a Neocon Utopia,” Harper’s, September 2004.
4.Ferguson, Colossus, p. 300.
5.Stephen Kinzer, Blood of Brothers: Life and War in Nicaragua, New York: Penguin, 1991, p. 364.
6.Lynn Horton, Peasants in Arms: War and Peace in the Mountains of Nicaragua, Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1988, p. 166.
7.The quote is from a Reagan speech made in 1986.
8.World Bank, Country Assistance Strategy, 2002.
9.Kinzer, Blood of Brothers, p. 179.
10.Horton, Peasants in Arms, p. 201.
11.Kinzer, Blood of Brothers, pp. 144–45.
12.Robert Kagan, A Twilight Struggle: American Power and Nicaragua, 1977–1990, New York: Free Press, 1996, pp. 210, 212.
13.Ibid., p. 218; Kinzer, Blood of Brothers, pp. 97–98
14.Horton, Peasants in Arms, pp. 233–35.
15.Ibid., pp. 267–69.
16.Ibid., pp. 281–82.
17.IMF, Article IV Report, February 2003, executive summary.
18.World Bank, Country Assistance Strategy, December 18, 2002.
19.Worth H. Weller, If This Soil Could Stop Bleeding: Nicaragua Before and After the Contra War, North Manchester, Ind.: De Witt Books, 2003, p. 98.
20.IMF, Article IV, 2003.
21.Quoted in Karl Maier, Angola: Promises and Lies, Rivonia, South Africa: William Waterman Publications, 1996, overleaf.
22.Quoted in Fernando Andresen Guimaraes, The Origins of the Angolan Civil War: Foreign Intervention and Domestic Political Conflict, New York: St. Martins Press, 2001, p. 194.
23.Library of Congress Area Handbook on Angola; and Maier, Angola.
24.Maier, Angola, p. 42.
25.Tony Hodges, Angola from Afro-Stalinism to Petro-Diamond Capitalism, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001, p. 37.
26.Library of Congress; and Guimaraes, Origins, p. 78.
27.Library of Congress, and Guimaraes, Origins, p. 157.
28.Berkeley, The Graves, p. 80.
29.Mark Huband, The Skull Beneath the Skin: Africa After the Cold War, Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2001, p. 34.
30.Guimaraes, Origins, p. 107.
31.Huband, Skull Beneath the Skin, p. 41.
32.Guimaraes, Origins, p. 190.
33.Ibid., p. 112.
34.Chester A. Crocker, High Noon in Southern Africa: Making Peace in a Rough Neighborhood, New York: Norton, 1992, p. 68.
35.Huband, The Skull Beneath the Skin, p. 42; Elaine Windrich, The Cold War Guerilla: Jonas Sarimbi, the U.S. Media, and the Angolan War; New York: Greenwood Press, 1992, p. 35.
36.Windrich, Cold War Guerilla, p. 35.
37.Ted Galen Carpenter, “U.S. Aid to Anti-Communist Rebels: The ‘Reagan Doctrine’ and Its Pitfalls,” Cato Policy Analysis 74 (June 24, 1986), http://www. cato.org/pubs/pas/pa074.html.
38.Windrich, Cold War Guerilla, p. 84.
39.Maier, Angola, p. 47.
40.BBC News obituary on Savimbi, February 25, 2002.
41.Crocker, High Noon, p. 297.
42.Ibid., p. 488.
43.World Bank, Transitional Support Strategy for the Republic of Angola, 2003, paragraph 9.
44.Hodges, Angola,
45.Data for 2001 from World Bank World Developme
nt Indicators.
46.UNAIDS, http://www.unaids.org/en/geographical+area/by+country/angola.asp. Figure as of early 2002.
47.Pfaff, Barbarian Sentiments, p. 9.
48.Hans Schmidt, The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1971, p. 31.
49.Ibid., p. 89.
50.Ibid., p. 148.
51.Library of Congress Area Handbook; Nicholls, From Dessalines to Duvalier.
52.Bob Shacochis, The Immaculate Invasion, New York: Viking, 1999, pp. 15, 144.
53.Robert Fatton, Jr., Haiti’s Predatory Government: The Unending Transition to Democracy, Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002, p. 124.
54.World Bank Institute, “Governance Indicators Dataset, 1996–2004,” www. worldbank.org/wbi/governance/govdata/.
55.http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/External/lac/lac.nsf/3af04372e7f23ef6852567d 6006b38a3/be0614ec8b422d70852567de0058a2a0?OpenDocument.
56.http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK: 20226165~menuPK:34457~pagePK:64003015~piPK:64003012~theSitePK: 4607,00.html.
57.http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3100.
58.Minxin Pei and Sara Kasper, “Lessons from the Past: The American Record on Nation-Building,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Policy, brief no. 24, May 2003.
59.David Rieff, A Bed for the Night: Humanitarianism in Crisis, New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002, pp. 206–7.
60.David Rieff, At the Point of a Gun: Democratic Dreams and Armed Intervention, New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005, pp. 65, 69.
61.Michael Barnett, Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2002, p. 100.
62.Alex de Waal, Famine Crimes: Politics and the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997, pp. 185–88.
63.Barnett, Eyewitness, p. 31.
64.De Waal, Famine Crimes, p. 184.
65.Barnett, Eyewitness, p. 134.
66.Ibid., p. 114.
67.Ibid., p. 179.
68.Jeremy M. Weinstein, Autonomous Recovery and International Intervention in Comparative Perspective, Center for Global Development Working Paper no. 57, April 2005. Earlier work by political scientist Roy Licklider (“The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945–1993,” American Political Science Review 89, no. 3 [September 1995]: 681–90) found that wars ending in a military victory resulted in recurring war (again measured as another war in the next ten years) 15 percent of the time, while war resumed after a negotiated settlement 50 percent of the time. Other authors making similar arguments include Robert Harrison Wagner, “The Causes of Peace,” in Roy Licklider, ed., Stopping the Killing, New York: New York University Press, 1993; and Monica Toft, “Peace Through Victory: The Durable Settlement of Civil Wars,” unpublished manuscript, Harvard University, 2003 (quoted in Weinstein, Autonomous Recovery ).
69.World Bank, Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy, Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2003, p. 168.
70.Rieff, At the Point of a Gun, p. 166.
71.Maier, Angola, pp. 11–12.
72.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/102/4/e45; Pediatrics 102, no. 4 (October 1998): e45; Joyce K. Kikafunda, Ann F. Walker, David Collett, James K. Tumwine, “Risk Factors for Early Childhood Malnutrition in Uganda,” from, respectively, the Department of Food Science and Technology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food Science and Technology, the University of Reading, White-knights, Reading, United Kingdom; the Department of Applied Statistics, the University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom; and the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda.
CHAPTER 10. HOMEGROWN DEVELOPMENT
1.Kenneth G. Henshall, A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower, London: Macmillan Press, 1999, pp. 70–71.
2.James L. McClain, Japan: A Modern History, New York: Norton, 2002, p. 156.
3.McClain, Japan, p. 162; and Andrew Gordon, A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, pp. 70–71.
4.McClain, Japan, pp. 216–17.
5.Ibid., pp. 232–33; and Randall Morck and Masao Nakamura, “Been There, Done That—The History of Corporate Ownership in Japan,” Center for Economic Institutions Working Paper Series no. 2004-4, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University.
6.McClain, Japan, p. 264.
7.Marius B. Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan, Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press/Harvard University Press, 2000, pp. 402–3.
8.John W. Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II, New York: Norton, 1999, p. 537.
9.Ibid., p. 545.
10.Frank Welsh, A Borrowed Place: The History of Hong Kong, New York: Kodansha International, 1993, p. 247; and C. M. Turnbull, A History of Singapore 1819–1975, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1977, p. 89.
11.http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/nsf05300/pdf/tables.pdf.
12.Alice Amsden, The Rise of the “Rest”: Challenges to the West from Late-Industrializing Economies, New York: Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 221.
13.http://www.tsmc.com/english/a_about/a_about_index.htm.
14.Amsden, Rise of the “Rest,” p. 193, 199; http://www.brandingasia.com/cases/ case1.htm.
15.http://www.forbes.com/lists/results.jhtml?passListId=10&passYear=2004&pass ListType=Person&resultsStart=1&resultsHowMany=25&resultsSortProperties= %2Bnumberfield1%2C%2Bstringfield1&resultsSortCategoryName=rank& category1=Country+of+Residence&searchParameter1=7Str%7C%7CPatCS% 7C%7CTaiwan&category2=category&searchParameter2=unset.
16.Jonathan Spence, To Change China: Western Advisers in China, New York: Penguin Books, 1969.
17.Christopher Jespersen, American Images of China, 1931–1949, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996, p. 37.
18.John King Fairbank and Merle Goldman, China: A New History, Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap/Harvard, 1998, p. 284.
19.Jonathan Spence, The Search for Modern China, 2d ed., New York: Norton, 1999.
20.Jespersen, American Images, p. 120; Fairbank and Goldman, China, p. 291.
21.Rist, The History of Development, p. 65.
22.For year ending in September 2004, http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/ statistics/product/naics/naicsctry/imports/i316214.html.
23.Amsden, Rise of the “Rest,” p. 217.
24.http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/eap/eap.nsf/Countries/China/42F2084B942D74 C68p. 5256C7600687DBF?OpenDocument.
25.Gurcharan Das, India Unbound: From Independence to the Global Information Age, London: Profile Books, 2002, pp. 248–50.
26.http://www.wipro.com/aboutus/whoweare.htm.
27.http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/02_47/b3809168.htm.
28.http://www.forbes.com/finance/lists/10/2004/LIR.jhtml?passListId=10&pass Year=2004&passListType=Person&uniqueId=1UFS&datatype=Person.
29.Not her real name, but the rest is true.
30.http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/Zakat/.
31.http://www.forbes.com/finance/lists/10/2004/LIR.jhtml?passListId=10&pass Year=2004&passListType=Person&uniqueId=HDKF&datatype=Person.
32.Sources on the Koç Group:. https://secure.bookinturkey.com/main_en/info/aboutkoc_0.asp?id=1; http://www.kocbank.com.tr/kocbank/english/aboutus/default.asp; http://www.internationalreports.net/europe/turkey/stay%20close.html; Metin Demirsar, “Koç-Sabanci rivalries divide Turkish economy,” Turkish Daily News, 1996; http://www.vekam.org.tr/en/ogutler.html; http://www.bekoelektronik.com.tr/bekoen/kurucu.htm; http://www.bekoelektronik.com.tr/bekoen/tarihce.htm; Harvard Business School, Koç Holding: Arcelik White Goods, September 1997; available from Harvard Business Online.
33.Amsden, Rise of the “Rest,” p. 160.
34.Laura Alfaro, Debora Spar, and Faheen Allibhoy, “Botswana: A Diamond in the Rough,” mimeograph, Harvard Business School, March 31, 2003.
35.
Michael Houlihan, “Growth and Politics in Botswana, Burundi and Ghana: A Narrative Comparative Account,” New York University mimeograph, 2004.
36.U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. International Trade Statistics, by year through October 2004, http://censtats.census.gov/sitc/sitc.shtml.
CHAPTER 11. THE FUTURE OF WESTERN ASSISTANCE
1.Development Assistance Committee Working Party on Aid Effectiveness and Donor Practices, Managing for Development Results Principles in Action: Source-book on Emerging Good Practice, 2005, p. 1–11.
2.I am paraphrasing the summary of Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer, “Use of Randomization in the Evaluation of Development Effectiveness,” MIT and Harvard University mimeograph, 2004.
3.http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/412802.stm.
4.Duflo and Kremer, “Use of Randomization.”
5.All of these examples are from Duflo and Kremer, “Use of Randomization.”
6.Abhijit Banerjee and Rumin He, “Making Aid Work, MIT mimeograph, October 2003.
7.James R. Barth, Gerard Caprio, and Ross Levine, Rethinking Bank Regulation: Till Angels Govern, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
8.Dennis Whittle and Mari Kuraishi, “Competing with Central Planning: Marketplaces for International Aid,” Global Giving.com mimeo, 2004.
9.http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_48/b3910407.htm.
10.Nancy Birdsall and Brian Deese, “Hard Currency,” The Washington Monthly, 36, no. 3, March 2004, p. 39, quoted in Whittle and Kuraishi “Competing.”
11.This is akin to Duggan, Art of What Works, p. 167.
INDEX
Abdullah (king of Jordan)
Abdullah II (king of Jordan)
Ableidinger, Joseph
abstinence programs
accountability
Gordon Brown lacking
in bureaucracies
democracy ensuring
of donors
fees for health services for increasing
IMF lacking
individual
markets as vehicle for
for Millennium Development Goals
as necessity for success