Hanes, W. Travis, 298
Harding, Warren G., 350
Harley, C. Knick, 419n27
Harrison, John, 210
Hart, Robert, 287
Hatshepsut, Queen, 32, 33, 34
Hattin, Battle of, 118, 123
Hawkins, John, 214, 267
Hawley, Willis, 351
Heckscher, Eli, 17, 339, 340, 342
Heeren XVII, 221, 228, 229, 230, 237, 251
Hellespont, 35, 47–53, 53, 111, 367. See also Dardanelles
helmets, 20
Henrique, Infante Dom (Prince Henry the Navigator), 157, 158, 160, 161, 167
Herodotus, 21–22, 24, 35, 36, 46, 113
Hill, Rowland, 309
Hindus, 92–93, 95, 104–5, 108, 128, 173, 179
Hippocrates, 135
Hirschman, Albert, 356
Hjedding, 346
Hodeida, 249
Holland, 51, 197, 205, 208, 217–40, 248, 259, 354, 375. See also Dutch; Netherlands
coffee and, 249
finance, 221
military spending, 224
opium and, 288
Holy Land, 76, 77, 118–20, 123, 124, 153, 154
Hong Kong, 284, 297, 298
Honourable Company, See East India Company
Hoover, Herbert C., 350
Hormuz, 100, 101, 155, 181, 194, 231, 232. See also Strait of Hormuz
horrea (warehouses), 40
Hourani, George, 76
Hsü Nai-chi, 290
Huang Chao, 86
Hugh, Bishop, 154
Hulagu, 77, 90, 124
Hull, Cordell, 352–53, 376, 384
hunting, 22
Hutchinson, Thomas, 241
Ibn Battuta, 18, 83, 91–98, 100, 116, 117, 151
Ibn Khaldun, 151
Ibn Majid, 173
Ibn Shahriyar, Burzug, 83. See also Book of the Marvels of India
Ibn Tughluq, Muhammad, 92
ice, shipping, 332
Idrisi, Shereef, 87
immigration, 341, 379
“imperial preference,” 346
import substitution, policy of, 363
incense, 12, 34, 59–71, 82, 181
Mecca and, 68
income inequalities, 377
India, 34, 38–42, 78, 43–84, 92–94, 107, 109, 116–17, 174–183, 216, 235. See also East India Company; specific topics
autarky of, 363
liquidation of artisan class, 299
Muslim rulers, 52
Roman trade with, 4, 10
textile manufacturing and, 104, 252–53, 255–57, 263–64, 282–84, 291, 337, 340, 384
Indian Ocean, 36, 38, 42, 155
China and, 99, 150
Europeans access to, 156, 157
monsoons and, 11, 12, 38. See also monsoons
Muslims’ hold on, 97, 155, 177
loosening, 129, 157, 189, 191
nature of medieval trade on, 84–85, 90, 97, 99
Portuguese and, 53, 111, 157, 189, 191, 232
Roman Empire and, 4
West’s ascendancy in, 53
Indian states and Rome, diplomatic contacts between, 10
Indonesia, 95, 209, 235, 250, 251, 371
Indus Valley, 16, 30
Industrial Revolution, 254, 262, 263, 309
Inquisition, 209
interest rates, 222–25, 248, 286, 340, 341, 359
interlopers, 261, 282
intermodal shipping device, 361. See also containers and containerization
International Trade Organization (ITO), 358, 364
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), 360
Iran-Iraq War, 369
“iron and rye,” coalition of, 348
iron rail technology, 326
Isaac Angelus, 120
Isabella, Queen of Spain, 161, 164, 165, 168
Islam. See also Muslims
birth, 66–76. See also Muhammad
impact on trade, 42, 52, 66, 85–86, 118
rise and spread of, 71–76, 118, 121
schism in, 138
Islamic law, 85–86, 91–93, 97, 108
Israel, Samuel, 304
Itinerario, 218
Jabir bin Abdullah, 72
Jackson, Andrew, 319, 321
Jakarta, 210, 225, 230
Jamaica, 267, 271
Japan, 192–94, 234, 235
Jardine, William, 280, 281, 289, 291, 294, 296, 297–99. See also Jardine Matheson and Company
Jardine Matheson and Company, 291, 292, 294, 295, 298
Java, 105, 108, 117, 192, 210–12, 225, 226, 230, 235
coffee of, 251
Jeddah, 97, 147, 181
Jeejeebhoy, Jamsetjee, 281, 290, 291
Jerusalem, 68, 76, 118–19, 153
Jews, 5, 69, 281. See also Dutch Jews
Arabs and, 68, 70, 81
blamed for plague, 144
Portuguese, 204–5, 208, 209, 304
João I, King of Portugal, 157
João II, King of Portugal, 158–59, 161, 164, 168, 169, 186
João III, King of Portugal, 189
João IV, King of Portugal, 209
job insecurity, 378, 380
Junkers, 347, 348
junks, Chinese, 75, 87, 94, 95, 97, 98, 235
Justinian, 69, 136, 200. See also “plague of Justinian”
Juvenal, 2
Kaaba, 67
Kaffa, 125, 129–30, 139, 140, 142, 399n20, 399n25
Kahhar, Ri’ayat Shah al-, 192
K’ang-hsi, Emperor, 282
Karimi, 128, 129, 148
Kedah, 82
Keeling, William, 227, 228
Kelvin, Lord (Sir William Thompson), 336
Keynes, John Maynard, 17
Khadija, 70, 71
Khair Beg al-Mimar, 245
Khan, Kublai, 91, 94
Kharg Island, 369
Kindleberger, Charles, 345
Kolpili, Mahomet, 246
Kolschitzky, Franz George, 247
Koran, 71, 206
Kublai Khan, 78, 94
Kyushu, 193, 194
La Roque, Jean de, 247
La Roque, Pierre de, 247
labor, high- vs. low-skilled, 377
Lancaster, James, 216–17, 220
land transport, 1, 4, 7, 324–27, 330
Lantau, 284
Leeds, William, 216
Leghorn. See Livorno
Leo the Isaurian, Emperor, 73
Leonides, 60, 65
Lesser Antilles, 267, 268
Levant Company, 256
Lewinsky, Monica, 364
lightermen, 237
Ligon, Richard, 270
Lima, 202
Lin Tse-hsü, 281–82, 286, 296, 297
linen, 111, 254
Lintin Island, 284, 294
Lisbon, 157, 176, 186, 208, 265
Christopher Columbus and, 160
List, Georg Friedrich, 319, 344, 347
livestock, 13–14, 346–48. See also specific animals
Livorno, 304
Locke, John, 273
logic of collective action, 358
Lohaya, 249
Lonthor and VOC assault and massacre
on, 227–28, 230
VOC assault on, 230
Lopes, Tomé, 178
Louis IX, 125
Louis XIV, 239, 240, 247, 248
lumber, 28, 32, 40, 156, 238
Lysander, 50
Ma Huan, 101
Macao, 192–94, 221, 235, 284, 293
Macartney, Lord George, 285
mace (spice), 106, 110–13, 115, 117, 179, 185, 189, 205, 226
mace (weapon), 20
Madeira, 206
Madison, James, 319, 322
Madras, 255
Magalhães, Fernão de (Ferdinand Magellan), 183–89, 196, 201, 202
Magan, 26
Magellan, Ferdinand, See Magalhães,
Fernão de.
Mahi River, 104
Mahmud S
hah of Malacca, 109
Majapahits, 105, 108
Makassar, 230, 232
Malabar Coast, 38, 40, 81, 101, 136, 170, 180, 195, 250
Malacca (city), 43, 82, 103
opium commerce, 288
Portuguese and, 183–85, 191, 192, 210, 218, 226
Tomé Pires and, 108, 234
Zheng He, visit of, 101
Malacca, Strait of, 17, 101
Malthus, Thomas, 306
malwa, 290–92, 294, 298. See also opium
mamluk slave system, 122–25, 127, 147, 148
Mamluk Empire, 52, 90, 117, 123, 124–25, 127–29, 147–48, 180
Mandelson, Peter, 365
Mange, M., 313
Manila, 200, 202–4, 234
trade with Peru, 203
Manileños, 203
Manuel I, King of Portugal, 186, 188, 189, 204
marble, 28
Marib, 65
Martin, Pierre, 326
Martyn, Henry, 258–59, 338
Marvels of India (Book of the), (Ibn Shahriyar), 83–85, 87
Marx, Karl, 299, 348, 414n48
Mary’s Fall Canal, 330
Massawa, 182
mastic, 160
Matheson, James, 291–92, 294, 297. See also Jardine Matheson and Company
Maugham, Somerset, 289
Maurice, Prince, 220
Mauristaad, 208, 209
McDuffie, George, 321
McKinley Tariff, 349
McLean, Malcolm, 361
McNeill, William H., 131, 132, 139, 140, 150
meat, 346–47. See also beef; livestock
transporting refrigerated, 336
Mecca, 67–70, 97, 147, 245–46. See also hajj
Medina, 68, 72, 97
Mediterranean Sea, 35, 73
Megara, 47, 48, 49
Melbourne, Lord, 297, 310
Méline, Félix Jules, 344
Méline Tariff, 345
Melos, island of, 23
Menese, Jorge de, 196
Menezes, Francisco Barreto de, 209
Menzies, Gavin, 103
mercantilists and mercantilism, 257–58, 260, 305
Mesopotamia, 8, 16, 23, 26, 28–32, 121, 135
metals, 10–11, 20–21, 41, 42. See also specific metals
equated with wealth, 257, 258
food exchanged for, 25, 26, 28
Mexico, 111, 167, 198, 199
silk production, 203
trade with Philippines, 203
Mexico City, 198, 203
Middleton, David, 228
military spending, 224
Mill, John Stuart, 316, 340, 355, 365, 381
Milwaukee Railway, 361
Ming Dynasty and Empire, 52, 149, 192, 202, 282
Mîrî (hajj vessel), 178
moan Giustiniani, 160
Mocha, 232, 245, 249
Modyford, Thomas, 271, 272
Moluccas, 214, 227
atrocities and brutality, 197
England/East India Company and, 214, 217, 229
Portuguese and, 188, 189, 195–97, 226
Spanish and, 226
spices from, 113, 115–17, 152, 243
VOC and, 229
Mombasa, 173, 174, 180
money, 29. See also currency
Mongke, 90
Mongols, 52, 90–92, 99–100, 117, 124–25, 127, 130
mamluks and, 125, 127
plague and, 91, 139–40, 149
slave trade and, 124–25, 127, 129
monsoons, 4, 11, 12, 52, 59, 61, 81–82, 101, 128, 134, 136, 174, 177, 194, 284, 293
Montreux Convention, 370
Moors, 74, 154, 167
Moscha, 62
Moses, story of, 102
most-favored nation (MFN), 314
Mou-hsieh, See Moses, story of
Mozambique, 172, 174, 180, 221
Muhammad, Prophet, 70, 71, 116, 117, 137
life history, 70
Muslim traders and, 108
trading, 9, 16, 70
Muhammad bin Abd al-Rahman bin
Ismail, 129
mulberry tree, 200
multinational corporations, rise of, 5, 9, 212, 215, 243, 356
Mun, Thomas, 257, 282
Muslim dominance of medieval trade, 75–83, 97–98, 107
“Muslim quarantine,” 139
Muslims. See also under Indian Ocean; plague(s)
Christians and, 68, 70, 76, 81, 196
commercial advantage over Europe, 117
Mussolini, Benito, 352
myrrh, 59–66. See also incense
myxoma virus, 132
Nagasaki, 193, 194, 234
Nanking, Treaty of, 297
Nanni, 27, 29
Napier, Lord William John, 295
Napoleon Bonaparte, 303
Napoleon III of France, emperor, 313–14, 343
nationalist economics, 344
Naucratis, 46
naval power on high seas, 155–56. See also Gama, Vasco da, voyage of 1497-1499
Navigation Act of 1651, 238
Necho, 35, 36
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 299, 300
Neira, 227, 228, 229
Nero, 41
Netherlands, see Dutch; Holland
New Amsterdam (New York), 198
New World, 12, 166, 168, 207, 278, 340–41. See also specific topics
Newberry, John, 216
Nicholas V, Pope, 167
Nicias, 50
Nile River, valley, and delta, 6, 36–38, 46, 147, 153, 207
Ningbo, 297
noche triste, 131
non-tariff barriers, 351, 363, 364, 382
Northwest Passage, 371
Nunez, João, 174
nutmeg, 110–13, 115, 117, 152, 179, 185, 188, 192, 214, 226–30, 237
O-Ring Theory, 380
obsidian, 22
O’Connor, James, 361
Octavian, 8, 10, 39. See also Augustus
Ogané, 158
Ohlin, Bertil, 17, 339, 340, 342
oil, 368–71. See also petroleum Persian Gulf and, 52
Oman, 28, 85, 183
Omar, Caliph, 73, 138
opium, 113, 240, 287
legalization in China, 298
opium clippers, 292–95, 298
opium wars, 285, 296
Oresund, 239
O’Rourke, Kevin, 341, 372
Ottoman admirals, 182
Ottoman Empire, 53, 129, 145, 160, 190–91, 231, 246, 247
Paiva, Afonso de, 159
Palembang, 103, 105, 127
Panama Canal, 330, 369
Parameswara, 104–5, 107
Paris, 247, 248
Paris Codex, 103
Parsis, 281, 290, 296, 298
Pax Americana, 356, 357
Pax Islamica, 75, 76
Pax Romana, 39, 62, 75, 78
Pearl River, 284, 289
Peel, Robert, 297–98, 311, 312
Peisistratus, 48
Peloponnesian War, 43, 49
penny post, 309, 310
pepper(s), 8, 40–41, 87, 94, 111, 112, 116, 120, 179, 189, 191, 219, 230, 232, 234, 237
perfume, 41. See also aromatics
Persia, 35, 67, 137, 246, 288
attack on Athens, 48
Persian Gulf, 9, 16, 26, 32, 52, 75, 117, 155, 156, 181, 231, 253, 368, 369
Persians, 79. See also “Po-ssi”
Persius, 41
Peru, 111, 167, 199, 202, 203, 212
trade with Manila, 203
Peterloo Massacre, 307
petroleum, 368–71. See also oil
Philip II of Spain, 189, 208, 215, 217
Philip III, 202
Philip of Macedon, 51, 68
Philip of Swabia, King, 120
Philippa, 157
Philippines, 189, 200, 202–4, 210
Phoenicians, 32, 34
piece of eight, 211, 212, 291
pigs, 12–13. See also pork
pilot
s (maritime), 159, 172, 173–74, 178, 188–89, 215
Pipes, Daniel, 121, 123
piracy, 7, 101–3, 128, 155, 215, 267, 271, 284, 371. See also bandits
Piraeus, 47–49, 51
Pires, Tomé, 18, 43, 103–8, 190, 234, 288
plague bacillus (Yersinia pestis), 131, 133–38, 145, 150. See also plague(s)
plague(s). See Black Death
plague of Justinian, 136
plants, 12
Plassey, battle of, 283, 287
Pleistocene epoch, 54
Pliny the Elder, 41, 60–62, 64
Plumb, John H., 156
Plymouth, 214, 215, 216
“Po-ssi,” 79, 81. See also Persians
Pollexfen, John, 259
Polo, Marco, 17, 42, 83, 91, 94, 96–98, 106, 117, 151, 152, 163
Battuta compared with, 96
description of Cipangu, 163
The Travels of Marco Polo, 78, 81, 96, 97
on Zaitun and its spice markets, 94
Polo, Niccolò, 78, 91, 97
Pontus, 46–47, 49
poppy seed, 113, 287, 288. See also opium
porcelain, 1, 82, 83, 84, 90, 102, 104, 106, 181, 237, 266
pork, 83, 346-47
ports, 4
Portugal. See also specific topics
atrocities and brutality, 174–79, 196–97, 197, 204
impoverished, 195
independence from Spain, 209
Indian Ocean and, 53, 111, 157, 189, 191, 232
as “Indies of the Genoese,” 195
Jews from, 204–5, 208, 209, 304. See also Dutch Jews
Malacca and, 104, 109, 183–85, 191, 192, 218, 226
Moors and, 157, 179
quest for route around Africa, 158
vs. Spain, 167, 168, 189
Spain’s loose union with, 208
sugar and, 207, 208
“presidencies” (trading posts), 255
Prester John, 90, 153–55, 158, 159, 173, 182
Prince de Neufchatel, 293
Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (Ricardo), 305
Procopius, 136, 137, 143
Prohibition Act of 1701, 261, 262
Proposals for the Expansion of Trade and Employment (State Department), 356–58, 360, 382
protectionism, 207, 256–58, 260, 262, 307, 313, 345, 348. See also free trade
Protylopus, 54
Ptolemy (geographer), 116, 157, 162
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