Goddess of Anarchy
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leaves town as fugitive, 134–135, 136, 139–140, 142–143, 152–153
as martyr for the cause, 144–145, 277–278
in prison, 147–148, 186–187, 193
refuses to petition for clemency, 197–200
as suspect, 129, 141, 146
trial, 142–145, 149, 150–151, 154, 162–163
Parsons, Albert R., money-making activities
Chicago newspapers, 46, 48, 62–63, 69
Confederate soldier, 8–9
for IRS, 31, 37
life insurance agent, 23–24
postwar career, 14–15
Texas newspapers, 8, 23–26, 39–40
Parsons, Albert R., political work
for black civil rights in TX, 22, 24, 32–33, 36, 56
eight-hour-day movement, 78, 83, 119, 123
embraces anarchism, 89–91
embraces socialism, 45–49
with labor unions, 93, 120–121
political career in Texas, 15–16, 18, 21–22, 26–27, 31–34, 35–36
runs for public office as socialist, 59, 70, 71, 79, 82, 84
Parsons, Albert R., public speaking
at Board of Trade building protest, 96, 97–98
cultivates relationship with undercover detectives, 95–96, 98, 108
and Great Railroad Strike, 60, 61–63, 65–66
at Haymarket trial, 150–151, 162–163
in IWPA, 93–94, 129
out-of-town trips, 113–116
in SDP/WPUS, 56–57, 58
in Texas, 21–22, 24–25, 35–36
Parsons, Albert R., publishing business
Chicago newspapers, 46, 48, 62–63, 69, 120–121
editor of Socialist, 70
Republican newspaper, 21
Texas newspapers, 8, 23–26, 39–40
See also Alarm (paper)
Parsons, Albert R., relationship with Lucy, xiv, 347
and Haymarket events, 135, 137–138, 156–159, 184–185, 187–188
marriage, ix, 5, 37–38
public knowledge of in Waco, 31
relationship begins, 26, 29–30
strength of, 87–88
Parsons, Albert R., writings by
Anarchism: Its Philosophy and Scientific Basis, 92, 196–197, 200, 205, 211, 214
in Arbeiter Zeitung, 86
autobiography of, 22, 26
IWPA manifesto, 92
in Labor Enquirer, 92, 93
“Letters from Waco,” 23, 25–26
in The Socialist, 80
“To the American People” (letter), 193–194, 195
in Truth, 92
See also Alarm (paper)
Parsons, Edgar (Albert’s nephew), 310
Parsons, Hannah (Albert’s mother), 6
Parsons, Lucy
advocates free speech, 210
on Albert’s execution, 206
assists with Albert’s book, 196–197
birth of, ix
on charity, 224
compared to French revolutionaries, 109, 157
contradictions in views of, xi–xii, 347–350
death, 342, 343–346
defends Bolsheviks, 324
determination of, 116
disagrees with other radicals, 233–234
distance from African Americans, xi–xii, xiii, 56, 138, 178, 241, 272, 301–302, 330
and founding of IWW, 264–265, 267
and founding of SLNA, 287
house fires, xiv, 250–251, 342
house she built in Chicago’s Avondale neighborhood, 220, 221
initiates lawsuits, xii, 57, 250, 252
leaves Waco for Chicago, 3, 5, 39, 41–42, 48
life after executions of Haymarket anarchists, 210–211, 213–217
lives in immigrant neighborhood in Chicago, 86–87
mode of speaking, xi, xiii, 170–174, 231
names used by, 37, 41–42, 77–78, 88, 323, 346
narrative of her as distraught/broken down, 185
national reputation of, x–xi, xii–xiii
and Nina van Zandt, 186
obituaries of, 344–345
in old age, 311, 320, 323–326, 335–339, 340–341
opposes voting, 265
and our own times, xv
physical appearance of, xiii, 4, 86, 108, 138, 174–175, 175–177, 216, 250, 254, 335–336
rejects partisan politics, 260, 333
and response to WWI, 299
as symbol of class struggle, ix, 263, 264–265, 335–336
uses her children in public, 221–222
utopian vision of, 226, 260–261
See also feuds among radicals
Parsons, Lucy, and Haymarket events
activities leading up to, 131, 132, 133, 135
and Albert’s return to Chicago, 142, 143
arrests, 136, 155, 193–194, 195
is not charged in the case, 142
media interest in relationship with Albert afterward, 137–138, 156–159
and police raid of AZ office, 135–136
Parsons, Lucy, and Haymarket trial
and Albert’s execution, 198, 201–202, 203–204
at Albert’s funeral, 204–205
decision announced, 154, 163–164
“makes a scene” at the jail, 200–201
on need for martyrs in workers’ movement, 144–145
on speaking tour, 161–162
testimony regarding, 146, 149–150
Parsons, Lucy, family of, xii, xiii, 180, 253
brothers, 12, 30, 157
first child (Champ), 20–21, 29, 30–31, 41
household life with small children, 88
See also Carter, Charlotte; Parsons, Albert Jr.; Parsons, Lulu Eda
Parsons, Lucy, feuds with other radicals
Emma Goldman, 247–249, 278–279, 282, 324, 336–337
Eugene Debs, 249
Jay Fox, 271
Nina van Zandt, 338–339, 344–345
Parsons, Lucy, in Chicago politics
as anarchist, 89–91
beginning of her public visibility, leadership role, 69
at Board of Trade building protest (1885), 96
criticizes Knights of Labor, 129
dismisses/attacks unionists and other radicals, 120
first years in Chicago (1873–1876), 45–59
founds WWU, 72
on Great Railroad Strike, 60, 66
meets Johann Most, 91
participates in WPUS meetings, 58
rejects electoral system, 71, 81, 82
speaks at IWPA meetings, 105
on worthlessness of the two major parties, 66
Parsons, Lucy, money-making activities, 214
peddler, 250
seamstress, 46, 48, 55, 69–70, 93, 109
sells books/pamphlets, 192, 283, 289, 315–316, 327, 331
Parsons, Lucy, other relationships
Ben Reitman, 249
Charles Secondo, 252, 332
George Markstall, 289–290, 311, 332
Johann Most, 236
Martin Lacher, 217–219, 223
Oliver Benton, 16–17, 20
Parsons, Lucy, personal life, xiv–xv
childhood, xiii, 12
education, 17, 20, 156
at end of nineteenth century, 249–250
ethnicity of, xiii, 56
false narratives of herself, 246–247
mystery of, ix–x, xiii–xiv, 174
reticence about, x, xiii, xiv, 348
sexuality of, xii, xiv
youth, 16–17, 20–21, 29–30, 253, 348
See also Mexican heritage, Lucy’s story of
Parsons, Lucy, public speaking career, x
arrests, 189–191, 193–194, 195, 228, 244, 255, 285, 289, 296
audiences, 177–178
and Bowen Hall meeting, 294–297
and cannery strike, 292
and Coxey’s Army, 243–244
desire for
, 110–111, 113
free from arrest, 111–112, 167, 183
during Haymarket trial, 161–162, 163–164, 164–165, 166–174
itinerary of, 181
at IWPA events, 110–112
last recorded address, 341
marketing for speeches, 169–170
media attention to, xii–xiii, 166–167, 168, 169–170, 175–178, 179, 180, 190–191
in old age, 315–316, 321–322, 330–331
as orator, 109
and reform movement, 213–214
scrapbook of, 166–167
speaking tours, 127, 189–191, 214, 215–217, 250, 251, 274–275, 283–285, 289, 292–294, 308–309
sponsored/hosted by, 168, 214, 284, 298
Parsons, Lucy, relationship with Albert, 347
Albert’s view of, 39
and Haymarket events, 135, 137–138, 156–159, 184–185, 187–188
marriage, ix, xiv, 5, 37–38
meets Albert, 26
public knowledge of in Waco, 31
strength of, 87–88
Parsons, Lucy, writing by
in The Alarm, 100, 102, 123, 127–128, 211, 215
Altgeld’s Pardon of the Anarchists, 235, 259, 269
“Christmas Story, A,” 103
“Communistic Monopoly,” 103–104
“Dynamite,” 102
“Factory Child, The,” 102–103, 104
Famous Speeches, 269, 289, 325, 327
in Freedom, 227, 230
introduction to Anarchism, 200
“Just Blow at a Tyrant, A,” 230
in Labor Enquirer, 92–93, 102, 136–137
in Liberator, 269–270, 271–272, 272–274, 274–275, 276
“Negro, The,” 127–128
“Objections to Variety,” 246
in One Big Union Monthly, 341
“Parody, A” (poem), 82
“Proposed Slaughter, The,” 276
in Rebel, 236
in Regeneración, 308–309
in The Socialist, 76–77, 82
“To Tramps, the Unemployed, the Disinherited, and Miserable,” 100–101, 104, 149, 156
travelogues, 215, 274–275, 284
“Woman Question Again, The,” 273–274
writing style, 104
See also Life of Albert R. Parsons
Parsons, Lulu Eda (Lucy and Albert’s daughter)
ashes of, 337
birth, 88
cared for by others, 88, 113, 161, 163–164, 186, 194, 217, 220
death, 219–220
and Haymarket events, 132, 197, 202
at Haymarket meeting, 150, 153, 163, 170, 199–200, 344, 349
illness, 186, 194
Lucy avoids mentioning, 338
Parsons, Mary (Albert’s sister), 6, 14, 26, 154
Parsons, Richard (Albert’s brother), 8
Parsons, Samuel (Albert’s father), 6
Parsons, William H. (Albert’s brother), 6–7, 88, 259
on Albert and Lucy’s marriage, 37
in Anarchism, 205
children of, 310
Confederate soldier, 8–9
death, 286
and German immigrants, 34–35, 48
and Haymarket events, 153–154, 155, 186, 194–195, 197
moves to NYC, 38
political career, 23, 26–27, 32, 34–35, 153
Parsons & Co. (Lucy’s dressmaking business), 69–70, 109, 158
Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM—Mexican Liberal Party), 285–286
partisan politics, rejection of, 66, 90, 260, 333
patriotism, appeals to, 140, 143, 148, 170
peddlers, Lucy as, 250
Pettibone, George A. (labor activist), 276
Pinkerton, Allan (head of private security force), 70
Pinkerton, Robert (brother of Allan), 254–255
Pinkerton, William (son of Allan), 141
Pioneer Aid and Support Association (PASA)
financial support of Lucy, 214, 220–221, 229, 236, 244, 250
fundraisers for, 228–229
and Haymarket commemoration, 340, 346
Lucy’s feud with, 220–221, 229, 236, 244
members of, 221, 319–320, 332
Pittsburgh Daily Dispatch, 170
pleasure outings, large
and Communist party, 328
in German American socialist culture, 59–60
lakefront picnic rallies, 110–111
numbers attracted by, 82–83
the Parsonses plan, 75–76, 89, 112
poetry, 321
police. See law enforcement officials
Pope, A. J. (editor of Firebrand), 246
Popular Front, 334–335
Populist Party, 238–239
Powderly, Terence V. See under Knights of Labor
Powell, Adam Clayton Jr. (NY politician), 335
press and publicity
freedom of, 269–270
interest in relationship with Albert, 136–138, 144, 156–159
manipulation of, 95, 96, 185, 193–194, 195–196
monitor Lucy’s public appearances, xii–xiii, 166–167, 168, 169–170, 175–178, 179, 180, 183–184, 190–191, 254
prisons, 273, 308
Progress and Poverty (George), 168
Progressive Era. See reform movement
Progressive Party, 288, 297
property interests, 52–53, 65, 310
prostitutes, 5, 18, 190
Pullman, George (railroad car magnate), 49, 121, 141
Pullman strike (1894), 236, 241
race
discussions of Lucy’s heritage, 339, 346
racism, 240, 254, 309–310
See also African Americans; Mexican heritage, Lucy’s story of
radical papers, 92, 246, 247, 282, 308
anarchist papers, 91, 108–109, 245, 248, 254, 271, 277, 283, 287–288, 295 (See also Alarm; Arbeiter Zeitung)
communist papers, 328, 335, 336, 340–341, 345
Free Society, 236, 245, 254, 257, 259, 271
IWW papers, 269–274, 270, 275, 276, 283, 289, 323, 341
Knights of Labor, 87, 147, 187, 189
Labor Enquirer, 92–93, 102, 129, 136, 145, 186
lack of English-language publications, 58, 92, 109, 227
Lucy’s obituaries in, 345
Mother Earth, 275, 278, 282, 299, 303, 307
Regeneración, 285–286, 288, 289, 303, 307, 308–309
socialist papers, 70, 75, 76–77, 80, 82, 259, 296, 338, 345
Radical Republicanism, 23, 32
radicalism’s association with foreignness, 54, 84, 108, 138, 317–318
railroads
and Chicago’s economy, 40
size of industry, 61
strikes by workers, 117, 125, 129, 236, 241
support for in Texas, 25, 35, 39
rallies/marches/protests
views of, 53
See also pleasure outings, large; strikes
Randolph, A. Philip (black union leader), 330
Rantz Schwab, Mary (socialist organizer), 293
“Reasons Why the Colored American Is Not in the World’s Columbian Exposition” (pamphlet, Wells-Barnett), 242
Rebel: A Monthly Journal Devoted to the Exposition of Anarchist Communism (paper), 245
Reconstruction in South, 15, 18–19
Red Scares, x, 305–307, 317–318, 341–342
reform movement
and anarchists, 123–124, 256
in Chicago, 213, 224–225
and Lucy, 168–169, 179, 237, 257–258, 259, 298
and response to WWI, 299
and state socialism, 233
Regeneración (paper), 285–286, 288, 289, 303, 307, 308–309
Reitman, Ben (radical speaker), 279–280, 281, 320, 322, 337, 343–344
Relief and Aid Society of Chicago, 47, 53
religion
Albert appeals to, 140, 148
and collective action vs bootstr
aps narrative, 52
critiques of, 100, 103–104, 122, 284–285
religious revivals in Chicago, 126
reporters/journalists. See press and publicity
Republican Party
Albert’s political career in, 15–16, 18, 21–22, 26–27, 31–34
partnerships with business interests, 26, 34–35, 53
in Texas, 5, 38
William Parsons joins, 23
respectability
aspirational trade unionists, 120–121, 192
in black community, 241
Lucy claims lack of interest in, 231
Lucy’s false narrative of, 108, 246–247, 248, 321, 348
of socialist leaders, 192–193, 195, 229, 236, 255, 259
See also reform movement
Richardson, Willard (Galveston publisher), 8
Robinson, Raymond (minister), 258
Rockefeller, John D. (oil magnate), 51, 228, 308
Rodgers, Elizabeth (WWU member), 72
Roosevelt, Franklin D. (American president), 332
Roosevelt, Theodore (American president), 281, 288
Russia
deportations to, 307, 311
revolutionaries in, 266, 272, 304, 323–324
Russian Jewish immigrants, 237, 271, 295. See also Goldman, Emma
Ryan, Albert, 269
sabotage of industry, 268, 287
Sacco, Nicola (anarchist), 316, 327
Saint John, Vincent (IWW leader), 282, 298, 307
Salvation Army, 284–285
San Antonio Express, 33
San Francisco Co-Operative Employment Bureau, 294
Sandburg, Carl, 321, 325
scabs. See strikebreakers
Schaak, Michael J. (detective)
on free-speech rights, 126
and Haymarket trial, 146, 155
on Lucy’s calls for violence, 229
surveillance of anarchists by, 59, 70, 108, 129, 141
on van Zandt/Spies relationship, 186
Schilling, George A. (labor radical)
in communication with Lucy, 231–232, 336
at Dil Pickle club, 321
on executions of Haymarket anarchists, 210
on Johann Most, 91
leader of groups, 56, 59, 165
in Life of Albert, 226–227, 231–232
and Lucy’s return from England trip, 217
named as informer to journalist, 325
on need for radical change, 57
respectability of in political establishment, 236
Schnaubelt, Rudolph (anarchist), 141, 278
schools, 17–18, 19–20, 34, 35
Schuettler, Herman (Chicago detective), 285, 296
Schwab, Justus (NY anarchist), 217
Schwab, Maria Ann (wife of Michael Schwab), 196
Schwab, Mary. See Rantz Schwab, Mary
Schwab, Michael (business manager of AZ)
arrested in connection with Haymarket, 135
at Board of Trade building protest, 97
as editor of AZ, 109
in Haymarket trial, 141, 146, 149, 154