Passchendaele
Page 46
38 C. von Clausewitz, On War, trans. M. Howard and P. Paret (London: David Campbell, 1993; first publ. 1976), p. 220. Emphasis added.
39 P. Gibbs, Now It Can be Told (New York and London: Harper & Brothers, 1920), p. 474.
40 LAC: RG41, Vol. 15, Testimony of G. Bell.
Index
aerial reconnaissance 60, 95, 116, 166, 179, 273
photographic 164, 165
air warfare 49–50, 85, 137, 346n19
German bombing raids on England 69, 322n46
Battle of Passchendaele 163–4, 189–90
preliminary bombardment 94–6, 103, 328n18
first day of offensive 106, 116
Langemarck 131–2
Menin Road 179
Broodseinde 210
Second Passchendaele 273–4
aircraft production 50, 69, 317n37
Aisne, Second Battle of the (April–May 1917) 11–16, 24–5, 33
see also Arras, Battle of
Albatros (German aircraft) 50
Albrecht Line (German defences) 61, 113, 117–18, 157, 179
Allen, Sir James 221
Allenby, Edmund, 1st Viscount 25, 90, 187
Alsace–Lorraine 34, 189, 313n29
America see United States of America
Amiens, Battle of (1918) 6
Amsterdam 87
Ancre, Battle of the (1916) 65
Anthoine, Paul 45, 75, 81, 152, 251–2
ANZAC (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps):
I Corps 157, 159, 164–5, 176–7, 190, 191–2, 203, 205–7, 209, 213, 250
II Corps 55, 159, 203, 207, 209–10, 226, 229, 231, 235, 239, 250
Armentières 94, 302, 328n11
Armin, Friedrich Sixt von 62–3, 133, 141, 148, 164, 166, 217
Army Group Crown Prince Rupprecht:
Battle of the Somme 30
Battle of Messines 58, 59
preparations for Allied offensive at Ypres 86–7
first stage of assault 119–20, 132, 143
counter-attacks against Allied ‘line-straightening’ operations 148–51
awaiting renewed Allied offensive 167
Battle of Menin Road 187
Battle of Poelcappelle 234–5
Arras, Battle of (April–May 1917) 11, 24–5, 33, 45, 46–7, 49–50, 90
see also Bullecourt, Battle of
Arz von Straußenburg, Arthur 143
Asquith, H. H., 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith 20, 37
Atteridge, A. Hilliard 246
Aubers Ridge, Battle of (1915) 45
Australian Imperial Force (AIF):
1st Division 168, 209
2nd Division 161, 175, 176–7
3rd Division 54–5, 160, 217, 236, 239
4th Division 159–60, 161, 191, 193, 242–3
5th Division 161, 191–3
see also ANZAC
Australian troops 159–61, 162, 250, 255, 268
Bullecourt 46–7, 65–6, 159
Messines 54–5, 159
Menin Road 175, 176–7, 185
Polygon Wood 190, 191–3
Broodseinde 208, 209–10, 217
First Passchendaele 236, 239, 240–43, 245
Austro-Hungarian Empire 29–30, 82, 84, 143, 265, 277
Baden Baden 170
Bailleul 103, 162
Balfour, Arthur, 1st Earl of 225
Balkan Campaign 21, 28–9, 82
balloons, observation 60, 95
barbed wire 48, 108, 240
Barnes, George 311n5
Barnett, Correlli 294
Barron, C. F. 366n12
Barton, Peter: Passchendaele 37
Basseevillebeek (stream) 179
Beach, Jim: Haig’s Intelligence 321n42, 327n7
Bean, Charles 65–6, 160–61, 162, 192–3, 215–16
Beaurepaire, Chateau de 68
Becelaere 59, 132, 182, 217, 258, 261, 273
BEF see British Expeditionary Force
Bell, George 303
Bellevue Spur 222, 229, 231, 239–45, 267, 269–71
Bellewaarde Lake 62
Bellewaarde Ridge 38, 126
Benedict XV, Pope 363n21
Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von, German Chancellor 31–2, 37
resignation 83–5
Beumelburg, Werner 54, 132
Bidwell, Shelford see Graham, Dominick and Shelford Bidwell
Binding, Rudolf 101, 171
Birdwood, William, 1st Baron 159, 213, 236, 250, 345n2
see also ANZAC, I Corps
Birnie, Alexander 226, 242–3
Birr Crossroads 92, 126
Bishop, J. J. 240
‘bite-and-hold’ tactic xv, 52, 57, 78, 157, 200, 202, 292, 295, 300–301, 372n21–2
Bixschoote 130
Black Line (Allied objective) 76, 108, 109–11, 115, 124, 332n46
Black Watch Corner 177
‘Bloody April’ (aerial campaign) 50
Blue Line (Allied objective) 76, 157, 165, 178–9, 193, 212, 231, 239, 242, 274
Blunden, Edmund 107, 119
Boesinghe 45, 80, 87, 94, 173
Bolsheviks 32, 287
bombardment:
preceding first main attack (July 1917) 90–92, 94, 98–104, 299, 327n5–7
preceding resumed main offensive (September 1917) 158, 172–3
Border House 128
Borry Farm 144, 161, 176, 184
Boulogne 37
Allied conference (September 1917) 222
Briand, Aristide 23, 31
British Army:
Armies:
Second 39, 42, 52–3, 65, 91, 105–6, 119, 157–8, 161, 164, 184–5, 191, 207, 212–13, 227, 278
Third 25, 90
Fourth 52
Fifth 42, 65, 80–82, 101, 118–19, 139–40, 156, 157, 174, 175–6, 212, 236, 275, 287–8
Corps:
I Corps 38
II Corps 81, 101, 109–11, 115, 126, 140, 147, 156, 159
V Corps 159, 175–6, 193–4, 198, 207
IX Corps 55, 157
X Corps 55, 157, 159, 177–8, 194, 207, 275
XIV Corps 80, 82, 94, 106, 126, 175–6, 212, 231–2, 275
XVIII Corps 81, 106–7, 114–15, 126, 140, 144, 153, 155, 175–6, 211, 212, 238, 275–6
XIX Corps 81, 107–8, 114–15, 126, 128, 140, 144, 153–4, 159, 161
Divisions:
5th 275
6th 161–2
8th 109, 117, 124, 126–7, 329n30
9th (Scottish) 175, 176, 238–9
11th 99, 153
14th (Light) 146–7
15th (Scottish) 99, 107, 138
16th (Irish) 128, 131
18th 111, 124, 125, 227, 235–6, 248–9, 334n8
23rd 178
24th 109, 111
25th 56, 124, 125, 329n30
29th 98
30th 109, 111, 118, 332n46
33rd 194, 198, 350n11
36th (Ulster) 128, 131, 139–40
38th 329n30
39th 107, 115, 121, 177–8, 194–5, 329n30
41st 56, 178–9
48th 130, 153, 162, 207
49th 229, 231, 239, 247, 359n33
51st (Highland) 98–9, 107, 345n7
55th (West Lancashire) 107, 108, 115, 182, 184, 329n30
56th 127–8
58th 275–6, 345n7
59th 198
61st 153–4
63rd (Royal Naval) 275–6
66th (East Lancashire) 229, 231, 237, 239, 359n33
Brigades:
I Tank Brigade 157–8, 211
2/Rifle Brigade 124
II Tank Brigade 109
III Tank Brigade 108
21 Brigade 111
25 Brigade 117
43 Brigade 147–8
74 Brigade 56
112 Brigade 109
118 Brigade 117
167 Brigade 127
British Expeditionary Force (BEF): organization and troop numbers 45–6, 255, 317–18n39
Broodseinde (village) 61, 76, 157, 191, 213
Broodseinde, Battle of (October 1917) 203, 207, 208–19, 263, 295, 301
Bruce, James 241–2
Bucharest: falls to Germans (1916) 28, 31
Bugden, Patrick ‘Paddy’ 194
Bulfin, Sir Edward 340n32
Bulgar Wood 177
Bulgaria 21, 31
Bullecourt, Battle of (May 1917) 46–7, 65–6, 140, 159, 245
Burman, William 178
Busseboom 125, 165
Cadorna, Luigi 142–3, 151, 152
Calais 37
Allied conference (February 1917) 23–4, 134
Camberley, Staff College 41, 294
Cambrai, Battle of (November 1917) 144
Cambridgeshire Regiment 115, 117
Canadian Corps 253–6, 265, 286
Battle of Vimy Ridge 24–5, 82, 256
Battle of Hill 70 134–5, 142, 224, 253
Second Battle of Passchendaele 253, 258, 266–71, 274–6, 278–86, 370n67
Caporetto, Battle of (October–November 1917) 172, 265, 276–7
Carrington, Charles 119, 162, 207, 209
Carson, G. M. (Australian Lieutenant) 241
Carter, G. (British Private) 123
Caspari (German Captain) 195–7
Cassel 53, 54, 156, 162, 246
casualty totals:
Battle of the Somme 21, 30, 119, 262, 301
Nivelle Offensive 16, 47
Battle of Messines 58, 263
Battle of Hill 70 134–5
Verdun counter-offensive 142
Eastern Front 170
Battle of Passchendaele 3, 136, 141, 262–3, 301–2, 374n37
preliminary bombardment and first assault 119, 120, 347n30
Langemarck 128
Allied ‘line straightening’ operations 154
Menin Road 185, 263
Polygon Wood 198, 199–200, 263
Broodseinde 212, 217, 263
Poelcappelle 231, 235, 263
First Passchendaele 242, 244, 245
Second Passchendaele 274, 275, 285, 367n17, 370n66
War totals 20, 68
Cavan, Rudolph Lambart, 10th Earl of 80, 106
see also British Army, XIV Corps
Champion, Ben 161, 165
Charteris, John:
background and character 67
Head of Intelligence at BEF HQ 67, 68, 104
relations with Haig 67, 321n42
despondency at progress of war 73–4
reaction to Reichstag Peace Resolution 98
briefs Haig on first day of attack 121
reaction to halting of offensive due to weather 122, 333n62
assessments of subsequent progress of offensive 135, 137, 184, 188, 220
and decision to continue advance on Passchendaele 220, 250
Chateau Wood 81
Chemin des Dames ridge 12, 13, 45
Churchill, Sir Winston 20, 251
The World Crisis 1916–18 251, 362n14
Clarke, R. J. 130
Clausewitz, Carl von: On War 302
Cluster House 268
‘Cockcroft action’ (August 1917) 143–4
Cockerell, A. R. 240, 360n44
Coffin, Clifford 117
‘Conduct of the Defensive Battle’ doctrine (Germany, December 1916) 34–5
conscription 46
Cook, Tim 253
Cooper, Duff, 1st Viscount Norwich: Haig 4–5
Coulter, Andrew 279
Couper, Victor Arthur 146
Courtrai 58, 64, 103
Coutts (Second Lieutenant) 143–4
creeping barrage (artillery tactic) xv, 11, 13, 106–7, 158, 165, 280–81
Crest Farm 274
Currie, Sir Arthur 253–6, 266–7, 275, 278, 279–80, 285–6, 300, 364n28–9
Curtis, Ralph 344n40
Curzon, George, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston 225, 311n5
Dancocks, Daniel: Legacy of Valour 286
Dardanelles Campaign see Gallipoli Campaign
Davidson, Sir John 5, 250
memorandum on plans for Allied main attack 76–9, 119
Debeney, Eugène 68
Decline Copse 267
Delmé-Radcliffe, Sir Charles 151
Delta House 345n7
Derby, Edward, 17th Earl of 22, 225
Derby Scheme 4
desertions see mutinies and desertions
Dieffenbach, Karl 62, 101, 216
dogfights, aerial 50, 95, 132, 163, 189–90
Douai 58
Douaumont, Fort 11
Doullens 41
drainage systems 104
duckboards 123–4, 190, 249
Dudley Ward, C. H. 119
Duncan, George 219–20
Dunkirk 37, 167, 328n18
Dwyer, Jack 194
Eastern Front 25, 28–9, 121, 170, 265
Edmonds, Sir James 2, 5–6, 78, 251, 301, 324n15, 371n3, 374n37
Egerton, Ernest 178
Egypt 168
Eighth Army (German) 170
Einem, Karl von 310n4
Eingreif divisions (German reserve units) xvi, 35, 150, 202, 218–19, 259, 292, 295
Battle of Messines 56
first day of Passchendaele offensive 114, 115, 116–18, 119
Battle of Langemarck 130–31
Battle of Menin Road 173, 179–84, 187
Battle of Polygon Wood 195–6
Second Battle of Passchendaele 264–5
Elles, Sir Hugh 80, 144
Erzberger, Matthias 84–5
espionage 166
Estaires 102
Fagence, Victor 248
Falkenhayn, Erich von 29
Falls, Cyril: The History of the 36th (Ulster) Division 128, 139–40
Fanshawe, Sir Edward 159
see also British Army, V Corps
Farrar-Hockley, Sir Anthony: Goughie 185
Fifth Army (British) 42, 65, 80–82, 101, 118–19, 139–40, 156, 157, 174, 175–6, 212, 236, 275, 287–8
First Army (French) 232
flamethrowers 338n12
Flanders Lines (German defences) xvi, 61
Flanders I 61, 191, 193, 220, 229, 243
Flanders II 213
Flanders III 61, 88, 213
flash spotting (artillery technique) 49, 267
Foch, Ferdinand 23, 152
Fokker Triplane 163
food and rations 124–5
Foster, Kenneth 286
Fourteenth Army (German) 143
Fourth Army (British) 52
Fourth Army (German) 36, 58, 62–3, 95–6, 99, 120–21, 150–51, 167–9, 202–3, 229, 262–3, 302
Group Dixmude 62, 114, 167
Group Lille 62
Group Nord 62
Group Wytschaete 62–3, 101, 103, 114, 120, 150, 168, 216
Group Ypres 62–3, 98, 103, 114, 117–18, 167, 168, 351n32
Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) 132
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria: assassination 73
Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria 29
Freeth, G. H. B. 127–8
French, Sir John, 1st Earl of Ypres 224–5
French Army:
First Army 232
Sixth Army 13, 16, 252
10th Colonial Infantry Division 13–14
Frezenberg 38, 76, 107
Fuller, J. F. C. 67, 144, 338n8
Furst Farm 274
Fussell, Paul, The Great War and Modern Memory 2
Gallipoli Campaign (1915–16) 21, 74, 159
Gallipoli Farm 128, 144, 154
Gallwitz, Karl 367n23
gas warfare 36, 92, 146, 328n11
gas masks 85, 146, 246
Gaza, Third Battle of (November 1917) 187
George V, King 19
German Air Service 50, 69, 94–6, 163, 273–4
German Army:
Armies:
Fourth 36, 58, 62–3, 95–6, 99, 120–21, 150–51, 167–9, 202–3, 229, 262–3,
302
Sixth 25, 36, 58, 86, 87
Eighth 170
Fourteenth 143
Corps/Groups:
III Bavarian Corps 63, 168
IX Reserve Corps 63, 64
XIX Saxon Corps 58, 64
Group Dixmude 62, 114, 167
Group Lille 62
Group Nord 62
Group Staden 264
Group Wytschaete 62–3, 101, 103, 114, 120, 150, 168, 216
Group Ypres 62–3, 98, 103, 114, 117–18, 167, 168, 351n32
Guard Corps 168
Divisions:
2nd Guard Reserve 114, 116, 168, 172, 320n27, 332n31
3rd Bavarian 173
3rd Guard Infantry 113, 256–7, 271–2
3rd Reserve 168, 200
4th Bavarian 195, 197–8, 200
4th Guard Infantry 202–3, 212, 217, 351n32
5th Bavarian 150
6th Bavarian Reserve 59–60, 105, 112, 172, 211, 331n21
8th 217
9th Reserve 173
10th Bavarian 252–3, 258, 260, 272–3
10th Ersatz 211
11th Bavarian 272, 282–3, 367n17
12th 101, 103, 168–9, 332n31
12th Reserve Division 130, 148
13th Reserve Infantry 257
16th Bavarian 22, 179, 182–3, 229
17th Infantry 98, 195–7, 216
18th 232, 235
20th 217
23rd Reserve 113
25th Infantry 216
26th 171–2
27th Infantry 168
32nd 147
34th 147
38th 113
39th 264
45th Reserve 351n32
50th Reserve 114, 117, 200, 332n31, 350n11
52nd Reserve 113–14, 331n21
79th Reserve 114, 252–3
119th 114, 332n31
121st 173, 175
195th 229, 232, 235, 259–60, 358n20
207th 332n31
221st 114, 117, 332n31
233rd 229
234th 179
235th 100
236th 168, 179, 182, 195, 197
238th 292
see also Eingreif divisions
Gheluvelt (village) 38, 61, 157, 273
Gheluvelt Plateau 38, 81
July–August 1917 operations 100, 101–2, 109, 120, 146–8
September 1917 operations 156–8, 173, 177–8, 203, 207