Isabella of Castile
Page 65
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My deepest gratitude goes to those academic historians who have been so generous with their time and thoughts. Professors Felipe Fernández-Armesto at Notre Dame and Simon Barton at Exeter University were both kind enough to read through parts of the manuscript of this book, commenting and critiquing. I am especially thankful to Professor Fernández-Armesto for his thoughtful commentary, and for putting me right on several matters. The final version of this book is, of course, mine – including any errors and, especially, my conclusion on Isabella’s place in history, her usurpation of the crown, the emergence of race and what today we call ‘racism’ as issues during her reign, and the concentration of power in her court as an authoritarian precursor to absolutism.
I am grateful to Professor David Raphael and Esther Carmi for permission to use extracts from translations of the Hebrew chronicles published in his The Expulsion 1492 Chronicle: An Anthology of Chronicles Relating to the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal. This remains the most valuable first-hand source in English on the Sephardic Jewish experience of expulsion. Professor Lu Ann Homza at William and Mary and Hackett Publishing generously also offered permission to cite from her Spanish Inquisition, 1478–1614: An Anthology of Sources though – after finding the original material – I eventually opted to follow the principle of translating myself wherever possible. I continue to recommend Professor Homza’s book to those wanting a deeper immersion in first-hand sources on theInquisition. Likewise, Professor Fernández-Armesto’s Columbus on Himself provides fine alternative, and full, translations to Columbus’s writing. Pedro Flor at the Universidad Nova in Lisbon, Portugal, has discovered what I consider to be an important addition to the small number of surviving Isabella portraits and kindly answered my queries on the subject. I am grateful for his help and hope the National Gallery in London will revise its catalogue accordingly. Librarians and archivists at the Biblioteca Nacional in Madrid, the Real Academia de la Historia, the British Library and the National Archives have all provided valuable support.
Much of this book depends on the published work of the academic masters of fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Spanish history – including Tarsicio de Azcona, Miguel Angel Ladero Quesada, Luis Suárez Fernández, Consuelo Varela, Álvaro Fernández de Córdova Miralles, J.H. Elliott and Felipe Fernández-Armesto, to name justa few. I would also like to thank those who have made their PhD theses, or versions of them, available – including Córdova Miralles on Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia) and the Catholic monarchs, Maria Montserrat LeÓn Guerrero on Columbus’s second voyage, Ana Isabel Carrasco Manchado on propaganda and Carmen Alicia Morales’s fascinating Psiquobiografía. I am just one of many people who await Teresa Tinsley’s thesis on Hernando de Baeza with great interest, and thank her for sharing thoughts.
The team at Bloomsbury has been patient, painstaking and creative, so many thanks to Michael Fishwick, Bill Swainson, Anna Simpson, Marigold Atkey, Kate Quarry, David Atkinson and Angelique Tran Van Sang. Peter James has lived up to his fame as one of Britain’s best copy editors and thanks also go to Catherine Best for her careful proofreading. My agent Georgina Capel has, as ever, been both a guide and a rock. Walter Donohue also generously and disinterestedly applied his publisher’s mind to an early version of the text. Special thanks go to that most perspicacious of readers, Katharine Scott, and to those who have participated in many dinner-table conversations about Isabella of Castile – Lucas and Samuel Tremlett.
INDEX
Abencerrajes, here, here
Abolasia, Juan Fernández, here
Abranel, Yucé, here
Abrantes, Countess of, here
Abravanel, Isaac, here, here, here, here, here
Abulafia, Samuel, here
acémilas (pack animals), here
Acequia Gorda, here
acrobats, here
Acuña, Luis de, here
Acuña, Vázquez, here
Afonso V, King of Portugal, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
betrothal to Juana la Beltraneja, here, here, here
challenged by Ferdinand, here
conduct of war with Spain, here
and Juana la Beltraneja’s claim to throne, here, here
leaves Castile, here
nicknamed ‘the African’, here
offers to be bought off, here
peace agreement with Spain, here
pendants as trophies, here
prepares for war with Spain, here
Afonso of Portugal, here, here, here, here, here, here
Aguado, Juan, here
Aguilar, Álvaro de, here
Ahmed el infantico, here, here, here, here, here, here
Alaejos, here
Alarcón, Martín de, here
Alarcón (alchemist), here, here, here, here, here
Alba, Duke of, here, here, here
Albi, Cardinal, here, here, here
Albornoz, Gonzalo, here
Albuera, battle of, here
Alcalá de Henares, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Alcántara, here, here, here
Alcántara military order, here, here, here
Alcaraz, here
Alcazarén, here
Alexander VI, Pope (Rodrigo Borgia), here, here, here, here
and church reform, here, here
his death, here
grants title of ‘Catholic Monarchs’, here
and pact with France, here
as pope, here, here, here
Alexandria, here, here
alfaqueques, here
Alfonso X, King of Castile, here, here
Alfonso of Aragon, here, here, here, here, here
Alfonso of Castile, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Algaba, Pedro del, here
Algerbí, Abrahen, here
Alhama, here, here, here
Alhambra palace
Generalife gardens, here, here
Isabella takes up residence, here, here
Isabella’s wish to be buried in, here
Münzer’s description of, here
Nasrid royal family and, here
Spanish occupation of, here
Aljafería palace, here
Aljubarrota, battle of, here, here
Almagro, here
Almazán, here, here, here
Almería, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
almonjábana cakes, here
Álora, here
Alpujarras, here, here, here, here, here
Alva de Liste, Enrique, Count of, here
Alvarnáez, Clara, here
Ampurdán castle, here
Andalusia, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
expulsion of Jews, here, here
and Inquisition, here, here, here
pacification of, here, here
and Portuguese war, here, here, here
Anghiera, Peter Martyr d’, here, here, here, here
and deaths of royal children, here, here, here
description of Gr
anada, here
embassy to Egypt, here
and Juana of Castile, here
and Margaret of Austria, here
Anne of Brittany, here
Antwerp, here
Apulia, here
Aquinas, Thomas, here
Arabic, here, here, here
Aragon, Sancha de, here
Aragon
celebrates Ferdinand and Isabella’s marriage, here
early relations with Castile, here
excluded from colonies, here
and expulsion of Jews, here, here
history of Mediterranean expansion, here
and Inquisition, here, here
and Isabella’s death, here
mosaic of individual kingdoms, here, here, here
mosque ransacked, here
Muslim population, here
numbers of Jews in, here
traditions and role of women, here, here, here, here
Aranda de Duero, here, here
Aranjuez, here
Arévalo, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Muslim population, here, here
Arras, bishop of, see Albi, Cardinal
Arthur, King, here
Arthur, Prince of Wales, here, here, here, here, here
artificial insemination, here, here, here
artillery, here, here, here, here, here, here
Arzilla, here, here
Asilah, here
astrolabe, invention of, here
Asturias, here
Atahualpa, here
Athens, dukedom of, here, here
auto da fe ceremonies, here, here
Avignon, here
Avila, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Axarquía of Málaga, here, here, here
Ayala, López de, here
Aylli, Pierre d’, here
Azores, here, here, here, here, here
Aztecs, here
Bacon, Francis, here
Badalona, here
Badoç, Lorenzo, here, here
Baeza, Hernando de, here, here, here, here
ballads, Enrique IV’s penchant for, here
Barbary pirates, here
Barcelona
attempted assassination of Ferdinand, here
and Columbus’s return, here
congratulates Isabella, here
decline in Jewish population, here
Isabella visits, here
partying in, here, here
rebellion against Juan the Great, here, here, here
slave market, here
Barcelos, Isabella de, here
Barrientos, Lope de, here
Barrioneuvo, Velasco de, here
Basque country, here, here, here, here, here
batalla (regiment), Isabella’s, here
Bay of Biscay, here, here, here
Bayona, here
Baza, here, here, here, here
Beato (trickster), here
Beatriz of Braganza, here
Beaufort, Margaret, here
Behaim, Martin, here
Benadeba, Pedro Fernández, here
Benavente, Count of, here
Benavente, Duke of, shows off pet camel, here
Berardi, Giannotto, here, here
Berbers, here, here, here, here
Bermejo, Juan Rodríguez de, here
Bernáldez, Andrés, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
and Christopher Columbus, here, here
and deaths of royal children, here, here
and expulsion of Jews, here, here
Berry, Duke of, see Guyenne, Duke of
Besançon, archbishop of, here, here
Béthencourt, Jean de, here
Bilbao, here, here
Biltri, Baron, here
Black Death, here
Blanca of Navarre, here
Boabdil, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
and fall of Granada, here, here, here, here, here
Boadilla de Rioseco, here
Bobadilla, Beatriz de, here, here, here, here, here
Bobadilla, Beatriz de (niece), here
Bobadilla, Francisco de, here, here, here
Boïl, Bernat, here, here
Boleyn, Anne, here
Borgia, Cesare, here, here, here, here, here
Borgia, Jofre, here, here
Borgia, Juan (Duke of Gandía), here, here
murder of, here, here
Borgia, Lucrezia, here, here
Borgia, Rodrigo, see Alexander VI, Pope
Borja, here
Boulogne, Count of, here
Boussut, Monseñor de, here
Briviesca, Jimeno de, here
Brussels, here, here
Bruto (Juan of Castile’s lurcher), here
Buitrago, here
Buitrago cheeses, here
bullfighting, Isabella’s dislike of, here, here
bulls, as omen of war, here
buñuelo cakes, here
Burchard, Johannes, here, here
Burgo de Osma, here
Burgos, Friar Alonso de, here, here, here, here, here
Burgos
horse throws Prince Juan, here
and Inquisition, here
Jewish population, here
Juana of Castile enters, here
letter pinned to cathedral, here
Margaret of Austria’s arrival, here
and Portuguese war, here, here, here, here, here
and siege warfare, here
and wool trade, here
burning, death by, here
Cabezudo, Juan Rodríguez, here
Cabo Hermoso, here
Cabot, John, here
Cabra, Count of, here
Cabrera, Andrés de, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
cacao, here
Cáceres, Francisca de, here
Cáceres, here, here
Cadalso, here
Cadiz, Marquess of, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Cadiz, here, here, here, here, here
Cairo, here, here, here
Calabria, here
Calahorra, Bienveniste de, here
Calais, here
Calatayud, Juan de, here
Calatayud, here
Calatrava military order, here, here, here, here, here
Calcutta, here
Calixtus III, Pope, here
calzas moras, here
Cambil, here
camel, duke’s pet, here
Canary Islands, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Spanish conquest of, here, here
cañas, here, here, here, here, here
Cancionero de Palacio, here
cannibals and cannibalism, here, here, here, here, here
Cano, Pedro, here
Cantabria, here
Cantalapiedra, here, here, here
Canyamars, Juan de, here, here
Cão, Diogo, here
Caonabo, chief, here, here, here, here
Cape Bojador, here
Cape of Good Hope, here, here
Cape Verde, here, here, here, here, here
Capsali, Elijah, here, here, here, here
Carbonell, Pere, here
Cárdenas, Alfonso de, here
Cárdenas, Gutierre de, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Cardeñosa, here
Carib people, here, here
Carrillo, Alfonso (archbishop of Toledo), here, here, here, here
accepts peace deal, here
belief in alchemy, here, here
brokers agreement between Isabella and Ferdinand, here, here
describes meeting of Enrique and Isabella, here
increasingly erratic behaviour, here, here
and Isabella’s accession, here, here, here, here, here, here
overspending, here
submits t
o Isabella, here
supports Isabella, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
at war with Isabella, here, here, here, here, here
Carrillo, Troilo, here
Carro de las Damas, here
Carthusians, here
Castel Sant’Angelo, note pinned to doors, here
Castell soap, here
Castile
advantageous winds and ocean currents here
birth of heiress, here
Cervantes laments decline, here
civil war under Enrique IV, here, here
comuneros rebellion, here
court logistics, here
explanation of joint rule, here
expulsion of Jews, here
expulsion of Muslims, here
history and geography, here, here
mix of religions, here, here
Muslim population, here
muted criticism of Granada war, here
name derives from castillos, here
numbers of Jews, here
pacification of, here
peace agreement with France, here
peace agreement with Portugal, here
population size, here
proclaims Isabella queen, here
realengo lands, here
rivalry with Portugal, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
royal treasury, here
señorial lands, here, here, here
unified laws, here
see also New Castile; Old Castile
Castilla, Pedro de, here, here, here
Castillo, Diego Enríquez del, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Castronuño fortress, here
Cathay, here, here
Catherine of Aragon, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
betrothal and marriage, here, here, here, here
betrothal to Henry VIII, here
birth, here, here
eating disorder, here, here
education, here
and English embassy, here
and split with Rome, here, here
and virginity, here
Catherine of Lancaster, here, here, here
Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia, here
Cattanei, Vittoria dei, here
Cavalleria, Alfonso de la, here, here
Cebreros, here
Cerdagne, here, here, here, here
Cervantes, Miguel de, here, here, here, here
Ceuta, here
Chacón, Gonzalo, here, here, here, here
Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, here
Charles I, King of Spain, here, here, here, here
elected Holy Roman Emperor (Charles V), here
Charles VIII, King of France, here, here, here