The Opium War
Page 48
18 FO 17/56: 107.
19 Yapian zhanzheng dangan shiliao Volume 5, 61.
20 Bingham, Narrative Volume 2, 266.
21 Ibid., 285.
22 A Ying, Yapian zhanzheng wenxue ji, 24.
23 See, for example, FO 17/56: 33, 36.
24 Ibid., 41.
25 FO 17/54: 208–9.
26 FO 17/56: 52.
27 Waley, The Opium War, 235.
28 FO 17/56: 18.
29 Ibid., 47.
30 Ibid., 115.
31 Murray, Doings in China, 130.
32 Ouchterlony, The Chinese War, 225.
33 Murray, Doings in China, 73.
34 ‘A Field Officer’, The Last Year in China, 102–3.
35 Ibid., 154–5.
36 Mao, Tianchao, 381, 405–6.
37 Ibid., 383.
38 Waley, The Opium War, 168–9.
39 Ouchterlony, The Chinese War, 239–40.
40 Ibid., 244.
41 Liang, Yifen wenji, 103.
42 Qi, Yapian zhanzheng Volume 3, 187.
43 Waley, The Opium War, for example 166, 174.
44 Ouchterlony, The Chinese War, 246.
45 Liang, Yifen wenji, 104; Wei Yuan, A Chinese Account, 55.
46 Mao, Tianchao, 387; Yapian zhanzheng dangan shiliao Volume 5, 85–6.
47 FO 17/56: 339.
48 Paraphrased from Waley, The Opium War, 173.
49 Ouchterlony, The Chinese War, 258–9.
50 Waley, The Opium War, 175.
51 Murray, Doings in China, 109.
52 ‘A Field Officer’, The Last Year in China, 137.
53 Wei Yuan, A Chinese Account, 56–7.
54 Mao, Tianchao, 407; Yapian zhanzheng dangan shiliao Volume 5, 217–20.
55 Liang, Yifen wenji, 110.
56 Yapian zhanzheng dangan shiliao Volume 5, 248–50.
57 Wei Yuan, A Chinese Account, 60; Mao, Tianchao, 407.
58 FO 17/56: 337.
59 Summarized in Waley, The Opium War, 183–5.
60 Ibid., 170.
Thirteen: THE FIGHT FOR QING CHINA
1 Hall, Narrative, 385, 377.
2 See the wonderful account in Crossley, Orphan Warriors, 69.
3 See Peter Zarrow’s eye-opening ‘Historical Trauma: Anti-Manchuism and Memories of Atrocity in Late Qing China’, History and Memory 16.2 (Autumn–Winter 2004): 77.
4 Crossley, Orphan Warriors, 25.
5 Ibid., 78.
6 Ibid., 105.
7 See figures from Fay, The Opium War, 341.
8 Murray, Doings, 138–9.
9 Quoted in Crossley, Orphan Warriors, 112.
10 Hall, Narrative, 383.
11 Granville Loch, The Closing Events of the Campaign in China (London: John Murray, 1843), 37.
12 See details in Crossley, Orphan Warriors, 112; Xia Xie, Zhongxi jishi (A Record of Sino-Western Relations) (Hunan: Xinhua, 1988), 106–7; 322–6; Qi, Yapian zhanzheng Volume 3, 267–9.
13 Hall, Narrative, 385–6.
14 The Times, 23 November 1842.
15 Loch, The Closing Events, 65.
16 Ibid., 4–35.
17 Ibid., 33.
18 Ibid., 44.
19 Ibid., 50.
20 Ibid., 75.
21 Ibid., 84.
22 Wei Yuan, A Chinese Account, 64.
23 Dai, Yapian zhanzheng renwu zhuan, 213.
24 Mao, Tianchao, 475.
25 Liang, Yifen wenji, 115.
26 Waley, The Opium War, 197.
27 FO 17/57: 118.
28 Waley, The Opium War, 200.
29 Ibid., 199.
30 Wei Yuan, A Chinese Account, 65.
31 Waley, The Opium War, 198.
32 Ibid., 198–203.
33 Liang, Yifen wenji, 117.
34 Waley, The Opium War, 203–5.
35 Ibid., 203.
36 Hall, Narrative, 429.
37 Waley, The Opium War, 205–6.
38 Waley, The Opium War, 207.
39 Hall, Narrative, 430.
40 Loch, The Closing Events, 107–13.
41 Ibid., 112.
42 Wakeman, ‘The Canton Trade’, 208.
43 Mao, Tianchao, 443–4.
44 FO 17/57: 23.
45 FO 17/57: 25.
46 See, for example, Susan Naquin, Millenarian Rebellion in China: The Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813 (Yale: Yale University Press, 1976); Lars Laaman, Christian Heretics in Late Imperial China: Christian Inculturation and State Control 1720–1850 (London: Routledge, 2006).
47 Wei Yuan, A Chinese Account, 61.
48 Loch, The Closing Events, 104.
49 Hall, Narrative, 431.
50 Loch, The Closing Events, 117.
51 Waley, The Opium War, 213–14.
52 Ibid., 214–19.
53 Hall, Narrative, 432.
54 Bingham, Narrative Volume 2, 356.
Fourteen: THE TREATY OF NANJING
1 Yapian zhanzheng dangan shiliao Volume 5, 222.
2 See an interesting discussion of Liu’s points in Mao, Tianchao, 414–20.
3 Ibid., 413.
4 Ibid., 413.
5 See, for example, ibid., 199.
6 Yapian zhanzheng dangan shiliao Volume 5, 86.
7 Mao, Tianchao, 428.
8 Ibid., 432.
9 Yapian zhanzheng dangan shiliao Volume 5, 306–7.
10 Ibid., 273.
11 FO 17/57: 9.
12 FO 17/57: 11.
13 Mao, Tianchao, 447.
14 Ibid., 446.
15 Ibid., 447.
16 Ibid., 447.
17 Yapian zhanzheng dangan shiliao Volume 5, 365.
18 Ibid., 364.
19 FO 17/56: 340; FO 17/57: 83.
20 FO 17/57: 79.
21 Ibid., 122.
22 Yapian zhanzheng dangan shiliao Volume 5, 428; Mao, Tianchao, 449–50.
23 Ssu-yu Teng, Chang-hsi and the Treaty of Nanking (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1944), 22.
24 Kuo, A Critical Study, 294.
25 Yapian zhanzheng dangan shiliao Volume 5, 701.
26 Ibid., 743.
27 Teng, Chang-hsi, 18.
28 Ibid., 19–20.
29 Ibid., 33.
30 Ibid., 35.
31 Ibid., 37.
32 Ibid., 38–40.
33 Ibid., 40–41.
34 Ibid., 43–5.
35 Ibid., 90.
36 Mao, Tianchao, 457.
37 Teng, Chang-hsi, 56–8.
38 Ibid., 56.
39 Ibid., 58.
40 Ibid., 59.
41 Ibid., 61–3.
42 Ibid., 65.
43 Loch, The Closing Events, 149.
44 Ibid., 151–2.
45 See Mao, Tianchao, 460, for a development of this idea.
46 Loch, The Closing Events, 152.
47 Ibid., 162–3.
48 Teng, Chang-hsi, 80.
49 Loch, The Closing Events, 170–1.
50 Teng, Chang-hsi, 94.
51 FO 17/57: 196.
52 Loch, The Closing Events, 172.
53 Ibid., 172–4, see also Teng, Chang-hsi, 69–70.
54 FO 17/57: 200.
55 Kuo, A Critical Account, 296.
56 Teng, Chang-hsi, 109.
57 Yapian zhanzheng dangan shiliao Volume 6, 136–8, 165.
58 Mao, Tianchao, 487–8.
59 Loch, The Closing Events, 187.
60 Teng, Chang-hsi, 88.
61 Loch, The Closing Events, 175 and Teng, Chang-hsi, 5.
62 Loch, The Closing Events, 187.
63 Ibid., 188.
64 Teng, Chang-hsi, 86.
65 Ibid., 93.
66 Mao, Tianchao, 504; Teng, Chang-hsi, 113, 108, 115.
67 Mao, Tianchao, 491.
68 Teng, Chang-hsi, 115.
Fifteen: PEACE AND WAR
1 ‘The China Ransom’, ‘The Chinese Treaty’, The Times, 24 and 26 November 1842.
2 ‘Success in China and Affghanista
n: Glorious News’, ‘The Treaty with China’, The Times, 23 November 1842; ‘The French Press and the Treaty of Peace with China’, The Times, 25 November 1842.
3 ‘The Treaty with China’, The Times, 23 November 1842.
4 Cited in Susan Thurin, Victorian Travellers and the Opening of China (Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1999), 5; I am also grateful to Thurin’s book for bringing these images to my attention.
5 Patrick Wright, ‘The Great Exhibition and London’s Chinese Junk’, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_7450000/newsid_7457000/7457066.stm (accessed 17 July 2010).
6 ‘The Chinese and Persian Wars’, The Times, 17 March 1857.
7 ‘The Birmingham Banquet to Mr Bright’, The Times, 30 October 1858.
8 See reports in The Times, 9 and 12 August 1939.
9 ‘Official Secrets’, The Times, 31 March 1934.
10 Stanley Lane-Poole, Sir Harry Parkes in China (London: Methuen, 1901), 3.
11 Ibid., 12, 29.
12 Ibid., 15–16; 29.
13 Ibid., 71, 48.
14 Ibid., 96.
15 Frank Welsh, A History of Hong Kong (London: HarperCollins, 1997), 140. See also Steve Tsang, A Modern History of Hong Kong (London: I. B. Tauris, 2004) for a very informative account of the island’s recent history.
16 James Henderson, Shanghai Hygiene, Or, Hints for the Preservation of Health in China (Shanghai: Presbyterian Mission Press, 1863), 11.
17 John Nolde, ‘The False Edict of 1849’, Journal of Asian Studies 20.3 (1960): 299.
18 Wong, Deadly Dreams, 134. My understanding of the background to and discussion of the second Opium War in Britain owes much to Wong’s painstaking research.
19 Howard, ‘Opium Suppression’, 180. On the subject of the Taiping Rebellion, see also Jonathan Spence’s bold and evocative God’s Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan (New York: Norton, 1996); Franz Michael and Chung-li Chang, The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966–71).
20 Wong, Deadly Dreams, 139.
21 Lane-Poole, Sir Harry Parkes, 50.
22 Wong, Deadly Dreams, 135.
23 Wakeman, Strangers, 76.
24 Lane-Poole, Sir Harry Parkes, 107.
25 Ibid., 108 and 112.
26 Ibid., 145.
27 Wakeman, Strangers, 105; see also Wong, Deadly Dreams, 140 for a similar remark.
28 Lane-Poole, Sir Harry Parkes, 36.
29 Wong, Deadly Dreams, 434–8.
30 Ibid., 264 and 286.
31 Ibid., 211.
32 Reverend George Smith, A Narrative of an Exploratory Visit to Each of the Consular Cities of China, and to the Islands of Hong Kong and Chusan (London: Seeley and Burnside, 1847) Volume 1, 131.
33 Zheng, The Social Life of Opium, 107.
34 Wong, Deadly Dreams, 429.
35 Ibid., 409.
36 Ibid., 422.
37 Ibid., 54.
38 Ibid., 72–4.
39 Ibid., 71, 87.
40 Ibid., 76.
41 Ibid., 106.
42 Ibid., 88.
43 Ibid., 93.
44 Ibid., 101.
45 Ibid., 90–1.
46 Ibid., 288.
47 Ibid., 160.
48 Ibid., 157–8.
49 Ibid., 163.
50 Ibid., 81 and Hansard, 26 February 1857, Third Series, Volume 144, Column 1331.
51 Wong, Deadly Dreams, 186.
52 Ibid., 293.
53 Hansard, 26 February 1857, Third Series, Volume 144, Columns 1391–1446.
54 Ibid., 1461–1462.
55 Hansard, 3 March 1857, Third Series, Volume 144, Columns 1821–1830.
56 Wong, Deadly Dreams, 206.
57 Ibid., 208.
58 Ibid., 211.
59 Ibid., 216–17.
60 Ibid., 221.
61 Ibid., 320.
62 Ibid., 321.
63 Ibid., 230–1, 233.
64 Ibid., 236.
65 Hansard, 9 March 1857, Third Series, Volume 144, Column 2042.
66 Wong, Deadly Dreams, 261–82.
67 Ibid., 275.
68 Ibid., 79, 164–5.
69 See, for example, The Times, 4 February 1858.
70 See, for example, George Wingrove Cooke, China and Lower Bengal: Being The Times Correspondence from China in the Years 1857–58, 5th ed. (London: Routledge, 1861), 309.
71 Ibid., xi.
72 See The Times, 15 and 17 February 1858.
73 W. Travis Hanes III and Frank Sanello, The Opium Wars (Illinois: Sourcebooks, 2002), 205. See also Cooke, China, 349–51 and The Times, 26 February 1858.
74 J. Y. Wong, Yeh Ming-ch’en: Viceroy of Liang Kuang 1852–8 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), 186.
75 Cooke, China, 349.
76 Lane-Poole, Sir Harry Parkes, 272.
77 The Times, 26 February 1858.
78 Cooke, China, 397–8, 402–3.
79 Lane-Poole, Sir Harry Parkes, 181.
80 ‘The Disaster in China’, The Times, 16 September 1859.
81 ‘Allied Expedition to China’, The Times, 16 September 1859; 12 September 1859.
82 Hevia, English Lessons, 35; Hanes and Sanello, The Opium Wars, 193; Wong, Deadly Dreams, 460. Hevia’s book remains one of the most systematic explorations of the mindset behind Western campaigns against China in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
83 Douglas Hurd, The Arrow War: An Anglo-Chinese Confusion 1856–60, (London: Collins, 1967), 205.
84 Hanes and Sanello, The Opium Wars, 225.
85 Lane-Poole, Sir Harry Parkes, 178.
86 Hanes and Sanello, The Opium Wars, 234.
87 For Beato’s photographs, see David Harris’s fascinating Of Battle and Beauty (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999).
88 Robert Swinhoe, Narrative of the North China Campaign (London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1861), 136–47.
89 Ibid., 145.
90 D. F. Rennie, The British Arms in North China and Japan (London: John Murray, 1864), 112.
91 Lane-Poole, Sir Harry Parkes, 227.
92 See, for example, Swinhoe, Narrative, 388; Garnet Joseph Wolseley, Narrative of the War with China in 1860 (London: Longman, 1862), 209.
93 Wolseley, Narrative, 206.
94 Swinhoe, Narrative, 285.
95 Wolseley, Narrative, 220–4.
96 Ibid., 224.
97 Hevia, English Lessons, 79–81.
98 Wolseley, Narrative, 227.
99 Colonel J. FitzGerald, ‘Incidents of the Last Chinese War’, unpublished manuscript, reproduced by kind permission of his granddaughter, Jennifer Mackintosh.
100 Hevia, English Lessons, 98.
101 Wolseley, Narrative, 233.
102 Hevia, English Lessons, 100.
103 Wolseley, Narrative, 233.
104 Wolseley, Narrative, 259.
105 Hevia, English Lessons, 105.
106 Swinhoe, Narrative; 329; Hevia, English Lessons, 107.
107 Wolseley, Narrative, 280.
108 Swinhoe, Narrative, 330.
109 Cited in Hevia, English Lessons, 105.
110 Swinhoe, Narrative, 330–1.
111 Cited in Hevia, English Lessons, 111.
112 Ibid., 115.
Sixteen: THE YELLOW PERIL
1 The Times, 10 and 11 December 1860.
2 ‘Arrival of Mr Loch at Dover’, Morning Post, 28 December 1860.
3 Henry Brougham Loch, A Personal Narrative of Occurrences During Lord Elgin’s Second Expedition to China (London: John Murray, 1869), 289.
4 Hanes and Sanello, The Opium Wars, 94.
5 My particular thanks to Finlay McLeod for providing me with biographical information about Donald Matheson.
6 Quoted in Donald Matheson, What is the Opium Trade? (Edinburgh: Thomas Constable and Co., 1857), 5.
7 Quoted in Dikötter et al., Narcotic Culture, 54.
8 Karl Marx, ‘Trade or Opium?’ at http://www.marxists.org/archi
ve/marx/works/1858/09/20.htm (accessed 17 July 2010).
9 Quoted in Dikötter et al., Narcotic Culture, 97.
10 Berridge, Opium and the People, 23.
11 Ibid., 45.
12 Ibid., 62–72.
13 David Wells, ‘The Truth about the Opium War’, North American Review, 162.475 (June 1896): 759–60.
14 Joseph G. Alexander, North American Review, 163.478 (September 1896): 381–3.
15 Zheng, The Social Life of Opium, 111.
16 Ibid., 154.
17 Ibid., 113.
18 Ibid., 155.
19 Ibid., 154–68, 175.
20 Kathleen Lodwick, Crusaders Against Opium: Protestant Missionaries in China 1874–1917, (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1996), 50.
21 Robert Montgomery Martin, Opium in China (Dowgate: Brewster & West, 1847), 5.
22 Lodwick, Crusaders, 40.
23 McMahon, The Fall of the God of Money, 56.
24 Lodwick, Crusaders, 94, 48.
25 Ibid., 99.
26 Ibid., 33.
27 Matheson, What is the Opium Trade?, 11.
28 Justin McCarthy, ‘The Opium War’, Friend of China, April 1880, 104–6.
29 The Times, 17 April 1840, 4.
30 Martin, Opium in China, 89–90.
31 McCarthy, ‘The Opium War’, 105.
32 C. F. Gordon Cumming, Wanderings in China (Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1886), 490.
33 For more on the Yellow Peril, see Auerbach, Race; Stanford M. Lyman, ‘The “Yellow Peril” Mystique: Origins and Vicissitudes of a Racist Discourse’, International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 13.4 (Summer 2000): 683–747; Hevia, English Lessons, 315–45.
34 Chums, November 1892, 166.
35 Liu, The Clash, 189.
36 Hyam, Britain’s Imperial Century, 139–40.
37 Ibid., 198.
38 Ibid., 191–2.
39 Ibid., 193. See Daniel Pick, Faces of Degeneration: A European Disorder (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993) for a brilliant survey of this question.
40 Liu, The Clash, 62.
41 Auerbach, Race, 39 and passim.
42 Ibid., 163–4.
43 Ibid., 66.
44 For more on the Boxer Rebellion, see (for example) Joseph Esherick, The Origins of the Boxer Uprising (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Hevia, English Lessons; Cohen, History in Three Keys; and Robert Bickers and Gary Tiedemann eds., The Boxers, China and the World (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007).
45 Hevia, English Lessons, 223.
46 Ibid., 221. Hevia’s book offers an extraordinarily enlightening account of this ‘punitive picnic’.
47 Cited in Esherick, The Origins of the Boxer Uprising, 310.
48 The Times, 17 January 1911.
49 Charles Dickens, ‘Lazarus, Lotus-Eating’, All the Year Round, 12 May 1866, 423.
50 ‘A Night in an Opium Den’, Strand Magazine 1 (1891), 624–7.