The Opium War

by Julia Lovell

  Jardine–Mathesons ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Jehangir ref 1, ref 2

  Jesuit priests ref 1

  Jiang Zemin ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Jiangxi ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Jiaqing emperor ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Jocelyn, Robert, Viscount Jocelyn ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Jurchens ref 1

  Kang Youwei ref 1, ref 2

  Kangxi emperor ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14

  Kashgar ref 1

  Kipling, Rudyard ref 1

  Korea ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  Kowloon ref 1

  battle of ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Lady Hughes (ship) ref 1

  Lamb, William, 2nd Viscount Melbourne ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Latin America ref 1

  Lea, Homer ref 1

  Lee Teng-hui ref 1

  Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Lewis, Ivan ref 1

  Li Hongzhang ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Liang Qichao ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Liang Tingnan ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10

  historical significance of Opium War account ref 1

  Lin Weixi ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Lin Zexu ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  background and early career ref 1

  begins Canton campaign against opium ref 1, ref 2

  blockades foreign factories ref 1

  demands the murderer of Lin Weixi ref 1, ref 2

  destroys opium ref 1

  dismissed and punished ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  historical appraisals of ref 1, ref 2

  military strategies of ref 1

  on opium ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  reports on the British to Daoguang ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  spreads rumours about Qishan ref 1

  studies the West ref 1

  suspects Cantonese ref 1, ref 2

  waxwork of ref 1

  Lin Zexu (film) ref 1

  Lindsay, Hugh Hamilton ref 1

  Linnaeus, Carl ref 1

  Lintin ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Liu Xiaobo ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Liu Yunke (Governor of Zhejiang) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Lhasa ref 1

  Loch, Captain Granville ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Loch, Henry ref 1

  London ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  Chinese in ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  in Fu Manchu plots ref 1

  Karl Marx settles in ref 1

  loot from second Opium War displayed in ref 1

  opium in ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Sun Yat-sen in ref 1, ref 2

  London, Jack ref 1

  Long March ref 1, ref 2

  ‘loose-rein’ policy ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Lu Kun ref 1, ref 2

  Lu Xinlan ref 1

  Lu Xun ref 1

  Lust, Caution (film) ref 1

  Macao ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10

  Charles Elliot based on ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  Henry Pottinger reaches ref 1

  McCarthy, Justin ref 1

  Macartney, George, 1st Earl Macartney ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Macaulay, Thomas Babington ref 1, ref 2

  McDougall, Bonnie ref 1

  McPherson, Duncan ref 1

  Manchuria ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  Manchus ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7 (see also Qing)

  ethnic identity of ref 1

  Mao Zedong ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13

  on first Opium War ref 1

  Maoism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Marx, Karl ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Mask of Fu Manchu, The (film) ref 1

  Matheson, Donald ref 1, ref 2

  Matheson, James ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  sinophobia of ref 1, ref 2

  Maugham, Somerset ref 1

  May Fourth Movement ref 1, ref 2

  Melbourne, Lord, see Lamb, William 2nd Viscount Melbourne

  Ming dynasty ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  and civil-service examinations ref 1

  and Manchus ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  and opium ref 1, ref 2

  missionaries ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  allies of opium traders ref 1, ref 2

  anti-Chinese feeling among ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  and Boxer Rebellion ref 1, ref 2

  opposition to opium ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  Mongolia ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Moonstone, The (novel) ref 1

  Morning Post (newspaper) ref 1

  Morrison, John ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Morrison, Robert ref 1, ref 2

  Mukden ref 1

  Mystery of Edwin Drood, The (novel) ref 1

  Nanjing ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  British attack on (1842) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  in grain transport system ref 1, ref 2

  Rape of (1937) ref 1, ref 2

  Treaty of ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18

  Napier, William, 9th Lord Napier of Merchistoun ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10

  ‘National Humiliation’ ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  Nationalist Party ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  civil war with Chinese Communist Party ref 1, ref 2

  opium policies ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  United Front with Chinese Communist Party ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Nazi Germany ref 1, ref 2

  Nemesis (steamer) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15

  New York Daily Tribune (newspaper) ref 1

  Nian Rebellion ref 1

  Nineteen Eighty-Four (novel) ref 1

  Ningbo ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  attacked and occupied by the British (1841) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Qing counter-assault on (1842) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Niu Jian (Governor-General of Zhejiang) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  enjoys cherry brandy ref 1

  Nobel Peace Prize ref 1, ref 2

  Northern Expedition ref 1, ref 2

  Nurhaci ref 1

  opium

  addiction to ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  campaigns to legalize in China ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  cause of Opium Wars ref 1

  changing attitudes to ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  chemical effects on human body ref 1, ref 2

  Chinese names for ref 1

  consumption in China ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  cultivation in China ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  cures for addiction ref 1, ref 2

  excluded from Treaty of Nanjing ref 1, ref 2

  history in China ref 1

  legislation in Great Britain on ref 1

  as luxury item ref 1

  medical uses of ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  production of ref 1

  role in creating Chinese nationalism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  in Second World War ref 1

  in Sino-British trade vii, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  in sinophobia ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  as stimulant ref 1

  suppression of in China ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9 (see also Lin Ze
xu)

  taxes on ref 1, ref 2

  trade in China ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Western use of ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  in world trade ref 1

  opium clippers ref 1

  opium dens ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11

  Opium War, first ref 1, ref 2 (see also place names of individual engagements and names of treaties)

  British fleet reaches China ref 1

  British military superiority during ref 1

  British pillaging during ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  British prisoners ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  British public opinion on ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  casualties ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  causes of ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Chinese civil conflict in ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Chinese collaboration during ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10

  in Chinese history ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Chinese names for ref 1, ref 2

  Chinese pillaging during ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  corruption during ref 1, ref 2

  fear of retribution for ref 1, ref 2

  Karl Marx’s view on ref 1

  military incompetence during ref 1, ref 2

  origins of term ref 1

  Parliamentary debates ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  politicized memory of in China vii–ix, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13

  Qing attitude to ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Qing explanations for defeats in ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Qing officials misinform the emperor ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  Qing soldiers run away during ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  and Sino-Western relations ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  taught in Chinese schools today ref 1

  trade during ref 1, ref 2

  Opium War, second ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Anglo-French plundering during ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  British public opinion of ref 1, ref 2

  Chinese views of ref 1

  Parliamentary debates ref 1

  preparations for expedition ref 1

  Qing negotiations during ref 1

  Opium War, The (film) ref 1, ref 2

  Palmerston, Lord, see Temple, Henry John, 3rd Viscount Palmerston

  Panchen Lama ref 1

  Parker, Admiral William, RN ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Parkes, Harry ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  background and early career ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  kidnapped during second Opium War ref 1, ref 2

  provokes second Opium War ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  ‘Patriotic Education’ campaign ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Peel, Robert ref 1, ref 2

  People’s Daily (newspaper) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  People’s Liberation Army ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  People’s Republic of China ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  pidgin ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  piracy ref 1, ref 2

  Plot to Demonise China, The (book) ref 1

  poppies, opium ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11

  poppies, Remembrance Day vii–viii

  Pottinger, Sir Henry ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  early career ref 1

  embarks on hostilities with Qing ref 1, ref 2

  negotiations with Qing government ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

  travels to China as plenipotentiary in first Opium War ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Punch (magazine) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Qi Gong ref 1

  Qianlong emperor ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12

  encounters British embassy (1793) ref 1, ref 2

  establishes ‘Canton system’ of trade ref 1

  oversees expansion of Qing empire ref 1, ref 2

  sources of authority of ref 1, ref 2

  Qing dynasty ref 1

  Banners ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  and Boxer Rebellion ref 1

  conquest and expansion ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  cosmopolitanism of ref 1

  debate about opium ref 1, ref 2

  economy ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  emperorship 39 (see also individual emperors)

  involvement in opium trade ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  nineteenth-century crisis of ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  military ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  navy ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  official corruption ref 1, ref 2

  political culture of ref 1

  preoccupation with domestic security ref 1

  press ref 1

  reforms of early twentieth century ref 1, ref 2

  religious authority ref 1

  speed of postal service ref 1, ref 2

  tensions with Han Chinese ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10

  trade ref 1, ref 2

  tribute system ref 1, ref 2

  Qinghua University ref 1

  Qinshi huangdi, see First Emperor of China

  Qishan ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11

  accused of treachery ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  historical appraisals of ref 1

  negotiates with Charles Elliot ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  travels to Canton ref 1

  Qiying ref 1, ref 2

  Imperial Commissioner to Canton ref 1

  negotiates final treaty with the British ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  racism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Rohmer, Sax ref 1, ref 2, ref 3 (see also Fu Manchu)

  Roy, Stapleton ref 1

  Royal Navy ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  (see also Opium War, first; and individual battles)

  Russia ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12 (see also Soviet Union)

  Sanyuanli ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Sea Battle Museum ref 1, ref 2

  second Opium War, see Opium War, second

  Self-Strengthening Movement ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Senggelinqin ref 1

  Shaanxi ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Shaikh, Akmal ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Shanghai ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  May 30 demonstrations in (1925) ref 1

  newspapers in ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  and opium trade ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  in Second World War ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Shenbao (newspaper) ref 1, ref 2

  Shiel, Matthew ref 1

  Sichuan ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

  earthquake (2008) ref 1

  silk ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  silver ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  Singapore ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  sinology ref 1

  Social Darwinism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade (SSOT) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Song Meiling ref 1, ref 2

  Soviet Union ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6 (see also Russia)

  Spring Purification Circle ref 1, ref 2

  spy plane incident (2001) ref 1, ref 2

  Stanton, Vincent ref 1

  Staunton, George ref 1

  ‘Strong Nation Forum’ ref 1

  Sun Yat-sen ref 1, ref 2

  alliance with Soviet Union ref 1, ref 2

  anti-imperialism of ref 1

 
background and early career ref 1, ref 2

  death ref 1

  nationalist thought ref 1

  on opium ref 1

  Suzhou ref 1

  Swinhoe, Robert ref 1, ref 2

  Syria ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Taiping Rebellion ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

  Taiwan ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  opium in ref 1

  Qing conquest of ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  in settlement of Sino-Japanese war (1894) ref 1, ref 2

  trade with ref 1

  tea ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  and British trade deficit ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Temple, Henry John, 3rd Viscount Palmerston ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  China policy ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Chinese historical appraisals of ref 1

  consults Parliament about first Opium War ref 1

  dismisses Charles Elliot ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  as foreign secretary ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13

  letter to the Chinese emperor ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  meets William Jardine ref 1

  in second Opium War ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Thailand ref 1

  Thatcher, Margaret ref 1

  Thelwall, Algernon ref 1

  Thom, Robert ref 1

  Thomas Coutts (ship) ref 1

  Three Principles of the People, The (lectures) ref 1 (see also Sun Yat-sen)

  Tiananmen Square ref 1

  protests (1989) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Tianjin ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  British fleet approaches (1840) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  in second Opium War ref 1, ref 2

  Treaty of ref 1, ref 2

  Tibet ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Times (newspaper) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13

  tobacco ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  tribute system ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  European frustration with ref 1

  Unequal Treaties ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  United States of America ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  ally of Nationalist China in Second World War ref 1, ref 2

  attitude to China ref 1, ref 2

  in Boxer Rebellion ref 1, ref 2

  Chinese emigration to ref 1, ref 2

  courted by Sun Yat-sen ref 1

  criticized after bombing of Belgrade embassy ref 1, ref 2

  fear of China in ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  presence in China at time of first Opium War ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

  in second Opium War ref 1, ref 2

  and spy-plane incident ref 1