The Victorians
Page 89
Rerum Novarum, 517–18
Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 90
Leopold II, King of the Belgians, 489
Leopold, Prince, Duke of Saxe-Coburg (later King of the Belgians), 54, 242, 504
lesbianism, 568
see also homosexuality
Leslie, Sir Shane, 327
Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 389
Lewes, George Henry, 167, 349–50, 412–13
Goethe, 349
The Physiology of Common Life, 417
Lewis, Charles, 32
Lewis, Clive Staples, 556
Lewis, Matthew Gregory (‘Monk’), 301
Liberal Party
amd educational reform, 362
disintegration, 573
election defeat (1895), 595
in election of 1885, 478
election victory (1868), 331–2, 354
election victory (1880), 404
election victory (1906), 581, 593–4
favours capital punishment, 336
formed from Whig-Radical alliance, 71
under Gladstone, 379
and Ireland, 454, 478–80
and Irish famine, 75, 77
and Labour Party, 578, 587–9
and Parnell, 534
principles, 386
resists 1866 Reform Bill, 331
and social reform, 444, 447
see also Whigs
Liberal Radicals, 447, 508
liberalism, 127, 362
liberty
Comte and, 110
and free market, 111
Mill and, 132
personal, 38, 111
and security, 109, 134
Liddell, Alice, 323–5, 352
Liddell, Henry George, Dean of Christ Church, 273, 324–5
Liddon, Henry Parry, Canon of St Paul’s, 398
Light Brigade: at Balaclava, 182–3, 192
light bulbs (electric), 384, 494
Lightfoot, Joseph Barber, Bishop of Durham, 64
Lincoln, Abraham, 248, 253–4, 268, 416
Lincoln, Susan, Countess of, 84
Linnell, Alfred, 510
Linton, William James, 43
literacy, 363
liver-rot (in sheep), 428
Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of, 546
livestock, 428
see also agriculture
Livingstone, David, 488–9, 493
Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa, 493
Llanthony Abbey (Wales), 439, 451
Lloyd, Marie, 521–4
Lloyd George, David (later 1st Earl), 545–6, 574, 580, 592–5, 617
Lloyd George, Margaret (née Owen), 595
Lobengula, King of Matabeleland, 605
Local Government Act (1888), 587, 589
Local Government Board, 345, 587–9
Localisation Act (1872), 357
Lodge, Sir Oliver, 494
London
and Chartist violence, 117
conditions of poor in, 34, 365–6, 368, 442–3, 521
Docks, 365–6, 368
East End, 521, 524–5
population, 443
suburbs, 443, 573
London County Council, 587
London Necropolis, 544
London Oratory, 140
London School of Economics, 576
London School of Medicine for Women, 312, 421
London and Westminster Review, The, 109
London Working Men’s Association, 42
Longford, Elizabeth, Countess of, 506
Longhurst, Arthur E.J., 197–8
Lords, House of
destroyed in fire, 14
hereditary peers in, 585
Irish interests, 80
reaccommodated, 62
rebuilt, 64
see also Parliament
Lorne, John Douglas Sutherland Campbell, Marquess of (later 9th Duke of Argyll), 503
Louis Napoleon, Prince Imperial, 402
Louis-Philippe, King of the French, 114, 116, 123
Louise, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg (Prince Albert’s mother), 54
Louise, Princess (later Marchioness of Lorne and Duchess of Argyll), 503, 614
Lovett, William, 42–3, 45–6, 119
Low Church, 366
Lowder, Father Charles, 365, 369–70
Lowood School see Clergy Daughters’ School, Casterton
Lucan, George Charles Bingham, 3rd Earl of, 179, 181–3
Lucknow: in Indian Mutiny, 204, 208, 215–17, 219, 222–3
Lugard, Frederick John Dealtry Lugard, Baron, 490–2
The Rise of Our East African Empire, 491
Lyell, Sir Charles, 128, 228
Principles of Geology, 97–8, 104
Lyndhurst, Georgiana, Lady, 26
Lyon, John, 281
Lyons, Admiral Edmund, 1st Baron, 179
Lyons, Richard Bickerton Pemell Lyons, 1st Earl, 312
Lyte, Henry Francis: ‘Abide with Me’ (hymn), 103–4
Lyttelton, Mary Catherine, 530
Lyttelton, Sarah, Lady (née Spencer), 240
Lytton, Edward Bulwer-, Baron, 323
Lytton, Edward Robert Bulwer Lytton, 1st Earl of, 397–8, 400–1, 499
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron
on class conflict, 115
mocks Gladstone, 49, 70, 101
optimism, 129
in Parliament, 66
views on Irish Catholicism, 7
on Wiseman, 139
and working hours, 151
McCaffrey, Edward, 453
McCalmont, Hugh, 466
MacCarthy, Fiona, 415
Macdermott, Gilbert Hastings, 399n, 400
MacDonald, George (poet), 169–70, 327–8
Phantastes, 170, 328
Theological Essays, 170
Macdonald, George (Wesleyan minister), 169n
Macdonald, General Sir Hector, 599
MacDonald, James Ramsay, 456, 573, 592
McDougal, Mr & Mrs Colin, 32
Machen, Arthur, 553
MacKenzie, Dr Morell, 503
MacKonochie, Rev. Alexander Heriot, 366, 369
Macmillan (Sir) Frederick, 296
Macmillan’s Magazine, 255n, 295, 302, 305, 314, 319
Macnaghten, Sir William Hay, 124
MacNeile, Hugh, Canon of Chester, 69
McTaggart, J.M.E., 570
Mafeking, 597, 600, 610–11, 613
magistrates, 44
Mahdi, the (Mohammed Ahmed), 467–70, 607
Maillet, Benoît de, 97
maize, 76–7, 81
see also Ireland: Famine
Mallet, Marie, 614
Malta, 69
Malthus, Daniel, 11
Malthus, Thomas Robert
and Ireland, 76
and laizzez-faire, 75
on race, 375
Essay on Population, 11–12, 15, 224–5, 448, 612
Manchester Guardian (newspaper), 82
Manchester, William Montagu, 5th Duke of, 69
Mann, Tom, 513
Manners, Lord John see Rutland, 6th Duke of
Manners-Sutton, Charles (later 1st Viscount), 13
Manning, Frederick George and Maria, 337
Manning, Henry Edward, Cardinal
avoids school, 283
and Bradlaugh, 449
Disraeli portrays in fiction, 380
and Dock Strike, 515
and education reforms, 363
funeral, 539–42
Gladstone and, 372, 374
ordained as Catholic priest, 142
and Parnell, 458
social concerns, 517–18, 540
supports Dilke, 458, 476
supports Disraeli’s Irish Catholic university, 379
and temporal power of papacy, 516, 540
Marconi, Guglielmo, 494
Marie-Louise of Orléans, Queen of Leopold I, 54
Marriage
age of, 324
and class, 260–1
published guidance on, 261
see also women
Married Women’s Property Act (1882), 248
Marryat, Captain Frederick: The Children of the New Forest, 330
Marsh, Jan, 160, 316
Marshall, James, 410
Marshall and Snelgrove (department store), 410
Martin, John, 171
Martineau, Harriet
on factory workers, 153–4, 250
principles and views, 152, 167–8
on Russian threat, 174
The Factory Controversy, 152
Half a Century of the British Empire, 152
Marx, Eleanor, 510–11, 548
Marx, Karl
on Aberdeen as Russian spy, 187–8
aims, 236
on British constitution and class, 61
calls for unity of proletariat, 120
on class conflict, 115, 119
on dangers of Pan-Slavism, 187–8
on Darwinism, 232
death and burial, 440, 510
and determinism, 132
and Dickens, 335
on English Christianity, 149–50
on European political structures, 187
Hardie and, 581
ideas, 361, 480, 519, 576
influence, 444
influences on, 235
in London, 114, 120, 262, 617
on Napoleon Bonaparte’s coup d’état, 147
optimism, 413
on Palmerston, 187, 189
on religion, 168
on working day, 153–4
Capital (Das Kapital), 153–4, 231, 397, 444
The Civil War in France, 344
The Communist Manifesto (with Friedrich Engels), 114, 119–20, 230
The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, 147
Marxism, 508, 576
Mary Agnes, Sister, 439
Masham, Samuel Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Baron, 583
masturbation, 288–9
match workers, 154, 511–12
Mathers, Liddell: The Kabbala Unveiled, 551–2
Matrimonial Causes (or Divorce) Bill (1858), 234, 306
Matthew, Colin, 354, 369
Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de, 97
Maurice, Frederick Denison
on Crimean War, 187, 194
criticizes Tractarians, 323
Elizabeth Garrett influenced by, 313n
in Ford Madox Brown painting, 158
ideas and beliefs, 169–70, 405, 516
Kingsley influenced by, 149, 296, 301, 304
social influence, 367, 520
and women’s education, 284
The Kingdom of Christ, 299, 301
Mauritius, 69
Maxse, Lieutenant Henry Fitzhardinge, 182
Mayern, Baron von (Prince Albert’s supposed father), 55
Mayhew, Henry, 115, 155, 168, 521–2
Adventures of the Sandboys Family, 145
Maynooth: Royal College of St Patrick, 67–70, 75–6, 101, 338
Mazzini, Giuseppe, 84, 88–9
Mearn, Andrew, 442
Mechanics Magazine, 136
medicine
women study, 311–12, 421
see also doctors
medievalism, 65, 67, 101, 185
Meerut (India), 201, 203–5, 208–9
Melbourne, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount
affairs, 459
attitudes to workhouses, 28–9
and burning of Parliament, 14
character, 27
death, 168
government, 48–9
and Jamaica Assembly, 53
loses office (1839), 47
Norton sues, 305
relations with Victoria, 14, 27, 53, 57
resignation, 63
Mells (house), Somerset, 558
Mendel, Gregor Johann, 232
Menelik, Abyssinian Emperor, 608
Menshikov, Prince Alexander Sergeyevich, 181
Meredith, George: Diana of the Crossways, 307
Mesmer, Franz Anton, 105
Mesmerism, 105–7, 153
metaphysics, 545–6, 570–1
Methodism, 577
Methuen, General Paul Sanford Methuen, 3rd Baron, 610
Metropolitan Police Force, 13, 37–8
Metternich, Clemens Wenzel Lothar, Prince, 114, 123
middle classes
aspirations, 191–2
childhood in, 260
comfortable condition, 262
defined, 281–2
and marriage, 260–1
and prostitution, 311
and religious faith, 169
and schooling, 279, 281–2
shopping, 410
and socialism, 446
tax increases and support of, 125
see also bourgeoisie; class (social)
Midlothian, 404–5, 417, 465
military resources see army
Mill, Harriet Taylor: Enfranchisement of Women, 311
Mill, James, 37–8, 109, 202
Mill, John Stuart
avoids school, 281
background and upbringing, 108–9, 260
as Bertrand Russell’s grandfather, 571
on capital punishment, 337–8
and Contagious Diseases Acts, 474
criticizes Governor Eyre, 270–1
at East India Company, 37, 108–9
and Green, 519–20
influence, 109–11
and liberty, 132
political views, 111–12
and women’s rights, 313–14
The Subjection of Women, 311
A System of Logic, 110
Millais, Effie see Gray, Euphemia
Millais, Sir John Everett, 159–60, 165–6
Miller, Annie, 161–4, 171
Miller, Jonathan: Darwin for Beginners, 229, 233
mills see factories
Milman, Henry Hart, Dean of St Paul’s, 12
Milner, Sir Alfred (later Viscount), 608–9
Milnes, Richard Monckton (later 1st Baron Houghton), 66
Milroy, Dr Gavin, 157
Milton, John
Comus, 315
Paradise Lost, 229–30, 279
mines: conditions in, 151, 618
Minter, Dr, 274
Minton & Co. (china manufacturers), 128
missionaries (Christian), 486–8
Mitchel, John: The Last Conquest of Ireland (Perhaps) 1860, 80
Mitchelstown, Co. Cork, 532
Mivart, H. St George, 233
Mohammed Aga, 396
monarchy (constitutional), 57, 59, 65, 147, 244, 359–60
see also royal family
Montenegro, 394–5
Moody, Dwight L., 377, 405
Moonlight, Captain, 453, 455
see also Land League (Ireland)
Moore, George Edward, 569–70
Moore, Samuel, 114, 120
Mordaunt divorce case (1870), 360
Morley, James, 208
Morley, John, Viscount, 84, 255–6, 258, 362, 455, 462–3, 534–5, 579, 581
Mormons, 549–50
Morning Advertiser, 259
Morning Chronicle, 164
Morning Herald, The, 258
Morning Post, The, 259, 292, 461
Morris, William
designs, 164, 446
ideas, 361
in Red House, 262
revivalism, 185
socialism, 444–6, 480, 508, 511
at Trafalgar Square demonstration, 509–10
and Wagner, 414–15
‘A Death Song’, 510
News from Nowhere, 46
Sigurd the Volsung, 414
Mortara, Edgar, 371–2
Moses, Revd Staintin, 439
Mosley, Sir Oswald, 594
motor cars, 494
Muddock, J.E.: The Great White Hand, 217
Mumler, W.H., 439
Munby, Arthur J., 319–21
‘Munshi, the’ see Karim, Abdul
Murat V, Ottoman Sultan, 394–5
murder, 337–8, 521–9
see also Jack the Ripper; Kent, Constance
Murray, Grenville, 381
Murray, John (publisher), 98, 226, 397
music, 410–24
music halls, 521–4
Muybridge, Eadweard, 437
Muzi, Paolo, 372
Mwanga, King of Uganda, 486–8, 491, 493–4
My Secret Life (by ‘Walter’), 526
Myers, Frederic William Henry, 439
myth: as response to materialism, 557
Namier, Sir Lewis Bernstein, 586
Nana Sahib see Dhondu Pant
Napier, Sir Charles, 46, 66, 125
Naples, 84–6
Napoleon III, Emperor of the French coup and establishment as Emperor, 146–7
and Crimean War, 184–5
declares war on Prussia, 343, 347
elected (1849), 113
exile in England, 344–5, 617
in Palestine dispute, 173
smoking, 199
supports Elizabeth Garrett’s medical studies, 312
visits Carlyle, 345
W.G. Palgrave visits, 275
Nasmyth, James, 138
Natal, 124, 126
National Education League, 363
National Secular Society, 548
National Union of Gasworkers and General Labourers, 512–13
Nationalist Socialist Federation, 578
natural selection, 15, 148, 225, 228–9, 232–4
see also Darwin, Charles; evolution, theory of navy
expansion of, 351–4, 423
and suppression of slave trade, 52
Neill, Colonel James, 214–15, 217
Nelson, Colonel Alexander Abercromby, 271
New Journalism, 463–4
New Poor Laws see Poor Laws
New Statesman and Nation (journal), 576
Newbolt, Sir Henry John: ‘Vitae Lampada’, 292, 608
Newcastle-on-Tyne, 251
Newman, John Henry, Cardinal background and career, 101–2, 323
and Christian Socialism, 149
converts to Catholicism, 103, 140, 172
and Crimean War, 180
dispute with Kingsley, 302–4
and doctrine, 366
fury at Jerusalem bishopric, 172
and Gladstone, 375
hymns, 103
ignorance of German, 348
schooling, 283
Apologia pro Vita Sua, 303–4
An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, 100–3, 373
Lectures on the History of the Turks, 180
Newnham College, Cambridge, 421, 480
newspapers see Press, the
Nicholas I, Tsar, 173, 187
Nicholas, Prince of Montenegro, 394
Nicholson, Brigadier John, 210, 213, 217
Nicklin, Richard, 199
Nietzsche, Friedrich: Also Sprach Zarathustra, 440
Nightingale, Florence
in Crimea, 175, 177–8
founds school of nursing, 284
letter from Jowett, 364
on Palmerston, 52
on working class, 443
Nineteenth Century (periodical), 587
‘No Popery’, 69, 139