The Victorians
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Tower of London: museum, 65
Townshend, Revd Chauncy Hare, 106–7
Tractarians, 101, 103, 323
trade
African, 489
as basis of power, 253
cholera and, 35
and colonial peace, 125
German competition, 351–2
with Ottoman Empire, 393
with USA, 427, 430, 586
trade unions, 444, 511–12, 575, 579
Trades Union Congress (TUC), 444
Trafalgar Square, London, 445, 508–9
‘Tragic generation, the’, 552
transportation (penal), 126–7
Transvaal, 488, 605–6, 610–12
Travellers’ Club, London, 62–3, 198
Trevelyan, Sir Charles Edward, 80–2
Trevelyan, Sir George Otto, 479
What Does She Do With It?, 360
Tristram, Canon Henry Baker, 225
Trollope, Anthony
on black people, 259
reads Gladstone’s Bulgarian Horrors, 397
serial publication of works, 19
Barchester Towers, 297
The Way We Live Now, 413–14, 417
Trustee Savings Banks, 261
Tuck, Mrs (Victoria’s dresser), 506
Turgenev, Ivan, 185
Turkey see Ottoman Empire
Turner, Joseph Mallord William, 13–14, 164–5
Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying (painting), 52
Tyndall, John, 360
typhoid, 155, 243
typhus fever, 155
Tyutchev, Fedor, 545
Uganda, 486–7, 491–2
Ulster, 454, 456
Underground Railway, London, 453
unemployment, 508, 512
United States of America
grain imports from, 427, 430, 586
Irish emigration to, 81
post-Bellum settlement, 256
relations with Europe, 440
slavery in, 248–50
transport costs, 427
see also American Civil War
Universities Terms Act (1871), 364
Urquhart, David, 188, 190–1
Urquhart, Francis Fortescue (‘Sligger’), 188
utilitarianism, 37–8, 46, 132, 405, 520, 554
Vaccination Act (1867), 309
Varna, Crimea, 179–80
Vassar Female College, New York, 421
Vatican Council, First (1869–70), 344, 372–4
Vaughan, Charles John, Dean of Llandaff, 290–1
Venables, Admiral Robert, 48
venereal diseases, 308–10
see also Contagious Diseases Acts; prostitution
Venice, 87–8
Vereeniging, Peace of (1902), 612
Verne, Jules, 493
Versailles, Treaty of (1871), 343
Victoire, Princess of Leiningen see Kent, Victoire, Duchess of
Victoria and Albert Museum, London, 144
Victoria Augusta Antoinetta (Victoria’s cousin; ‘Victo’), 57
Victoria Cross, 204n
Victoria, Princess (Queen Victoria’s granddaughter), 615
Victoria, Queen
accession, 14, 26
avoids school, 282
in Bedchamber Crisis, 53–4
on Boer War, 611, 615
booed in East End, 508
and Cardigan, 183
character and behaviour, 26–7, 55–6, 240–2, 503
and Chartist movement, 113
and Civil List, 360, 503–4
compassion in Indian mutiny, 219
death and funeral, 615–19
decline in old age, 614–15
detests Hamlet, 53
and Disraeli, 359, 390, 403–4, 406–7
donates money for Irish famine relief, 82
on Egypt campaign, 465–6
as Empress of India, 218, 390–1
family, 503–4
finances, 360, 503
on Franco-Prussian War, 345–6
and General Gordon, 472
Gladstone’s relations with, 359, 403, 478
Golden Jubilee (1887), 437, 440, 502–7
at Great Exhibition, 137–8
as haemophilia carrier, 25
hatred of Conroy, 25
home and family life, 240–1
Indian servants, 219, 505–7
and John Brown, 504
on Kingsley’s novels, 149
language as child, 24
and Layard, 191
marriage, 54–5, 57, 168
Melbourne’s relations with, 14, 27, 53
and monarchy, 147, 359–60
and mother’s death, 241–2
and Palmerston’s premiership, 189
and Palmerston’s resignation, 146
parentage, 24–5, 54–5
Peel’s relations with, 57
political leanings, 57, 359
and porphyria, 25
portrayed, 145
and Prince Albert’s death, 243–4
and Prussian victory (1871), 345
racial tolerance, 298
receives Wagner, 412
reign, 27
relations with daughter Vicky, 241
religious attitudes, 141, 368, 506
and Ritualists, 368
seclusion, 360
sexual life, 57
and Suez Canal, 390
temper, 506
unpopularity, 259
visits Ireland, 242, 502
widowhood, 236
Victoria, Princess Royal (later Empress of Germany; ‘Vicky’), 238–41, 345–6, 503
Vienna, Congress of (1814–15), 48
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de, 97–8
vote, the see suffrage; Reform Acts
wages (industrial), 119
Wagner, Rev. Arthur, 267–8
Wagner, Cosima, 235, 412–13
Wagner, Richard
and anti-Semitism, 411–12
at Bayreuth, 417
medievalism, 235
visits London, 411–13
Götterdämmerung, 414
Lohengrin, 411
The Ring, 414–15
Tannhäuser, 412
Tristan und Isolde, 235–6
Wainwright, Father Lincoln Stanhope, 365–6, 369–70, 413
Wakley, Thomas, 35–6, 40, 66
Wales, 451–2, 592–3
Walker, William, 477
Wallace, Alfred Russel background and theories, 224–6, 230
and psychical research, 439
reads Chambers’ Vestiges, 95
response to Darwin’s Origin of Species, 226
Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection, 226
wallpaper manufacturers, 154
Walpole, Horace, 301
Walpole, Horatio William, Baron (later 4th Earl of Orford), 84
Walpole, Sir Robert, 60
Walter, John, 33
Wapping, 365–7
Ward, James: The World in its Workshops, 138
Ward, Mrs Humphry, 600 Robert Elsmere, 519
Warren, Mrs: A House and its Furnishings, 261
Warren, Sarah Anne, 264
Warrior, HMS, 352
wars, 353–4
Washington, Peter, 550
water (drinking), 155–6
water-borne diseases, 155–7
Watt, Richard, 50
Waugh, Evelyn, 188
Brideshead Revisited, 540
wealth
increase in, 14, 58, 446
see also economic growth; rich, the
Weaver, Martha, 264
Webb, Beatrice (Lady Passfield; née Potter), 483, 511–12, 548, 574–6, 600, 604
My Apprenticeship, 574
Webb, Philip, 262, 558
Webb, Richard, 43
Webb, Sidney (Baron Passfield), 511, 548, 574
Wedgwood family, 225
Wedgwood, Josiah, 44–5, 50, 225
Weismann,
August Friedrich Leopold, 232
Weldon’s Christmas Annual (1878), 386
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of
and British defences, 69, 145
death and funeral, 146, 539
and English xenophobia, 143
on opponents of Peel, 73
in Peel government, 66
photographed, 58
portrayed, 145
praises ‘Chatsworth Stove’, 130
and threat of mob violence, 117
Urquhart and, 188
on Victoria’s accession, 24, 26
on Victoria’s hatred of Conroy, 25
visits Great Exhibition, 145
and ‘Who? Who?’ government, 146
Wellington College, 237, 297
Wesendonk, Mathilde, 235
West Indies, 48–50, 53, 126
see also Jamaica
Westmacott, Sir Richard, 128
Westminster, Hugh Lupus
Grosvenor, 1st Duke of, 584, 585n
Westminster Review, The, 168, 174, 462
Westminster School, 30
wheat trade and prices, 126, 428, 430
Wheeler, General Sir Hugh, 212
Wheeler, Lieut.-Colonel, 202
Whewell, William, 110, 139
Whibley, Richard, 9
Whigs
and educated aristocracy, 358, 584
extinguished, 331
and forming of Liberal Party, 71, 386
and Jamaica unrest, 53
and Reform Bill (1832), 10
rule, 67
and slavery, 49
see also Liberal Party
Whipple, J.A., 138
Whistler, James Abbot McNeill, 87, 422, 555
The Gentle Art of Making Enemies, 422
White, General Sir George, 610
White, Gilbert, 232
‘White Man’s Burden, the’, 602
Whitechapel murders see Jack the Ripper
Whiteley, William: store, 409–11
Whitney, Eli, 249
‘Who? Who?’ government, 146
Wilberforce, Samuel, Bishop of Oxford (then of Winchester), 228–30, 232, 327, 366, 377, 380, 541
Wilberforce, William, 48–9, 202
Wild, George, 434
Wilde, Oscar, 422, 448, 545, 552, 554, 559–66, 598–600, 618
De Profundis, 560, 563
Wilhelm I, Kaiser of Germany, 343
Wilhelm II, Kaiser of Germany, 503, 609, 615–16
William IV, King, 14, 24, 26
Williams, Emma and Frank, 265
Wills, W.D. & H.O. (tobacco manufacturers), 198–9
Wilson, Brigadier Archdale, 204
Wilson, Revd Cairns, 285–6
Wilson, General Sir Charles, 470
Wilson, Edmund, 568–9
Wilson, James Havelock, 573
Wilson, Thomas, 543
Wilson, Woodrow, 252, 484
Winchester School, 283
Windsor, 56
Winfield, David Wilkie (later Wynfield), 323
The Death of Buckingham (painting), 322
Winterhalter, Franz, 56
The First of May (painting), 145
Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick
Stephen, Cardinal-Archbishop of Westminster, 139–42, 303, 327
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 328, 571
Woking, Surrey, 544
Wolff, Sir Henry Drummond, 485
Wolseley, General Sir Garnet Joseph (later Field Marshal Viscount), 465–6, 470
women
conditions, 119, 153–5, 441–2, 617
and contagious (venereal) diseases, 308–10, 369
‘delicacy’ of, 305, 312
diseases and physical condition, 154
and divorce, 234
education, 284–5, 305–8, 311–14, 421–2, 480, 520
employers’ view of, 151–2
and equality, 311
in Gilbert and Sullivan operas, 419
hair styles, 163
in Indian Mutiny, 208–9, 212
legal rights and status, 248, 305–8, 311–14, 316
Mill on, 111
in Parliament, 481
repressed, 119, 248
in rural labour gangs, 429
study medicine, 311–12
suffrage, 43, 110, 313–14
working, 41, 318–21
see also feminism
Wood, Sir Charles (later 1st Viscount Halifax), 77, 82, 125, 189, 221
Wood, General Sir Evelyn, 468
Wood, Mrs Henry: East Lynne, 274
Wood, Mrs (of Delhi), 208
Woodard, Revd Nathaniel, 281–3
wool production, 15, 428
Wordsells (engineering company), 409
Wordsworth, William death, 131, 133
finds beauty in poverty, 36
ideas and doctrines, 132–3
influence on J.S. Mill, 109
The Excursion, 131
‘Old Cumberland Beggar’, 36
The Prelude, 131–3, 159
The Recluse, 131
Workers’ Educational Association, 520
workhouses, 11–13, 28–33, 44, 75, 473, 6l3
in Ireland, 83
see also poor, the
working classes
childhood in, 260
clubs, 517
conditions, 119, 153–4, 441–2
deprivation and social unrest, 431–4
Dostoyevsky on, 416
education for, 363
in electorate, 386, 479, 573
employers’ views of, 151–2
health and physical state, 154
and Labour Movement, 576
Marx calls for unity of, 120
Mill on, 161
oppose formation of police, 38
scepticism over Independent Labour Party, 579, 591
and smoking, 198–9
and socialism, 445, 449, 511, 520
solidarity in, 41
support Chartism, 41, 46, 114
women, 318–21
see also factories; poor, the; servants
Working Men’s College, 158, 194, 317, 319
Workmen’s Compensation Act (1897), 582
world order, 545–7
World War I (1914–18), 589
World War II (1939–45), 186
Wright, Mrs (Palace of Westminster housekeeper), 9, 13
Wyndham, Madeline, 558
Wynfield, David Wilkie see Winfield, David Wilkie
Wynford, William Best, Ist Baron, 49
Wyse, Elizabeth, 29
Yarborough, Charles Andrew Pelham, 3rd Earl of, 428
Yeats, William Butler, 534, 536, 551–4, 559
Yellow Book, The (magazine), 552, 555
Young England movement, 46, 65–8, 101
Younghusband, Sir Francis, 549
Zola, Emile, 147, 334
La Débâcle, 344
Germinal, 442, 445–6
Zoological Gardens, Regent’s Park, London, 93–4
Zoological Society, 93–4
zoology, 96–7
Zulu War (1879), 401–2, 405
‘Let the great world spin forever down the ringing grooves of change,’ wrote Tennyson. ‘I thought the wheels ran in grooves,’ he explained after his first railway journey.
This steam locomotive of 1845 appears to be pulling stagecoaches from the Pickwickian era.
Tennyson’s haunting poetry of doubt and grief made him the ideal Laureate of the age.
The plight of the poor and their political discontent led to many riots and disturbances during the 1840s. This print shows the Chartist riot in Newport, Monmouthshire, in 1840.
The desolation of Ireland reached depths of unimaginable horror during the Great Famines of the late 1840s, which killed over 1 million and sent millions more into exile. Out of this suffering the Irish republican movement was born.
Prince Albert’s anxious look suggests that one of the Queen’s outbursts is imminent. Their marriage was passion
ate and stormy.
Osborne House, his Italianate villa on the Isle of Wight, was built to Albert’s specifications by Thomas Cubitt.
The entrance hall at Osborne reflects Albert’s chaste and learned taste. After his early death, his widow filled the place with her beloved ‘clutter’.
The Crimean War was the first to be photographed. Seen here is the Cook House of the 8th Hussars, the King’s Royal Irish. After the Famine, the army was an obvious career for many young Irishmen.
As many men died of disease as in battle during the Crimean War. Florence Nightingale’s organizational skills and compassion created the hospital at Scutari on the Bosporus, and led to the reform both of medicine and of the army.
But it was Mary Seacole, whose services Miss Nightingale rejected on racialist grounds, who nursed the sick in the front line of battle in the Crimea itself and whose jolly ‘hotel’ provided the men with home cooking and, a much-needed commodity, handkerchiefs.
The evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin, caricatured here, emerged concurrently with the popularity of European zoos.
This young chimpanzee in London Zoo, photographed in 1869 on the keeper’s lap, and beside a Rhesus macaque, must have prompted new thoughts in the visitors. Darwin’s grandfather Josiah Wedgwood made a celebrated medallion depicting an African slave in chains and asking the question, ‘Am I not a man and a brother?’
Eighty years later this question becomes for the Punch cartoonist a metaphysical conundrum. From now on, humans and apes were kin.
Charles Dickens’s novels are full of unforgettable children and images of childhood. But in his generation, children did not have ‘childhoods’, with nurseries, children’s books and special food. They were little adults.
Alice Liddell, whose father was Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, befriended a don called the Rev. Charles Dodgson. The results were some photographs in questionable taste and Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland.
The Great Conservatory at Chatsworth House in Derbyshire (the Chatsworth Stove) was the creation of the gardener there, Joseph Paxton. A brilliant self-taught engineer and designer, he planned the Crystal Palace, which would house the Great Exhibition of 1851, in a doodle on his blotter during a meeting.
Paxton’s eye for perspective, and his use of metal and glass, made him the object of admiration for such modernist photographers as Dell and Wainwright, who captured the Crystal Palace here during the 1930s just before it was destroyed by fire.
The State Opening of Parliament, 1851. Charles Barry’s new Houses of Parliament replaced those which burnt down in 1834. They provided a mock Gothic theatre for the beginning of modern politics.