The Opium War
Page 47
13 Quoted in Bourne, Palmerston, 576.
14 Fay, The Opium War, 183.
15 Ibid., 183.
16 Melancon, Britain’s China Policy, 99–101.
17 Le Pichon, China, Trade and Empire, 386–7.
18 Melancon, Britain’s China Policy, 104.
19 Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1991), 91.
20 For accounts of this meeting, see Melancon, Britain’s China Policy, 105–7; Lord Broughton, Recollections of a Long Life (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1911) Volume 5; Bourne, Palmerston, 581–2.
21 http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1840/apr/07/war-with-china (accessed 15 July 2009).
22 Bourne, Palmerston, 582.
23 Ibid., 588.
24 Melancon, Britain’s China Policy, 107.
25 Ibid., 107–8.
26 Fay, The Opium War, 195.
27 Le Pichon, China, Trade and Empire, 400.
28 ‘Opium Trade with China’, The Times, 7 August 1839.
29 ‘Private Correspondence’, The Times, 1 November 1839.
30 For Matheson’s remark, see Janin, The India–China Opium Trade, 27; Algernon Thelwall, The Iniquities of the Opium Trade with China (London: W. H. Allen, 1839).
31 ‘China – Extinction of the Opium Trade’, The Times, 30 August 1839.
32 ‘Proceeding with our View of the Opium Question’, The Times, 23 October 1839.
33 ‘The Opium Question’, The Times, 25 October 1839.
34 ‘Editorial’, The Times, 25 December 1839.
35 ‘The Lord Mayor’s Dinner and the Unpopular Ministers’, Northern Star, 16 November 1839, 4.
36 ‘Parliamentary Intelligence’, The Times, 6 February 1840.
37 ‘Editorial’, The Times, 11 March 1840; ‘Express from India’, The Times, 12 March 1840.
38 ‘Editorial’, The Times, 13 March 1840.
39 ‘The House of Lords Last Night’, ibid.
40 ‘Editorial’, The Times, 7 April 1840.
41 Shijie Guan, ‘Chartism and the First Opium War’, History Workshop Journal 24 (1987): 20.
42 http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1840/apr/09/war-with-china-adjourned-debate (accessed 15 July 2009).
43 Liang, Yifen wenji, 38–9.
Seven: SWEET-TALK AND SEA-SLUG
1 Waley, The Opium War, 108–9; Qi, Yapian zhanzheng Volume 4, 630.
2 Waley, The Opium War, 108.
3 Ian Nish ed., British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Part 1, Series E, Asia, Volume 16, Chinese War and Its Aftermath, 1839–1849 (Frederick, Md.: University Publications of America, 1994), 12–20.
4 Polachek, The Inner Opium War, 153.
5 Lord Jocelyn, Six Months with the Chinese Expedition (London: John Murray, 1841), 52.
6 Ibid., 55–6.
7 Ibid., 56–7.
8 Crossley, Orphan Warriors, 103.
9 John Ouchterlony, The Chinese War: An Account of All the Operations of the British Forces from the Commencement to the Treaty of Nanking (London: Saunders and Otley, 1844), 54.
10 Fay, The Opium War, 215.
11 This section is indebted to the discussion in Mao, Tianchao, 33–73.
12 Ibid., 33.
13 Chinese Repository 5 (1836–37), 167.
14 Jocelyn, Six Months, 57.
15 Chinese Repository 5 (1836–37), 173–4.
16 Ibid., 169.
17 Crossley, Orphan Warriors, 86.
18 Mao, Tianchao, 63; and Crossley, Orphan Warriors, 85.
19 This was the case even though the British army entered a relative slump during these decades, following its triumph at Waterloo. For more details, see David Chandler and Ian Beckett eds., The Oxford History of the British Army (Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks, 2003); Allan Mallinson, The Making of the British Army (London: Bantam Press, 2010); Correlli Barnett, Britain and Her Army (London: Cassell, 2000).
20 Qi, Yapian zhanzheng Volume 4, 466–7.
21 Ibid., Volume 3, 469.
22 See account in the Chinese Repository 9 (1840), 222–8.
23 Respectively, Jocelyn, Six Months, 72; and Wei Yuan, A Chinese Account of the Opium War: A Translation of the Last Two Chapters of the Shengwu ji translated by Edward Parker (Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh, 1888), 17.
24 Waley, The Opium War, 73.
25 Mao, Tianchao, 160.
26 Ibid., 162; Yapian zhanzheng dangan shiliao Volume 2, 167.
27 Mao, Tianchao, 164.
28 Waley, The Opium War, 103.
29 Mao, Tianchao, 165.
30 Ibid., 166.
31 Ibid., 166.
32 Ibid., 166.
33 Waley, The Opium War, 111; Qi, Yapian zhanzheng Volume 2, 219–20.
34 Mao, Tianchao, 167.
35 John Elliot Bingham, Narrative of the Expedition to China 2nd ed. (London: Henry Colburn, 1843) Volume 1, 217.
36 Ouchterlony, The Chinese War, 58.
37 Nish, British Documents, 126.
38 See for example Lishi (History) Volume 1 (Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe, 1960) or Zhongguo lishi (Chinese History) Volume 3 (Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe, 1956).
39 See Mao, Tianchao, 1–23 for an expansion of this idea.
40 Mao, Tianchao, 168.
41 See ibid., 172.
42 Ibid., 172.
43 Ibid., 173.
44 Ibid., 174.
45 Ibid., 174.
46 Ibid., 155.
47 Ibid., 176.
48 Nish, British Documents, 130–1.
49 Ouchterlony, The Chinese War, 63.
50 Nish, British Documents, 136.
51 Mao, Tianchao, 180.
52 Jocelyn, Six Months, 114.
53 Nish, British Documents, 131.
54 Zheng, The Social Life of Opium, 107.
55 Mao, Tianchao, 179, 182.
56 Ibid., 242.
57 Jocelyn, Six Months, 138.
Eight: QISHAN’S DOWNFALL
1 Kuo, A Critical Study, 262.
2 Waley, The Opium War, 242.
3 Wei Yuan, A Chinese Account, 23; Liang, Yifen wenji, 50.
4 Bingham, Narrative Volume 1, 249; Volume 2, 41–2.
5 Wei Yuan, A Chinese Account, 23.
6 Bingham, Narrative Volume 1, 388; Mao, Tianchao, 134.
7 Liang, Yifen wenji, 51.
8 Bingham, Narrative Volume 1, 383.
9 Ibid., 408.
10 Ibid., 410, 413.
11 Waley, The Opium War, 124–6.
12 Nish, British Documents, 162–3.
13 Kuo, A Critical Study, 272.
14 Nish, British Documents, 167.
15 I am indebted to Peter Ward Fay’s The Opium War for this insight.
16 Nish, British Documents, 176.
17 Lin Zexu ji (Zougao) Volume 2, 762.
18 Qi, Yapian zhanzheng Volume 2, 226; Waley, The Opium War, 114–15.
19 Mao, Tianchao, 223.
20 Liang, Yifen wenji, 52.
21 These two comments, respectively, are from Duncan McPherson, Two Years in China: Narrative of the Chinese Expedition, from Its Formation in April, 1840, to the Treaty of Peace in August, 1842 2nd ed. (London: Saunders and Otley, 1843), 74; and Ouchterlony, The Chinese War, 97.
22 McPherson, Two Years, 74.
23 W. H. Hall and W. D. Bernard, Narrative of the Voyages and Services of the Nemesis 2nd ed. (London: Henry Colburn, 1845), 5.
24 Ibid., 121.
25 Ibid., 126.
26 For reference to time, see Bingham, Narrative Volume 2, 29. See also Hall, Narrative, 128.
27 Waley, The Opium War, 123.
28 Qi, Yapian zhanzheng Volume 1, 409, Volume 4, 73.
29 Polachek, The Inner Opium War, 156.
30 Waley, The Opium War, 133.
31 Bingham, Narrative Volume 2, 406.
32 Mao, Tianchao, 225.
33 Wei Yuan, A Chinese Account, 24–5; L
iang, Yifen wenji, 51–2.
34 Mao, Tianchao, 254.
35 Ibid., 212–13.
36 Hall, Narrative, 139.
37 Waley, The Opium War, 133, Mao, Tianchao, 214.
38 Hall, Narrative, 148.
39 Mao, Tianchao, 215.
40 Hall, Narrative, 158–9.
41 Hall, Narrative, 156 and Mao, Tianchao, 229–30; see also Liang, Yifen wenji, 54.
42 Liang, Yifen wenji, 58.
43 Ibid., 57.
44 Bingham, Narrative Volume 2, 88.
45 Chinese Repository 10 (1841), 182.
46 Hall, Narrative, 199.
47 Bingham, Narrative Volume 1, 411.
Nine: THE SIEGE OF CANTON
1 Liang, Yifen wenji, 58.
2 Mao, Tianchao, 260. My understanding of the sequence of communications between Canton and Beijing owes a great debt to the trenchant and entertaining analysis of Mao Haijian.
3 Liang, Yifen wenji, 58–9.
4 Mao, Tianchao, 261.
5 Liang, Yifen wenji, 59.
6 Bingham, Narrative Volume 2, 82.
7 Chinese Repository 10 (1841), 182.
8 Ibid., 234.
9 Liang, Yifen wenji, 58.
10 Waley, The Opium War, 137.
11 Mao, Tianchao, 268.
12 Ibid., 268.
13 Ibid., 269.
14 Ibid., 270.
15 Ibid., 271.
16 See Frederick Wakeman’s inspiring volume on mid-nineteenth-century Canton and its clash with the British, Strangers at the Gate: Social Disorder in South China, 1839–1861 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966), 46.
17 For more biographical information, see Arthur Hummel ed., Eminent Chinese of the Ch’ing Period, 1644–1912 (Washington: Library of Congress, 1943), 391–3; and Mao, Tianchao, 272.
18 Mao, Tianchao, 273.
19 Ibid., 274.
20 Waley, The Opium War, 149; see also Liang, Yifen wenji, 64.
21 Mao, Tianchao, 328.
22 Waley, The Opium War, 142.
23 Mao, Tianchao, 275.
24 Earl Swisher, China’s Management of the American Barbarians: A Study of Sino-American Relations, 1841–1861, with Documents (New Haven: Far Eastern Publications, 1953), 66–73.
25 Ibid., 70.
26 Ibid., 60.
27 Qi, Yapian zhanzheng Volume 3, 483–4; Swisher, China’s Management, 71.
28 Swisher, China’s Management, 74.
29 Liang, Yifen wenji, 73.
30 Bingham, Narrative Volume 2, 110.
31 Yapian zhanzheng dangan shiliao Volume 3, 363.
32 Swisher, China’s Management, 75.
33 Qi, Yapian zhanzheng Volume 4, 617.
34 Liang, Yifen wenji, 73.
35 Swisher, China’s Management, 68.
36 Ibid., 74.
37 Yapian zhanzheng dangan shiliao Volume 3, 363.
38 Swisher, China’s Management, 71.
39 Ibid., 73.
40 Xiao, Yapian zhanzheng Volume 1, 410–22.
41 Bingham, Narrative Volume 2, 106.
42 Chinese Repository 10 (1841), 240.
43 Fay, Opium War, 288.
44 Wakeman, Strangers, 12.
45 Fay, The Opium War, 288.
46 Bingham, Narrative Volume 2, 113.
47 Wei Yuan, A Chinese Account, 31; Liang, Yifen wenji, 70.
48 Bingham, Narrative Volume 2, 132.
49 Liang, Yifen wenji, 71.
50 FO 17/52: 112–13 (dispatch of 29 May).
51 Liang, Yifen wenji, 71.
52 Wei Yuan, A Chinese Account, 32.
53 Liang, Yifen wenji, 72.
54 Wakeman, Strangers, 52.
55 Ibid., 53.
56 Liang, Yifen wenji, 71.
57 Ibid., 72–3.
58 Wakeman, Strangers, 56.
59 Bingham, Narrative Volume 2, 147.
60 Fay, The Opium War, 294.
61 Bingham, Narrative Volume 2, 147.
62 Wakeman, Strangers, 14.
63 Fay, The Opium War, 295.
64 Bingham, Narrative Volume 2, 150.
65 Ibid., 149–54.
66 Ibid., 155–6.
67 Quoted in Wakeman, Strangers, 19.
68 See account in Bingham, Narrative Volume 2, 162.
69 Chinese Repository 10 (1841), 530.
70 A Ying, Yapian zhanzheng wenxueji (Literary Anthology from the Opium War) (Beijing: Guji chubanshe, 1957), 1. See also translation in Wakeman, Strangers, 20.
71 Wei Yuan, A Chinese Account, 35; Liang, Yifen wenji, 75.
72 See discussion in Wakeman, Strangers.
73 Ibid., 61.
74 A Ying, Yapian zhanzheng wenxueji, 1.
75 Qi, Yapian zhanzheng Volume 3, 37.
76 Mao, Tianchao, 304.
77 Ibid., 305.
78 Liang, Yifen wenji, 76.
79 Polachek, The Inner Opium War, 175.
80 I owe this insight to Mao, Tianchao, 293.
81 See the account in McPherson, Two Years, 176–98. My attention was drawn to this issue by Mao Haijian’s own acute analysis.
82 Qi, Yapian zhanzheng Volume 4, 240–41.
83 See, for example, Mao, Tianchao, 283, 288, 319.
84 Bingham, Narrative, 148.
85 Mao, Tianchao, 288–9.
86 Yapian zhanzheng dangan shiliao Volume 3, 462–3.
87 Ibid., 500.
88 Ibid., 547.
89 See, for example, ibid., 579.
90 Mao, Tianchao, 290.
Ten: THE UNENGLISHED ENGLISHMAN
1 For these comments, see Susanna Hoe and Derek Roebuck’s fascinating biography of Elliot, The Taking of Hong Kong: Charles and Clara Elliot in China Waters (Richmond: Curzon, 1999), 188. My account of Elliot’s China career in this chapter draws heavily on Hoe and Roebuck’s use of Elliot’s letters.
2 Nish, British Documents, 261.
3 Fay, The Opium War, 313.
4 Hoe and Roebuck, The Taking of Hong Kong, 136.
5 Ibid., 140.
6 Ibid., 141.
7 The Times, 8 April 1841, 5.
8 Hoe and Roebuck, The Taking of Hong Kong, 156.
9 Ibid., 157.
10 The Times, 15 April 1841.
11 Fay, The Opium War, 309.
12 Nish, British Documents, 186–7.
13 Hoe and Roebuck, The Taking of Hong Kong, 169.
14 Nish, British Documents, 283.
15 ‘Very Important from China, India and Egypt’, Freeman’s Journal and Daily Commercial Advertiser, 12 April 1841.
16 Fay, The Opium War, 276.
17 Hoe and Roebuck, The Taking of Hong Kong, 192.
18 Ibid., 192–3.
19 Ibid., 192.
20 Ibid., 224.
21 Ibid., 202.
22 Ibid., 210.
23 Ibid., 199–200.
24 Ibid., 206.
25 Nish, British Affairs, 261.
26 Cited in Wakeman, Strangers at the Gate, 46.
27 Nish, British Affairs, 178.
28 Hoe and Roebuck, The Taking of Hong Kong, 183.
29 Ibid., 180.
30 Edward Belcher, Narrative of a Voyage Round the World Performed in Her Majesty’s Ship Sulphur During the Years 1836–1842 (London: Henry Colburn, 1843) Volume 2, 214.
31 Hoe and Roebuck, The Taking of Hong Kong, 163.
32 Ibid., 209.
33 Ibid., 146.
34 Ibid., 150–1.
35 Ibid., 158.
36 ‘POISON UNPAID FOR’, Freeman’s Journal and Daily Commercial Advertiser, 12 April 1841.
37 Guan, ‘Chartism and the First Opium War’, 24.
38 Hoe and Roebuck, The Taking of Hong Kong, 163.
39 The Times, 8 February 1841.
40 The Times, 6 November 1840.
41 The Times, 14 June 1841.
42 ‘The Expedition to China’, The Times, 17 April 1841.
43 The Times, 10 September 1841.
44 The Times, 9 November 1841.
> 45 For reports, see, for example, The Times, 20 May 1841.
46 Hoe and Roebuck, The Taking of Hong Kong, 150.
47 McPherson, Two Years in China, 74.
48 Fay, The Opium War, 312.
49 The Times, 9 July 1841.
50 The Times, 9 November 1841.
51 ‘A Field Officer’, The Last Year in China to the Peace of Nanking (London: Longman, 1843), 137.
Eleven: XIAMEN AND ZHOUSHAN
1 Yapian zhanzheng dangan shiliao Volume 4, 17.
2 See Mao, Tianchao, 330–1, for a careful unpicking of these threads.
3 FO 17/54: 23.
4 Mao, Tianchao, 330.
5 Hall, Narrative, 270.
6 George Pottinger, Sir Henry Pottinger, First Governor of Hong Kong (Sutton: St Martin’s Press, 1997), 15–23.
7 Ibid., 59.
8 Xiao, Yapian zhanzheng shi Volume 2, 448.
9 Mao, Tianchao, 341.
10 Bingham, Narrative Volume 2, 244.
11 Hall, Narrative, 281.
12 Qi, Yapian zhanzheng Volume 3, 514–17.
13 See Yuqian’s memorials in Kuo, A Critical Study, 260–61, 275–7.
14 Mao, Tianchao, 349.
15 Ibid., 398.
16 Ibid., 352.
17 Ibid., 353.
18 Wei Yuan, A Chinese Account, 48.
19 Hall, Narrative, 308.
20 Mao, Tianchao, 356.
21 Hall, Narrative, 314.
22 Bingham, Narrative Volume 2, 263.
23 Mao, Tianchao, 363.
24 Qi, Yapian zhanzheng Volume 6, 302.
25 Mao, Tianchao, 368.
26 Bingham, Narrative Volume 2, 277–9.
27 Ibid., 280–1.
28 Mao, Tianchao, 373.
29 Ibid., 374.
30 Ibid., 367.
31 Liang, Yifen wenji, 99.
32 Wei Yuan, A Chinese Account, 51.
Twelve: A WINTER IN SUZHOU
1 FO 17/56: 38.
2 Qi, Yapian zhanzheng Volume 3, 181.
3 Ibid., 209.
4 Waley, The Opium War, 179.
5 Qi, Yapian zhanzheng Volume 3, 234.
6 Mao, Tianchao, 388–91.
7 FO 17/54: 237–8.
8 Mao, Tianchao, 382.
9 Qi, Yapian zhanzheng Volume 3, 229.
10 Hall, Narrative, 331–2.
11 Alexander Murray, Doings in China: Being the Personal Narrative of an Officer Engaged in the Late China Expedition, from the Recapture of Chusan in 1841 to the Peace of Nankin in 1842 (London: Richard Bentley, 1843), 128.
12 FO 17/56, 144–6.
13 Waley, The Opium War, 164–5.
14 FO 17/56: 151.
15 FO 17/56: 145.
16 Qi, Yapian zhanzheng Volume 3, 186.
17 FO 17/56: 49; for an example of Yijing’s rhetoric in Chinese, see Yapian zhanzheng dangan shiliao Volume 5, 55–61.