The Oxford History of the Biblical World
Page 78
AMY-JILL LEVINE is E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Professor of New Testament Studies and Director of the Carpenter Program in Religion, Gender, and Sexuality at Vanderbilt Divinity School. She has published books on the Gospel of Matthew and Jewish women in antiquity. Forthcoming is her book Threatened Bodies: Women, Culture, Apocrypha; she is also editing a ten-volume series on feminist interpretations of early Christian texts.
CAROL MEYERS is Professor of Biblical Studies and Archaeology at Duke University and is currently codirector of the Sepphoris Regional Project. She has written, edited, and coedited twelve books, including Discovering Eve: Ancient Israelite Women in Context; Families in Ancient Israel; Haggai, Zechariah 1–8 and Zechariah 9–14 (both in the Anchor Bible); and Women in Scripture.
WAYNE T. PITARD is Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is the author of Ancient Damascus: A Historical Study of the Syrian City-State from Earliest Times until Its Fall to the Assyrians in 732 and numerous articles on the history of Syria-Palestine, the Ugaritic tablets, and concepts of death and afterlife in ancient Syria.
CAROL A. REDMOUNT is Professor of Egyptian and Syro-Palestinian Archaeology at the University of California-Berkeley. She has excavated throughout the Near East since 1971 and in Egypt since 1978; since 1992 she has directed excavations at Tell el-Muqdam in the Egyptian delta. Her research and publications focus on the archaeology of the delta, interrelationships between Egypt and Syria-Palestine in the second millennium BCE, and ancient and ethnoarchaeological ceramic studies.
DANIEL N. SCHOWALTER is Professor of Religion at Carthage College. He is the author of The Emperor and the Gods: Images from the Time of Trajan and contributes to the Archaeo-logical Resources for New Testament Studies series. He is writing a commentary on the Petrine Epistles.
LAWRENCE E. STAGER is Dorot Professor of the Archaeology of Israel and Director of the Semitic Museum at Harvard University. He has directed archaeological expeditions to Carthage (Tunisia), Idalion (Cyprus), and Ashkelon (Israel). His publications have focused on the archaeology and history of Canaanites, Phoenicians, Israelites, and Philistines. He is currently writing a book on the shared cosmology and symbolism of Jerusalem and the Garden of Eden.
Index
Aaron, as name, 65
Abar Nahara, 280, 282, 286, 299, 305
Abd al-Malik, 443
Abdi-ashirta (ruler of Syria), 49–50
Abdi-Hepa (king of pre-Israelite Jerusalem), 47–48, 84
abecedary, 155
Abner, 193
Abraham
and Aqhat epic, 51
as father of Israelites and Midianites, 108
in Genesis, 25–26
promises to, 26, 28
and Sarah (Abram and Sarai), 26
Achaeans. See Mycenaean empire
Achaemenids, 278. See also Persian period
Achsaph (Khirbet el-Harbaj), 99
Ackroyd, Peter R., 315
Actium, battle of, 356, 390, 400, 452
Acts of the Apostles, 372–75, 396
Adad-nirari III, 231, 233, 449
Adam and Eve, 21
Adullam (Khirbet ‘Adullam), 98
Aelia Capitolina, 422
agrarian culture, and formation of state in ancient Israel, 179–80, 202–03
agricultural sedentarism, 102
agriculture
in Early Bronze Age, 17
in Palestine, 5
Agrippa I, 362, 376–77, 452
Agrippa II, 357, 362, 378–79, 381, 382, 452
Agrippina, 401
Ahab (king of Israel), 211, 219–21, 222–23, 449
death of, 215
military operations of, 220–21
Ahaz (king of Judah), 449
and Assyria, 242
Ahaziah of Judah, 228–29, 230
and Tel Dan inscription, 211
Ahiram, sarcophagus of, 157
Ahmose (king of Egypt), 43, 79–81
Ahzai (governor of Yehud), 296
Ai, 114
and conquest of Canaan, 96, 98
Ain el-Qudeirat, 67
Ain Ghazal
archaeology of, 11–12
Akhenaten, 45, 46–7, 48–49, 76, 82–84, 448
and Egyptian religion, 82
and monotheism, 111
name, 82
Akhetaten (Tell el-Amarna), 37, 46, 68, 82
Akiba, Rabbi, 422
Akkad, 8, 37
dynasty of, 33
and Sumer, 31
Akkadian language, 8
Amarna letters, 46
Ugarit letters, 118–119
Akra, 328, 333, 334, 335
Alalakh, 37, 40, 43
tablets, 40
Alaric (Visigothic Arian king), 432
Albinus (governor of Judea), 379, 380, 502, 503
Albrektson, Bertil, 23
Albright, William Foxwell, 94, 109, 127, 129
Alcimus (Yaqim), 333–34
Aleppo, 37
excavations at, 40
in Late Bronze Age, 43
Alexander Balas, 334
Alexander Janneus, 335–39, 342, 366, 451
Alexander the Great, 278, 279, 282, 314–15, 317–23, 347, 451
death of, 319
Alexandra (queen of Judea), 339, 343, 352–53, 357, 451
Alexandria, 320, 325, 400
Alexandrion, fortress of, 332, 353
alphabet, invention of, 42, 447
Alt, Albrecht, 102, 103, 129, 217, 240
’am, Israelite, 113
Amalekites, 107
Amarna
art, 83
letters, 18, 46–50, 72, 83–84, 158
mention of Sea Peoples in, 85
Phoenician cities in, 154
period, 82–84, 86–87
Amasis (pharaoh), 292
Ambrose (bishop of Milan), 427
Amel-marduk (Evil-merodach), 269
Amenhotep I, 43
Amenhotep II, 44, 82, 84
Amenhotep III, 44, 76, 82, 83, 108
Amenhotep IV. See Akhenaten
Ammon, 68, 79, 91, 95, 153–54, 167, 224, 280, 287
Ammonite language, 154
Ammonites
in Genesis, 154
in Numbers and Judges, 154
religion of, 156
Ammurapi (king of Ugarit), 117, 118
Amorite kingdoms, 34
Amorites, 34–35, 448
in Genesis, 154
in Numbers and Judges, 154
Amos (prophet), 234–36, 248
Amos, book of, 228
and Jeroboam II, 232–33
and Philistines, 113
and Samaria ostraca, 212
themes of, 234
amphictyony, 145
Amurru, 43, 45, 48–50, 52, 84, 85
Amut-pi-el (ruler of Qatna), 41
anachronism, 28
Ananel (high priest), 357
Anat (goddess of war), 51
Anatolia, 84, 153
cult, and Israel, 156
ancestor worship, 156
ancestral narratives, and ancient Near East, 53–55
angels, Sadducees and, 365
anointing
of king, 197
symbolism of, 198
Anthony (monk), 435
anthropology, and Israelite monarchy, 177–78
Antigonus (son of Aristobolus II), 356
Antigonus (son of John Hyrcanus), 337
Antiochus III, 324, 451
Antiochus IV Epiphanes, 322, 326–30, 331, 341, 451
and Jews, 326–30
and Samaritans, 347
Antiochus V, 333
Antiochus VI, 335
Antiochus VII, 336
Antiochus VIII, 336
Antiochus IX, 336–37
Antipas, 360, 452
building projects of, 362
Antipater, 339, 353, 355–56
Antonia fortress, 380, 383
Antoninu
s Pius (emperor of Rome), 418, 422
Antonius Felix (governor of Judea), 378
Antony, Mark, 355–56, 390
Aper-El (Asiatic in Egypt), 75–76
Aphek, 99
Apiru, 47–49, 72, 84, 86, 103–04
Apocalypse of Peter, 433
apocalyptic, origins of, 301
apocalypticists, 429
Apostolic Constitutions, 431
Appian, 421
Apries (pharaoh), 265
Apsu (Babylonian god), 8
Apum. See Damascus
Aqhat epic, and ancestral narratives in Genesis, 51
Aquila and Priscilla, 379
Arabah, the, 5, 6, 9
Arabian Desert, 9
Arabian Peninsula, 5
and Mount Sinai, 107
Arad, 68, 184, 208, 263
archaeology of, 98
Aramaic language, 321
Babylonian exile and, 270
and book of Ezra, 279
Jesus and, 370
in Persian period, 278–79
in Roman period, 353
Ara Pads, 390, 392
archaeological survey, 176–77, 181
archaeology
and early monarchy, 176–77
and formation of state in early Israel, 181–92 See also under individual sites
Archelaus, 360
architecture
in Iron Age Israel, 187–89
in Mesopotamian cities, 17
monumental, 188
synagogue, 438–39
Arch of Titus, 358, 384, 408, 410, 421
Aretas III (ruler of Nabatea), 338, 339, 353
Aristobulus I, 336–38
Aristobulus II, 339–40, 352–53
Aristobulus III, 357
ark of the covenant, 172
brought by David to Jerusalem, 198–99
captured by Philistines, 127
and Israelite religion, 156–58
as Yahweh’s throne, 198
ark of Yahweh, 198. See also ark of the covenant
Armanum, 31
Armstrong, Karen, 444
arrowheads and inscriptions, 155
Arses (Achaemenid king), 314
Artaxerxes I, 299, 302, 304–05, 451
Artaxerxes II, 451
Arvad, 37, 43, 154–55
Aryandes, 302
Asa (king of Judah), 215–16
Ashdod, 114, 120, 127, 138, 152, 153, 186, 263, 280, 287, 332
Asherah, 221, 234
as wife of El in Ugaritic pantheon, 51
Ashkelon, 68, 91–92, 97, 114, 121, 123–24, 127, 138, 146, 152, 153, 263, 287, 332
bronze linchpin from, 126
Ashur (Assyrian deity), 156
Ashurbanipal, 254, 258, 450
Ashur-dan II, 176
Ashurnasirpal, 220
Ashur-uballit, 258
Assyria, 8, 37, 85, 224, 263
defeat of, by Babylonia, 258–59
empire of, 224, 242–74
history of Israel and, 176, 236–40
and kingdom of Judah, 242–69
religion of, 255
sources from, 243–44
Assyrian annals, 243–44
Aten, 82, 111
Athaliah (queen of Judah), 229, 230, 449
Athanasius, 433
Athenagoras, 417
Athtar, 32
Atrahasis, 20, 21
Augustine (bishop of Hippo), 432
attitude toward Jews, 437
City of God, 432
Augustus Caesar (Octavian), 356, 361, 389–94, 398–99
archaeology and, 392
pater patriae, 393
pontifex maximus, 393
Res gestae divi Augusti, 391
Avaris. See Tell ed-Dab‘a
Avigad, Nahman, 274
Azariah/Uzziah, 233
Aziru, 50
Baal, 50–51
and Mot, 51
names and, 212, 235
as rival of Yahweh, 51
temple of, in Jerusalem, 230
temple of, at Ugarit, 50
Ugaritic epics and, 50–51
and Yamm, 51
Baalath, 189
Baal of Peor, 108
Baasha, 215
Babata, archive of, 442
Babel, Tower of, 17
Babylon, 9, 37, 224, 263, 280, 325, 400
fall of, 282
Babylonia, 8, 37, 176, 224, 258, 262, 263, 280, 400
archaeology and, 265–66
life of Israel under, 268
Babylonian Chronicle, 258, 264, 265, 273
Babylonian empire, end of, 282
Babylonian exile, 269–72
Aramaic language in, 270
religion and, 271–72, 281
return from, 284, 286
Bacchides, 333–34
Bagoas, 309, 313
Baines, John, 88
Balaam
oracles of, 158
stories, 154
bandits, 380
Bar Kokhba, 358, 385, 386, 421–22, 426
War of, 422
Bar Koziba. See Bar Kokhba
Baruch, Second (2 Baruch), 384
Bar-Yosef, Ofer, 23
Bassus. See Sextus Lucius Bassus
battles
Actium, 356, 390, 452
Carchemish, 44, 262
Ebenezer, 127
Issus, 279, 314, 451
Jezreel Valley, 44
Kishon, 92, 135
Marathon, 304
Megiddo, 81
Milvian Bridge, 423
Philippi, 355
Qadesh, 45, 46, 84
Qarqar, 211, 219, 220, 225, 449
Bay (Asiatic in Egypt), 75, 85, 117
beatitudes, 372
Beer-sheba, 29, 137, 146, 167, 184, 208, 263
archaeology and, 15–16
Bel and the Dragon, 341
Bel-shar-usur (Belshazzar), 273, 284
Ben-hadad of Damascus, 215, 224–25, 231
in 1 Kings 211
Beni Hasan, 68
Benjamin
territory of, 100, 101, 134, 167, 208
tribe of, 183
Berenice (daughter of Agrippa I), 377–78, 381
běrît (covenant), 158
Berossus, 258
Babyloniaca, 97
Beruta (Beirut), 43
Bethel, 27, 29, 37, 208, 287
and Aaronite priestly family, 213
and conquest of Canaan, 96–97, 98
destruction of, 305
sanctuary at, 213
Beth-horon, 189, 354
Beth-shan, 37, 81, 84, 114, 120, 127, 208
Bickerman, Elias J., 350
Bietak, Manfred, 129
Biqa’ Valley, 5
Biran, Avraham, 125, 213–14
bishops, 434
Black Obelisk, 229
Jehu and, 229
“Blessing of Moses,” 107
Bliss, Frederick, 13
Bloch, Marc, 104
Bloch-Smith, Elizabeth, 163
bloodwater, plague of, 59
Boaz, as name of Temple pillar, 199
Boethusians, 365
boils, plague of, 59
Boling, Robert G., 163, 240
Book of the Acts of Solomon, 197
Book of the Annals of the Kings of Israel, 209, 261
Book of the Annals of the Kings of Judah, 209, 261
Book of the Covenant, 60
book of the law, and reform of Josiah, 260
Booths, festival of (Sukkot), 358
Bowersock, Glen W., 444
Boyce, Mary, 315
Briant, Pierre, 315
brickmaking, in Egypt, 66
Bright, John, 240
Bronze Age, 14
Brooten, Bernadette, 442, 444
Brown, Peter, 427, 444
bulla. See seals and seal impressions
burial
customs and archaeology, 12, 14, 16, 156
Egyptian, 1
20
in Iron Age Israel, 186–87
burning bush, 59, 64, 106
Byblos, 9, 37, 41, 43, 138, 154–55, 224
Byzantine period, 432–33, 452
Byzantium, 400, 432
Caesar. See Julius Caesar
Caesar Augustus. See Augustus Caesar
Caesarea, 357
and First Jewish Revolt, 380
Caesarea Philippi, 362
Caiaphas, 361
Cain
and Abel, 21
Kenites and, 110
calendar, 368
Jewish, 438
Caligula (Gaius Julius Caesar), 396–98
Callaway, Joseph A., 163
Cambyses, 292, 295, 451
camels, 109
Cameron, Averil, 432, 444
Campbell, Edward F., Jr., 163, 206–41
Campenhausen, Hans von, 418
Canaan, 37, 68
and ancestral narratives in Genesis, 26–27
emergence of Israel in, 90
in Late Bronze Age, 47
in Middle Bronze Age, 41–42
term, 30
Canaanite