The Oxford History of the Biblical World
Page 83
reform of Josiah and, 259–60
religion in, 257–58
as Sebaste, 357
Samarians, and Greek culture, 277–78
Samaria ostraca, 112, 212, 234
Baal names in, 235
and social history, 212
Samaria papyri, 282, 314
Samerina, 288. See also Samaria
Samaritan Pentateuch, 347
Samaritans, 277, 346–49
conflicts with Judaism, 300, 362
Torah and, 346
Samson saga, 115, 125, 139
Samuel
as judge, 172
and origins of monarchy, 172
and Philistines, 127
Samuel, books of, 136–37
and monarchy, 170–75
and priesthood, 137
Sanballat I, 291, 309, 310, 313
family, 288
Sanballat II, 313
Sanballat III, 313
sanctuaries, central, 145
Sandars, N. K., 89, 118, 130
Sanders, E. P., 387
Sanhedrin, 360
disbanded, 385
in First Jewish Revolt, 380
under Roman governors, 361
Sadducees and, 365
Sardinia, Phoenicians and, 155
Sargon (ruler of Akkad), 31, 447
Sargon II (ruler of Assyria), 239, 244, 248–50, 256, 450
Sasson, Jack, 56
Satraps’ Revolt, 314
satrap system, 292–93
Sauer, J. A., 129
Saul, 151, 183, 449
anointing of, by Samuel, 197
as chief, 178
chronology of, 169
Deuteronomic History and, 172–75
kingdom of, 167
and kingship of Israel, 169
as military leader, 183
military operations of, 193
Saul of Tarsus. See Paul
Schaeffer, Claude, 50
Schiffman, Lawrence H., 351
Schloen, J. David, 109, 130
Schmandt-Besserat, Denise, 23
Schowalter, Daniel N., 388–419
Schürer, Emil, 387
Schilssler Fiorenza, Elisabeth, 419, 430, 446
Schweitzer, Albert, 370
seals and seal impressions, 303–04
Sea Peoples, 46, 85–86, 90–92, 99, 113–29, 152–55, 448
Sebaste. See Samaria
Second Baruch, 384
Second Isaiah, 273–74, 282
Cyrus and, 283
Second Jewish Revolt, 358, 421, 452
Second Maccabees, 340–42
Second Peter, 418
Second Temple, 357, 358–60, 451
and half-shekel tax, 358
Second Temple period, 277, 281, 356–87
sectarianism in, 300
synagogue in, 312
Second Timothy, 415
Second Zechariah, 290
Secret Gospel of Mark, 371
sectarianism, Jewish, 277, 300, 364–74
Segal, Alan A. F., 387
segmentary society, 147–51, 166
Seir, 107
Seleucid empire, 323–26
Seleucus I, 451
Seleucus IV, 324, 326, 328
seminomadism, 10, 103
Seneca, 401, 404
De Clementia, 404
Sennacherib, 250–53, 450
Seow, Choon-Leong, 164
Septuagint, 210, 320, 321, 354
Letter of Aristeas and, 320
Seraiah, 293
Serapeum, 427
Service, Elman R., 203
Servius Sulpicius Galba, 439
Seti I, 45, 84, 105, 448
Setnakht, 85
settlement of Israel, 145–46, 147
Sextus Caesar, 355
Sextus Lucius Bassus, 384
Shallum, 310
Shalmaneser III, 211, 218–19, 220–21, 449
Shalmaneser V, 239, 244, 449
Shamgar, 135, 139
Shammai, 367
house of, 367, 386
Shamshi-Adad I (ruler of Assyria), 34, 35, 36–39, 448
conflict with Yamhad, 40
Shanks, Hershel, 129, 163, 446
Shasu bedouin, 74, 84, 86, 92, 102, 108
Shattiwaza, 45
Shaushtatar (king of Mitanni), 43
Shavuot. See Weeks, festival of
Sheba, queen of, 108, 109
Shebiktu (pharaoh), 250
Shecaniah, 296
Shechem, 37, 43, 95, 96, 114, 138, 147, 167, 208, 216, 239, 287, 332, 354
abandonment of, 305
and Amarna letters, 49
archaeology and, 86, 236
assembly at, 210–11, 212
as capital of Samaria, 346
as city of refuge, 216
covenant ceremony at, 216
and Deuteronomic thought, 217
House 1727 at, 239
significant events concerning, 216
Shekelesh, 86, 152. See also Sea Peoples
Shekhna (Shubat-Enlil), 36
Shelemiah, 313
Shelomith, 296, 303–04
Shemaiah, 310
Shenazzar, 292
Shephelah, the, 4, 6, 138
in Persian period, 288
Shepherd of Hermas, 433
Sherden, 152. See also Sea Peoples
Sheshbazzar, 286, 288, 292, 296, 303
Shiloh, 114, 138, 147, 287
sanctuary of Yahweh at, 127
Shimron-meron, 99
Shishak (pharaoh), 175, 184–85, 214, 449
shophet (judge), 141–43
Shoshenq I. See Shishak Shuttarna (king of Mitanni), 44
Shuttarna III, 45
Shuwardatu, 48
Sicarii, 378, 380, 384
Sidon, 37, 43, 138, 152, 154–55, 208, 224, 263, 280, 287, 325, 332, 354, 400
Sidonians, 155. See also Phoenicia
Sihon, 94
Sikils, 99, 118, 119, 122, 152–53. See also Sea Peoples; Tjeker
Siloam Tunnel, 245, 250
inscription, 250
Silva (Flavius Silva), 384
Simeon bar Kosba (Kosiba). See Bar Kokhba
Simeon ben Gamaliel, 366, 381
Simon bar Giora, 382, 384
Simon Maccabee, 333–36
Simon the Just, 324
Sin (moon-god), 283
Sinai
Moses and, 142
wilderness, 59
Sinai, Mount, 68, 107. See also Horeb, Mount
Sinai Peninsula, 5, 9, 68
route of Exodus and, 67–69
Singer, Itamar, 57
Sitz-im-Leben (setting in life), and form criticism, 61
Smallwood, E. Mary, 445
Smith, David, 57
Smith, Morton, 316
Snell, Daniel C., 24
Soden, Wolfram von, 24
Solomon, 151, 449
accession to throne and date of Exodus, 69–70, 78–79
anointing of, 197
architecture and, 187
building activity of, 187–88
chronology of, 169
death of, 71, 169, 206
Deuteronomic History and, 172–75
high officials of, 194
kingdom of, 167, 185
administrative structure of, 195–96
and kingship of Israel, 169
organization of Israel and, 111–12
priestly officials of, 194
and wisdom literature, 175
Solomonic sayings, collections of, 246
Solomonic ware, 186. See also pottery
Song of Deborah, 28, 92–93, 107, 109–10, 125, 134, 149, 159
Song of the Sea, 159–59
Sophronius, 443
source criticism. See literary criticism
Spartans, 335
Stager, Lawrence E., 90–131, 164, 240–41
Stark, Robert, 419
state
definition of, 166–68
pristine, 168
secondary, 168
as system, 178
Stern, Ephraim, 275, 316
Stern, M., 387, 419
Stiebing, William H., 89
stone tools, 10, 14
storm-god, 159
Strange, James F., 445
Suetonius, 394, 395, 396, 399, 401, 402, 404, 405–06, 408, 410, 411, 419
Lives of the Caesars, 394
Sukkot. See Booths, festival of
Sumer, 8, 9, 31
and Akkad, 31
culture of, 447
Gilgamesh epic of, 20–21
invention of writing in, 18–19
role of kings at, 17
Sumerian King List, 17, 21, 22
Sumu-epuh, 39
Sumur, 37, 43
Sumu-yamam, 39
sun-god, 18
Suppiluliumas (king), 43, 45, 49–50, 84
Susanna, 341
synagogue, 312
term, 312, 359
synagogues, 384
activity in, 359–60
archaeology and, 439
art and architecture, 439
in late antiquity, 438–39
Pharisees and, 359
synchronic interpretation, and Exodus narrative, 62
Syria, 9
northern, during Late Bronze Age, 42
northern, during Middle Bronze Age, 34
Syrian Desert, 5, 6, 9
Syria-Palestine, 29–33
Amarna letters and, 84
archaeology and, 86
divisions of, in Late Bronze Age, 48, 80–84
history of, 26
Taanach, 99, 127, 167
tabernacle, Moses and, 60
Tacitus, 394, 402, 403
Annales, 394, 402, 403
Tadmor, Hayim, 275
Taharqa (Tirhakah), 253
Tahshi, 43
Tale of Sinuhe, 108
Talmud, Babylonian, 372, 440
Talmud, Palestinian, 438, 440
Tamar (city), 189
Tappuah (Tell Sheikh Abu Zarad), 98
Tappy, Ron E., 219, 241
Targum of Job, 368
targums, 368
Tattenai, 299
Tawilan, 110
taxation
under Herod, 356
in Ptolemaic period, 319
and Romans, 355, 361, 363
and Samaria ostraca, 112
and Seleucids, 327
and Solomon, 196
tax collectors, 363–64
tax farming, 320
Tcherikover, Avigdor, 351
Teacher of Righteousness, 345, 367
tefillin. See phylacteries
tel. See tell
Tel Dan, 97, 125
inscription, 175, 225, 229, 240
and priests, 213
sanctuary at, 213
Teleilat Ghassul, 15
Tel Erani, 18
Tel Haror, 121
Tel Kadesh-barnea, 67, 69
tell (Hebrew tel), 13
archaeology and, 13
Tell Abu Hawam, 127
Tell Abu Qudeis (Kedesh), 99
Tell ‘Aitun (Eglon), 98
Tell Arad, 18
Tell Asmar (Eshnunna), 34, 35
Tell Beidar, 31
Tell Beit Mirsim, 114
Tell Brak, 34, 37
Tell ed-Dab’a (ancient Avaris), 37, 42, 68, 80, 85
Tell el-Amarna, 9
Tell el-Farah (N). See Tirzah
Tell el-Ful, 190, 287, 305
Tellel-Hesi, 13, 114, 288
Tell el-Kheleifeh, 226
Tell el-Maskhuta, 68, 80, 280, 289
Tell el-Muhaffer (Hepher), 98
Tell el-Mutesellim. See Megiddo
Tell el-Qudeirat, 67, 69
Tell en-Nasbeh (Mizpah), 287, 305
Tell er-Rabud (Debir), 98
Tell er-Ras, 315
Tell er-Rimah, 34, 37, 38
stela, 231
Tell esh-Shariah, 114, 121
Tell es-Sultan. See Jericho
Tell Hamoukar, 31
Tell Jemmeh, 114, 287
Tell Leilan, 31, 34, 36, 37
Tell Mardikh (Ebla), 31–32. See also Ebla
Tell Mozan, 31, 37
Tell Nebi Mend, 81
Tell Qasile, 125, 127, 167, 208
Tell Retabah, 65
Tell Sheikh Abu Zarad (Tappuah), 98
Tell Shemshara (Shusharra), 34, 37, 38
Tell Taya, 31
Tel Masos 106, 110, 184
Tel Mor, 120
Tema(n), 106, 108, 263, 280
Temple, Jerusalem
animal sacrifice and, 359
Antiochus IV and, 327
building of, 198
Caligula and, 377
centrality of, in Persian period, 276
cleansing of, 341
destruction of, 279, 383–85, 405
First, 296
Herodian, 295, 358–60
Pharisees and, 359
Sadducees and, 359
Jesus and, 359, 369–70
meaning of, 198
restoration movement, 294
restoration of, 281, 285, 286, 292, 299
Romans and, 353
Sadducees and, 344, 359
Samaritans and, 346, 362
Second, 296
Seleucids and, 324–26
Solomon
artistic and architectural features of, 199
description of, in 1 Kings 199
taxation of, by Persians, 297
worship of Zeus Olympius at, 329
Temple Mount, 191, 245, 287
capture of, by Romans, 340
Umar and, 443
Temple Scroll, 359, 384
Ten Commandments, 113
ark of the covenant and, 156–58
in Deuteronomy, 60
Exodus theophany and, 60, 106
Terqa, 34, 37
Tertullian, 431, 437
Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, 368
textual criticism, and Exodus narrative, 61
Tewosret (Egyptian queen), 75, 85
Thebes, 83, 91, 263
Theodosius I, 427, 436, 441, 452
Theodosius II, 427
Theogony of Dunnu, 20
theophany, at Sinai, 60, 106
Therapeutae, 376
Therapeutrides, 376
Third Isaiah, 300–03. See also Isaiah
throne, 213
as sign of Yahweh, 198
Thutmose I, 43, 81, 82
Thutmose III, 44, 66, 75, 81–82, 86, 448
Thutmose IV, 44, 76, 82
Tiamat (Babylonian goddess), 8
Tiberias, 354, 362, 400
Tiberius, 362, 369, 394–96, 403, 452
Tiberius Julius Alexander, 376, 378, 383
Tiglath-pileser I, 154, 176, 448
Tiglath-pileser III, 236–38, 242–43, 449
palace of, 244
Tigris River, 8, 9
Timna (Midian), 106, 110
Timnah (Tel Batash), 123, 125, 127, 251
Tirhakah (Taharqa), 253
Tirzah (Tell el-Farah;[N]), 99, 106, 110, 119–20, 167, 208
archaeology and, 220, 239
as capital of Jeroboam, 217
Titus (son of Vespasian), 383–84, 405–06, 407–09, 415, 421, 452
Titus Flavius Vespasianus. See Vespasian
Tjeker, 46, 86, 152. See also Sea Peoples; Sikils
Tjeku, 74
Tobiads, 291
Josephus and, 319
Tobiah, 291, 310
Tobit, 311
Tobit, book of, 322
tombs
bench, 186–87
cave, 186–87 See also burial
tôrâ (Torah), 260, 276, 307, 366
Torah, 260
oral, 366, 440
written, 366, 440
Tower of Babel, 17, 22
trade
in Assyrian period, 254
camels and, 109
depiction of, in art, 73
Egyptian, 41, 73, 82, 86
in Iron Age, 182–83, 189–90
in Late Bronze Age, 153–54
in Persian period, 278
Philistines and, 122–23
routes for, 189–90
in Divided Monarchy, 207
in Solomonic period, 185
tolls and, in Roman times, 363
tradition criticism. See redaction criticism
Trajan, 403, 411, 413–16, 421, 452
Transjordan, 60, 153–54, 289
Transjordanian plateau, 5, 6
tribalism
in early Israel, 111–13, 145
in early monarchy, 200
tribal league, 113
tribes of Israel, 27, 28, 111–13, 149–50, 161–63
Trigger, B. G., 24
Trojans. See Hittites
Trojan War, 448
Tryphon, 335
Tunip, 37, 43