The Lost Gettysburg Address
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EIGHTEEN: THE PIT BULL AND THE PRESIDENT
1. William P. Wellen to Charles Anderson, October 19, 1863, Richard Clough Anderson Papers, Huntington Library, San Marino, California.
2. David Tod to Charles Anderson, October 27, 1863 in Documents Accompanying the Governor’s Message of January, 1864 (Columbus, Ohio, 1864), 285–287.
3. Daily Ohio Statesman, November 19, 1863. Cincinnati Enquirer, November 9, 1863.
4. Three studies of the Gettysburg consecration ceremonies were used as key sources to frame this chapter: Martin P. Johnson, Writing the Gettysburg Address (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2013); Gabor Boritt, The Gettysburg Gospel: The Lincoln Speech That Nobody Knows (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006); and Garry Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992).
5. For Everett’s speech and details of the event, see Edward Everett, Address of the Honorable Edward Everett at the Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg 19th November, 1863, with the Dedication Speech of President Lincoln and the Other Exercises of the Occasion (Boston: Little, Brown, 1868).
6. Earl W. Wiley, “Colonel Charles Anderson’s Gettysburg Address,” Lincoln Herald 54, no. 3 (Fall 1952): 14–21. Wiley relied on newspaper reports that included less than half of the speech. Frank L. Klement dedicates an entire chapter to Ohio’s participation in the event in The Gettysburg Soldiers’ Cemetery and Lincoln’s Address (Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: White Mane Publishing Company, 1993). Klement incorrectly assumes that the text in the Cincinnati Commercial represents Anderson’s complete speech. A close reading of that report reveals that large sections of the speech were paraphrased or omitted.
7. Bret Harte, The Poetical Works of Bret Harte (New York: Houghton Miffin Company, 1899), 1–4.
8. Ohio State Journal, November 23, 1863.
9. The delivery manuscript of Anderson’s oration is in the Charles Anderson Family Papers, Ohio Historical Society Archives, Columbus. Extant draft pages of the speech are in the Skinner Collection, Pinedale, Wyoming.
10. Audience reaction to Anderson’s speech is found in numerous pro-administration newspapers cited by Wiley, “Colonel Charles Anderson’s Gettysburg Address.” The meeting of the Ohio delegation was a partisan affair with distinctly political purposes. The November 25, 1863, edition of Crisis (Columbus, Ohio) described how “Seward and Charles Anderson mingled their abolition hate and destructiveness” in what was clearly a boisterous gathering. Martin P. Johnson (in his Writing the Gettysburg Address, 238) relates the opposition newspaper New York World’s claim that Lincoln slept through Anderson’s speech. This is highly unlikely.
NINETEEN: UNFORTUNATE MISSTEP
1. Nicholas L. Anderson, The Letters and Journals of Nicholas Longworth Anderson (New York: Fleming H. Revel, 1942).
2. Xenia (Ohio) Sentinel, April 26, 1864. Anderson’s speech in Lexington, Kentucky, was seen by radicals as a betrayal of the antislavery principles he had espoused during the gubernatorial campaign.
3. Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon & Shuster, 2005), 621–666.
4. Oliver Perry Morton to Charles Anderson, August 22, 1864; and Charles Anderson to Godwin Volney Dorsey, August 22, 1864, Richard Clough Anderson Papers, Huntington Library, San Marino, California.
5. Richmond Examiner, September 5, 1864. Lincoln’s words to a soldier friend regarding his election prospects have been quoted in numerous secondary sources by authors such as James M. McPherson, Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief (New York: Penguin Press, 2008).
6. Richard C. Anderson to Charles Anderson, January 28, 1865, Richard Clough Anderson Papers, Huntington Library.
7. J. Markley to Charles Anderson, February 25, 1865; William Dennison to Charles Anderson, February 27, 1865; James Speed to Charles Anderson, February 27, 1865; Thomas Corwin to Charles Anderson, February 28, 1865; John Sherman to Charles Anderson, March 6, 7, and 13, April 3, 1865; Rutherford B. Hayes to Charles Anderson, March 25, 1865; and Joseph Holt to Charles Anderson, March 27, 1865—all in Richard Clough Anderson Papers, Huntington Library.
8. David Detzer, Allegiance: Fort Sumter, Charleston, and the Beginning of the Civil War (New York: Harcourt, 2001), 317–320. William A. Spicer, The Flag Replaced on Sumter: A Personal Narrative (Providence, Rhode Island: Providence Press Co., 1885).
9. William G. Deshler to Charles Anderson, April 22, 1865, Richard Clough Anderson Papers, Huntington Library.
10. As reported in Daily Sentinel (Indianapolis), June 17, 1864.
11. William T. Sherman to Charles Anderson, July 28, 1865, Richard Clough Anderson Papers, Huntington Library.
12. George H. Porter, Ohio Politics during the Civil War Period (New York: AMS Press, 1911), 200–220.
13. William Dennison to Charles Anderson, June 17 and July 20, 1865; Robert C. Schenck to Charles Anderson, July 6, 1865; Charles Anderson to Andrew Johnson, July 10, 1865; Rutherford B. Hayes to Charles Anderson, July 12, 1865; Sidney Maxwell to Charles Anderson, July 19, 1865—all in Richard Clough Anderson Papers, Huntington Library.
14. Robert C. Schenck to Charles Anderson, July 20, 1865; Benjamin Franklin Wade to Charles Anderson, July 29, 1865; William Dennison to Charles Anderson, August 1 and 15, 1865; John Sherman to Charles Anderson, August 2, 1865; and Charles Anderson to William H. Seward, August 14, 1865—all in Richard Clough Anderson Papers, Huntington Library.
15. Benjamin Cowen to Charles Anderson, August 26, 1865; William Dennison to Charles Anderson, August, 1865; and George Henshaw to Charles Anderson, September 1, 1865—all in Richard Clough Anderson Papers, Huntington Library. New York Times, September 1, 1865.
16. Message and Annual Reports for 1865, Made to the Fifty-Seventh General Assembly of Ohio, at the Regular Session, Begun and Held in the City of Columbus, January, 1, 1866 (Columbus, Ohio: Richard Nevins, 1866), part 1, 161, 211–212, 272–295, and 300–302.
17. Charles Anderson to Henry B. Payne, October 31, 1865, Charles Anderson Papers, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus.
18. Charles Anderson, Annual Message of the Governor of Ohio, to the Fifty-Seventh General Assembly, at the Regular Session Commencing January 1, 1866 (Columbus, Ohio, 1866).
19. William T. Sherman to Charles Anderson, January 4, 1866, Richard Clough Anderson Papers, Huntington Library. New York Times, January 1, 1866.
20. Ephraim George Squier to Charles Anderson, January 9, 1866, Richard Clough Anderson Papers, Huntington Library.
TWENTY: DREAMS LOST AND FULFILLED
1. Charles Anderson to J. B. McCullough, Cincinnati Daily Enquirer, October 6, 1866.
2. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988).
3. Charles Anderson to William Marshall Anderson, March 30, 1867; and Charles Anderson to John Sherman, July 22, 1867—both in Charles Anderson Family Papers, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus.
4. Abraham Rencher to Charles Anderson, February 4, 1867, Richard Clough Anderson Papers, Huntington Library, San Marino, California.
5. Charles Anderson to A. G. Curtin, November, 1869, Richard Clough Anderson Papers, Huntington Library. Charles Anderson to Peter Cooper, September 4, 1876, Charles Anderson Family Papers, Ohio Historical Society.
6. Lyon County, Kentucky Deeds, Book “P,” 286–292, Lyon County Courthouse, Eddyville, Kentucky; W. W. Martin and E. Y McNeill, Tale of Two Cities (Kuttawa, Kentucky, 1901); Memorial Record of Western Kentucky (Chicago and New York: Lewis Publishing Co., 1904); and J. P. Barnum to Charles Anderson, April 30, 1890, plat map of Kuttawa, Kentucky, warranty deed by Charles Anderson, December 30, 1879, Charles Anderson Family Papers, Ohio Historical Society.
7. Charles Anderson to Nelson Saylor, October 24, 1865; Charles Anderson to Florida Tunstall, October 25, 1865; Charles Anderson to Penelope Phillips, October 30, 1865—all in Charles Anderson Papers, Ohio Historical Society. George W. Paschall to Charles Anderson, September
18 and 29, 1865; William Bayard to Charles Anderson, December 9, 1865; Ann Ludlum to Charles Anderson, December 12, 1865; William Dennison to Charles Anderson, November 10, 1865; P. J. Edwards to Charles Anderson, January 20, 1870; and Warwick Tunstall to Charles Anderson, February 6, 1868—all in Richard Clough Anderson Papers, Huntington Library.
8. Charles Anderson to William Marshall Anderson, December 8, 1872, October 6, 1873, and January 10, 1879; and William Marshall Anderson to Charles Anderson, December 26, 1878—all in Charles Anderson Family Papers, Ohio Historical Society.
9. S. N. Leonard to Charles Anderson, July 14, 1876; and Charles Anderson to Kitty Anderson, October 12, 1876—both in Richard Clough Anderson Papers, Huntington Library.
10. Charles Anderson to Kitty Anderson, November 16, 1876, Richard Clough Anderson Papers, Huntington Library.
11. Charles Anderson to Larz Anderson Jr., July 4, 1891, Charles Anderson Family Papers, Ohio Historical Society.
12. Charles Anderson to Larz Anderson Jr., August 11, 1891; and Will of Charles Anderson, 1895—both in Charles Anderson Family Papers, Ohio Historical Society.
AFTERWORD: AMERICAN SACRED SCRIPTURE RECONSIDERED
1. To understand the story of the Gettysburg Address and its wartime political context, read Martin P. Johnson’s Writing the Gettysburg Address (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2013) alongside Doris Kearns Goodwin’s Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005) and Eric Foner’s The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010).
2. Gabor Boritt, The Gettysburg Gospel: The Lincoln Speech That Nobody Knows (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), 59–62. Crisis (Columbus, Ohio), November 25, 1863.
3. Johnson, Writing the Gettysburg Address, 85.
4. David Tod to Charles Anderson, October 27, 1863, in Documents Accompanying the Governor’s Message of January, 1864 (Columbus, Ohio, 1864), 285–287.
5. Charles Anderson, Letter Addressed to the Opera House Meeting, Cincinnati, Loyal Publication Society No. 21 (New York: 1863). Charles Anderson, The Cause of the War, Who Brought It on and for What Purpose? Loyal Publication Society No. 17 (New York: 1863).
6. Abraham Lincoln, quoted in Johnson, Writing the Gettysburg Address, 84.
7. Anderson, Cause of the War, 10. Garry Willis makes a strong argument that the famous phrasing “of the people, by the people, for the people,” which Anderson also used in his speech, was the genius of the Transcendentalist and patriot Theodore Parker. See Garry Willis, Lincoln at Gettysburg, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 105–120.
8. Daily Republican of Springfeld (Massachusetts), November 21, 1863. Crisis (Columbus, Ohio), November 25, 1863. Adam Gurowski, quoted in Boritt, Gettysburg Gospel, 141. Wabash Express, November 18, 1863.
9. Washington Daily Chronicle, November 20, 1863. Cincinnati Enquirer, December 3, 1863.
10. Boritt, Gettysburg Gospel, 131–135. S. A. Hine to Charles Anderson, December 3, 1863, Richard Clough Anderson Papers, Huntington Library.
11. Springfeld (Ohio) Republic, November 30, 1863. The Portage County (Ohio) Democrat, November 25, 1863. Crisis (Columbus, Ohio), November 25, 1863. Abraham Stagg to Charles Anderson, November 17, 1864, Richard Clough Anderson Papers, Huntington Library.
Index
Adams, Charles Francis, 107–108
Adams, John Quincy, 51, 107
Allen, William, 137
Anderson, Allen Latham (son of Charles), 33, 49, 72, 105, 182
Anderson, Belle (daughter of Charles), 49, 84, 99–103, 182
exodus from Texas, 81–86
Anderson, Charles, 2, 3
assassination of Lincoln and, 166
atheism of, 179
attack on Ohio’s Black Laws by, 39–40
Battle of Stones River, 121–134
business ventures in Kentucky of, 181–182
campaign for post to Kingdom of Italy, 169
capture of, 75–80
childhood memories of, 14–15
Cincinnati residence of, 48–49
death of William “Bull” Nelson and, 114
desire for diplomatic post of, 52–53
disappointment of, after Civil War, 174–176
discovery of Gettysburg speech of, 1, 2, 185
early years after graduating from college, 34–35
education at Miami University, 26–29
as emissary to Britain, 108
escape from prison, 87–98
farming ventures of, 30
final years and death of, 182–183
Free Soil Party movement and, 45–46
Gettysburg address of, 157–161, 193–216, 223n10
as hero in New York after escape from Texas, 104–108
iron mining interests of, 179–180
issue of race and, 42–44
as leader, 36
as leader of Ninety-Third Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 109–119
as lieutenant governor, 162
“Mexican Imbroglio” and, 171–172
move to Cincinnati and law career of, 41
as Ohio candidate for lieutenant governor of Union Party, 146–151
on leave from army service, 112–113
passion for family’s history, 181–182
planning and designing of Kuttawa, Kentucky and, 177–178
political interests of, 36–37
political positions of, 164
pursuit of foreign diplomatic posts by, 165
reaction to Gettysburg speech of, 191–192
as recruiter for Ohio volunteer infantry, 109–110
regiment of, 110–119
retirement to Kentucky, 174–183
return to New York, 103
selection of, to give Gettysburg speech, 153, 187–190
slaves and, 20–21
speaking engagements in later years of, 182
speech on Anglo-Saxon destiny by, 42–44, 223n14
state of the state address of, 171–173
as state senator, 37–40
succeeds Brough to become governor, 170–173
“Texas fever” of, 54–58
Texas secessionist movement and, 61–65
trip to Europe, 39–40
trip to Fort Sumter to restore flag, 166
Clement L. Vallandigham and, 135–138, 140–145
William R. Winton case and, 44–45
Anderson, Edward L. (nephew of Charles), 118
Anderson, Elizabeth Clark (first wife of Richard Clough Anderson), 14
Anderson, Elizabeth Clough (mother of Richard Clough Anderson), 5
Anderson, Eliza Jane Brown (wife of Charles), 29, 32–33, 37, 78–79, 84, 182
exodus from Texas, 81–86
voyage to New York, 99–103
Anderson, Kitty (daughter of Charles), 49, 67, 76, 79, 80, 81, 84, 99–103, 182
exodus from Texas, 81–86
Anderson, Larz (brother of Charles), 22–25, 28, 32, 34–36, 41, 44, 45, 58, 113, 118, 137, 148, 181
Anderson, Nicholas L. (nephew of Charles), 118, 128–129, 130–131, 132, 151
Anderson, Richard Clough, Jr. (brother of Charles), 21, 32
Anderson, Richard Clough (father of Charles)
children of, 16–17
military career in Revolutionary War of, 6–12
Soldier’s Retreat mansion of, 14, 15–19, 21
as surveyor-general, 13–14
treatment of slaves by, 19–20
Anderson, Robert (brother of Charles), 15, 23, 30–31, 41–42, 70, 104, 137, 166
Anderson, Sarah Marshall (second wife of Richard Clough Anderson), 14, 17
Anderson, William Marshall (brother of Charles), 22–23, 24, 31–32, 54, 150, 178–179
Anderson Robert (father of Richard Clough Anderson), 5
Anglo-Saxon political ideology, 42–44, 223n14
Ayer, K. B., 74
Baldwin, Philemon, 118–119, 121–122, 123, 124–125, 126
Bayard, William
, 88, 89, 103, 178
Bell, John, 60
Bickley, George, 66
Birch, William, 127
Birgfeld, Adolph, 154
Bishop, Robert Hamilton, 27–28
Black Laws, Ohio, 38–39, 40
Bliss, Zenas R., 87, 93
Boring, Jesse, 62, 63, 64
Bradley, Mordecai, 37
Bragg, Braxton, 118, 122, 129–130, 132, 134, 138
Brandywine, Battle of, 9
Breckenridge, James G., 58
Breckenridge, John C., 68, 118, 131
Brough, John, 137, 147, 151, 153, 163–164, 168, 170
Brown, John, 57–58, 67, 136
Brown, Orlando, 44, 51
Buchanan, James, 50–51
Buell, Don Carlos, 18, 110, 115
Burns, John, 156
Burnside, Ambrose E., 142–143
Caldwell, John, 148
Calhoun, John C., 42
Cass, Lewis, 58
Chase, Franklin, 103
Chase, Salmon P., 39, 50, 138, 149, 151, 163, 168
Chickamauga, Battle of, 151
Clark, George Rogers, 14
Clay, Henry, 36–37, 39, 46–47, 51
Clough, Elizabeth (mother of Richard Clough Anderson), 5
Cooper, Peter, 105
Coots, Patrick, 5–6
Cornwallis, Charles, 8, 11
Corry, William M., 70
Corwin, Thomas, 165
Cowen, Benjamin Rush, 170
Cox, Jacob Dolson, 170–171
Cox, Samuel S., 137, 146
Crittenden, John J., 69, 132, 137
Crittenden, Thomas L., 110, 122, 130
Curtin, A. G., 176
Davis, Jefferson, 30–31, 58, 144–145
Davis, Jefferson C., 113–114
Dennison, William, 153, 165, 188
Dorsey, Ben, 15
Dorsey, Godwin Volney, 163, 170
Douglas, Stephen A., 50, 51, 58, 60
Drake, George F., 40
Ector, Matthew D., 123
Edwards, Presley, 78, 81, 178
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 136
Everett, Edward, 1–3, 60