The Victorians
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see also Catholic Church
Nobel, Alfred, 495
Nolan, Captain Lewis Edward, 182
Nonconformism, 377, 577
see also Christianity; Church of England
Norfolk, Henry Charles Howard, 13th Duke of, 141
Norfolk Island, 127
North, Frederick, Lord, 208
North London Collegiate School for Girls, 284–5
North-East England: prosperity in, 250–1
Northbrooke, Thomas George Baring, 1st Earl of, 465
Northcote, Sir Stafford (later 1st Earl of Iddesleigh), 389
Northern Echo (newspaper), 464
Northern Ireland see Ulster
Northern Star, The (Chartist newspaper), 41, 45, 113, 116
Norton, Caroline (née Sheridan; later Lady Stirling-Maxwell), 305–7, 314
Norton, Richard, 305–6
Notes and Queries (periodical), 457
nouveaux riches, 383
see also rich, the
O’Brien, James Bronterre, 41–2
O’Brien, William, 509, 532
O’Connell, Daniel, 66
O’Connor, Feargus, 41–6, 118–19
Offenbach, Jacques: Thespis, 418n
Olcott, Henry, 550–1
oligarchy, 42–3, 385–6
Omar Pasha, 200
Omdurman, battle of (1898), 471, 608
Opera Comique Theatre, London, 417
Oppenheimer, Henry, 389
Orange River, 124
Orthodox religion: in Russia, 170, 185, 415
Osborne House, Isle of Wight, 56, 117, 128, 240, 614
O’Shea, Katharine (‘Kitty’), 457, 460, 533–4, 565
O’Shea, Captain William, 533–4
Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
and Balkan crisis, 394–6, 399–401
bankruptcy, 393–4
and Christian claims on Holy Land, 172–3
and cigarette smoking, 197–8
decline, 198, 391–4
and ‘Eastern Question’, 187–8, 393
nationalist aspirations in, 391–3
Urquhart in, 188
wars with Russia, 174, 399–401
see also Crimean War
Oudh (India), 215–16
Oundle School, 281
Ovid, 97–8
Owen, Sir Richard, 227, 298, 350
Owen, Robert, 42, 575
Oxford Movement, 101, 103, 140, 366–7, 370
Oxford University: women at, 480
Pacifico, David, Don, 133–4, 146, 190
Palestine see Holy Land
Palgrave, Francis (ed.): The Golden Treasury, 275
Palgrave, Sir Francis (born Cohen), 275
Palgrave, William Gifford, 275
Pall Mall Gazette (journal), 389, 459, 462–4, 469, 472, 474–6
Palmerston, Emily Mary, Viscountess (née Lang; then Countess Cowper), 190, 193
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount
affairs, 459
on American Civil War, 253–4, 158
on aristocracy, 192–4
attacks Urquhart, 188–9
character, 188–9, 191–3
commits rape, 190
compared with Churchill, 189
and Crimean War, 184, 187, 189, 191–3
death, 190, 271, 330
and Don Pacifico affair, 133–5, 146, 190
foreign policy, 147, 237, 239
funeral, 320
and Great Exhibition, 137
as Home Secretary, 146
and Matrimonial Causes Bill, 234
oversees interventions at Brazilian ports, 51–2
and overthrow of Louis-Philippe, 117
parliamentary career, 66
and political change, 192–3
popularity, 190–1, 193
praises Free Trade, 264
premiership (1855), 188–91, 240
and Reform Bill, 39
and religion, 185
resigns over Louis Napoleon Bonaparte’s coup d’état, 146
and revolutions of 1848, 123
as ‘Russian spy’, 187–9
and Schleswig-Holstein, 239, 347
and succession to Peel, 136
treatment of Irish tenants, 51, 80–1, 193
Victoria’s hostility to, 190
and working hours, 151, 193
Pan-Slavism, 187, 392
Pandenanga, Ramchandra (Tatya Tope), 208, 211–12, 219–20, 223
Panopticon (prisons), 38
Pant, ‘Dedhu’, 222
Papal Infallibility, 372–3, 375
Paris, Peace of (1856), 186, 189
Paris Commune (1871), 199, 343–4
parishes, country, 425–33
Parkes, Bessie, 312, 540
Parliament
aristocracy and rich in, 385, 481–2
composition of, 62
function, 361–2
Jews in, 408
Keir Hardie in, 573, 577, 580–2
oath, 448–9
party system in, 354, 481
payment for members, 43
property qualifications for membership, 43
and representation, 385–6, 573
women in, 480–1
and workers’ conditions, 154
Parliament, Houses of
destroyed by fire, 9–10, 13–14, 35
electric light in, 434
rebuilt, 14, 62–5, 185
upkeep, 9
see also Lords, House of
Parnell, Charles Stewart
adultery, 457, 460, 533–5
background and career, 454–7
death, 453, 536
downfall, 534–6, 565, 591
and Home Rule, 531
imprisoned, 455
and Irish land agitation, 530–1
marriage to Katherine O’Shea, 536
popularity, 533
and Times forgeries, 531–3
see also Ireland
Parry, Sir Charles Hubert Hastings, 56, 410–11, 614
parsons (Anglican), 425–6, 429–30
see also Church of England
Partridge, S.W.: Upward and Onward, 261
Pater, Walter, 554, 557
Marius the Epicurean, 554
Studies in the History of the Renaissance, 554
Patmore, Coventry
The Angel in the House, 305, 307, 314–15
The Unknown Eros, 314
Pattison, Emilia (Lady Dilke), 457–8
Pattison, Mark, 348, 442, 462
paupers see poor, the; poverty; workhouses
Paxton, Sir Joseph, 129–30, 144–5
Peel, Janus, 59
Peel, General Jonathan, 331
Peel, Sir Robert
and abolition of Corn Laws, 58, 61–2, 66, 72–3, 135, 427–30
and abolition of slavery, 49
assessed, 135–6
background and character, 27, 58–60, 72
conservatism, 71
death, 133, 135
on Don Pacifico affair, 135
economic and political reforms, 61–2
economic views, 133
forced from power, 73
and founding of police force, 38–9
and Free Trade, 58, 61–2, 72, 133
and Great Exhibition, 128
and Irish famine, 76–7
and Maynooth grant, 68–9
parliamentary career, 58–9, 62
premiership, 27, 54, 59, 66–7, 71
rebuffs Disraeli, 65–6
relations with Victoria, 57
religious views, 76
Peile, Mrs (of Delhi), 208
Penn, Admiral Sir William, 48
Pennefather, General Sir John Lysaght, 200
‘Penny Gaffs’ (theatres), 522
penny post, 128
Penrhyn, Wales, 50
periodicals
importance, 19, 462
see also Press, the
Peterhouse College, Cambridge, 494
>
Peterloo massacre (1819), 136
Peters, William Theodore, 552
petite bourgeoisie, 19–20
see also middle classes
Peto, Sir Samuel Morton, 130
petroleum, 494
Phoenix Park murders (1882), 453, 532
photography
in Crimean War, 197, 199–200
development of, 58, 437–9
and fantasy, 323–4
phrenology, 104–5
Pickering, Neville, 597
Pigott, Richard, 533
Pius IX, Pope, 139–40, 371–2, 375, 515
Player, John and Sons (tobacco manufacturers), 198
Playfair, John, 97
Playfair, Sir Lyon (later 1st Baron of St Andrews), 579
Plouquet (maker of stuffed rabbits), 143
Podmore, Frank, 439
Poerio, Baron Carlo, 85
Polhemus, Robert, 413
police force
at demonstrations, 509
formed, 10, 37–8
opposes cremation, 544
staffing and strength, 39, 119
see also Metropolitan Police Force
Ponsonby, Sir Frederick (later 1st Baron Sysonby), 504, 614–15
Ponsonby, Sir Henry, 505–6
Poor Law Commission, 31, 33, 44
Poor Laws, 12
amendments to, 29, 42
New (1834), 14, 28, 32, 41, 44
poor, the
aspirations, 383
children, 264, 307
Church missions to, 365–70
condition and numbers, 28–9, 264, 441–3, 446
and disease, 34
Disraeli on, 67
and drink, 365
educational deprivation, 283–4
and franchise, 386
Gladstone and, 456
improvement of, 335, 378
in Ireland, 78–9
and laissez-faire, 75
and prostitution, 310–11
regulation of, 11–12
and relief, 257
rural, 31–2, 79, 148, 426–30
separated from rich, 30, 383, 441
urban, 148
and venereal diseases, 310–11
in Wapping (London), 365–6
see also poverty; rich, the; workhouses; working classes
Pooter, Charles and Carrie (fictional characters), 545
Pope-Hennessy, James, 413
population
in Germany, 351
growth in, 11–14, 249, 311, 351
in Ireland, 77
mobility, 249
pornography, 292, 526
porphyria, 25
Post Office Savings Bank, 261
potato blight, 74, 76–8, 80
see also Ireland: famine
Potter, Beatrice see Webb, Beatrice
Potteries Political Union, 44
Pound, Ezra, 90, 249
poverty
and affluence in London, 383, 521
and alcohol, 365
and army recruitment, 357
causes of, 36
and cholera, 36
clergy and, 366–9
Malthus’s views on, 12
visibility of, 30
see also poor, the; workhouses
Powell, Anthony, 305
Poynter, Agnes, Lady, 169n
Prayer Book see Book of Common Prayer
Pre-Raphaelitism and Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, 46, 159, 162, 164–5, 322
Press, the
and army reform, 355
cost, 19
leaks to, 461–2
popular, 135, 461, 463–4, 590–1
power of, 460
practitioners, 462
see also Stead, William Thomas
Pretor, Alfred, 290–1
Pretorius, Andries, 126
Price, Charles, 270
Price, William, 544
Pringle, Alexander, 66
printing, 493
prisons, 38, 117, 362
Pritchett, (Sir) Victor S., 602
Probyn, Sir Dighton, 565
progress, 94–5
property
crimes against, 38
as qualification for parliamentary membership, 43
as qualification for suffrage, 10
prostitution
child, 472–5
Christianity and, 367
Christina Rossetti works with, 316
and contagious diseases, 308–11, 369
and Jack the Ripper murders, 525–6
and poverty, 365
protectionism, 71–2
see also Corn Laws; Free Trade
Protestantism, 64, 101
see also Catholic Church; Church of England
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 235
Proust, Marcel: A la recherche du temps perdu, 582–3
Prussia
military strength, 351, 355
Napoleon III seeks to check, 184
Prince Albert’s view of, 238–40
seizes Schleswig-Holstein, 348
war with France (1870), 343–6
psychical research, 439, 551
public health see cholera; Contagious Diseases Acts; drainage; sanitation
Public Record Office, 128, 275
public schools
Clarendon Commission on, 280–1
conditions and values, 278–82, 287–8
fiction on, 287–9, 291
homosexuality and corporal punishment in, 291–2
institutionalization of, 287–8
middle class attitudes to, 278–9
new foundations, 281–3, 286
science teaching in, 280
Public Schools Act (1868), 280, 283–4
Public Worship Regulation Act (1874), 368–71, 398
Pugin, Augustus Welby Northmore, 63–4, 138–9, 142, 185
Punch (magazine), 157, 178, 219, 411
Punjab, 125, 201, 203
puritanism, 565
Pusey, Edward Bouverie, 103, 141, 169, 303, 348, 366, 456
Puseyites, 141
Pushkin, Alexander, 185
Quakers, 362
Quarterly Review, 93, 252, 531
Queen’s College, Harley Street, London, 284–5
Queensberry, John Sholto Douglas, 8th Marquess of, 561–4, 598
race
and assumed superiority, 375–6, 493
attitude to, 298
Darwin on, 375–6
Kipling on, 496–8
see also black peoples
Radical Federation, 509
Radicals, 11, 71, 309, 360, 444, 447
Ragged Schools, 167
Raglan, Fitzroy James Henry Somerset, 1st Baron, 176, 178–9, 182–3, 187, 200
railways
development of, 21, 72, 351
effect on communication, 30
in Germany, 351
in India, 220
and leisure, 409
speed, 493
standard gauge, 128
in USA, 427
Raine, Craig, 496
Raj, the see India
Rajah, Bhundu Singh, 220
Ranelagh, Thomas Heron Jones, 4th Viscount, 171
rearmament, 423
Red House, the, Abbey Wood, Kent, 262
Reed, General Thomas, 210
Reform Acts
(1832), 10, 20, 39–40, 44, 48, 172, 192, 330
(1867), 20, 252, 312, 331–2, 386
(1884), 480, 573–4
reformatories, 266
Reid, Dr Sir James, 504, 614–16
relief funds, 257
religion
alternatives to, 549–51
conflict with science, 96–7, 103, 227, 232, 377, 557
development of, 100–1
doubts and loss of faith, 91, 103, 159, 162, 168–71, 556
and education, 363–4
and evolution, 96, 100, 227, 229, 376–7
fundamentalism, 171, 377–8
as human
construct, 167
McTaggart on, 570
prejudices, 98, 139
see also Catholic Church; Christianity; Church of England; Orthodox religion
Religion of Humanity, 110–11
rentier class, 147–8, 235, 318
Representation of the People Acts see Reform Acts
Repton School, 281
republicanism, 360
Review of Reviews, 476
Revolutions of 1848 (Europe), 27, 113, 123
revolutions: avoided in Britain, 27, 110, 113, 115, 117–18, 123, 383, 510–11, 617
Reynolds’ News, 174, 254
Reza Ali Khan, Nawab, 206
Rhodes, Cecil, 492, 512, 545, 596–9, 603–6
Rhymers’ Club, 552–3
rich, the, 67, 382–4, 417, 441–50, 481
see also poor, the
Richter, Hans, 412
Ridgway, W., 159
Ripon, George Robinson, 1st Marquess of, 499
Ritchie, Charles Thomson, 1st Baron, 587
Ritualist movement, 366–71, 398
Roberts, Field Marshal Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl, 401, 599, 611, 615, 617
Robertson, James, 199
Rochdale pioneers, 575–6
Rogers, Dawson, 439
Rolfe, Frederick (Baron Corvo), 553–4
Roman Catholic Church see Catholic Church
Rorke’s Drift, battle of (1879), 401
Rose, Sir Hugh, 208, 220
Rosebery, Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of, 404, 562, 573, 595
Ross, Robert, 563
Rossetti, Christina
in Highgate penitentiary, 315
models for figure of Jesus, 159
Goblin Market, 263, 258, 305, 307, 314–16, 330
Rossetti, Dante Gabriel
alcoholism, 316
on Browning’s knowledge of Italian art, 90
poems retrieved from wife’s tomb, 317–18
and Pre-Raphaelites, 159
relations with and marriage to Elizabeth Siddal, 159–61, 317
revivalism, 185
on slave boy, 247–8, 255, 258, 307
women in paintings, 416
Beata Beatrix (painting), 161, 317
The Beloved (painting), 247–8, 255, 257–8, 307
Rossetti, Elizabeth see Siddal, Elizabeth
Rossetti, William Michael, 258
Rothschild, Lionel, Baron, 389
Rothschild, Nathaniel, 389
rotten boroughs: abolished, 10
Rotton, Revd John: Chaplain’s Narrative of the Siege of Delhi, 209–10
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 11
Rowton, 1st Baron see Corry, Montague Lowry
Roxburgh, Emily Anne, Duchess of, 504
Royal Albert Hall, London, 144
Royal College of Music, 410
royal family, 117, 503–4
see also monarchy
Royal Holloway College, Egham, Surrey, 421
Royalty Theatre, London, 418
Rudd, Charles, 604–5
Rudd Concession, 605
Rugby School, 276–9, 281–3, 286–7
rural life: and poverty, 31–2, 79, 148, 426–30
Ruskin, Effie see Gray, Euphemia
Ruskin, John
aesthetics, 167
and Alice Liddell, 325
avoids school, 282