China
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19 Ban Gu, The History of the Former Han, vol. 2, pp.265, 338.
20 See Michael Loewe, ‘The former Han dynasty’, in CHC, vol. 1, pp.187–90, and Crisis and Conflict in Han China, passim.
21 Ban Gu, The History of the Former Han, vol. 3, pp.38–9.
CHAPTER 6: WANG MANG AND THE HAN REPRISE, AD 1–189
1 Homer H. Dubs, in Ban Gu, The History of the Former Han, vol. 2, p.363.
2 Ban Gu, The History of the Former Han, vol. 3, pp.255–7.
3 Ibid., vol. 3, p.257, fn36.2.
4 Ch’en Ch’i-yün, ‘Confucianist, legalist and taoist thought in Later Han’, in CHC, vol. 1, p.773.
5 See Joseph R. Levenson, ‘Ill wind in the well-field’, in Wright, The Confucian Persuasion, pp.284–5.
6 Ban Gu, The History of the Former Han, vol. 3, pp.492, 394.
7 See James Legge, The Religions of China, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1880, pp.147–8.
8 Ban Gu, The History of the Former Han, vol. 3, p.318.
9 Hans Bielenstein, ‘Wang Mang, the restoration of the Han dynasty, and Later Han’, in CHC, vol. 1, pp.241–3.
10 Ban Gu, The History of the Former Han, vol. 3, p.382.
11 Ibid., vol. 3, p.466.
12 Arthur F. Wright, ‘Introduction’, in Wright, The Confucian Persuasion, pp.3, 8,
13 Bielenstein, ‘Wang Mang’, pp.262–4.
14 De Crespigny, The Northern Frontier, p.218.
15 Hou Hanshu, quoted in CHC, vol. 1, pp.275–6.
16 De Crespigny, The Northern Frontier, p.380.
17 Ban Gu, Hanshu, 96A, 11B–12B, in Hulsewe, China in Central Asia, pp.107–12.
18 Yü Ying-shih, ‘Han foreign relations’, in CHC, vol. 1, pp.434–5.
19 Bielenstein, ‘Wang Mang’, p.262.
20 Quoted in Hansen, The Open Empire, p.140.
21 John K. Fairbank, various titles, passim
22 Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian, 1866, in De Crespigny, The Last of the Han, p.9.
23 C. J. Mansveldt Beck, ‘The fall of Han’, in CHC, vol. 1, p.341.
CHAPTER 7: FOUR HUNDRED YEARS OF VICISSITUDE, 189–550
1 Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian, in De Crespigny, The Last of the Han, pp.25, 59.
2 Ibid., p.13.
3 Ibid., p.83.
4 Lu Simian, quoted by Moss Roberts in Luo Guanzhong, Three Kingdoms, p.1049.
5 Ibid., p.378.
6 Goodman, T’sao P’i Transcendent, pp.99–100.
7 Robert Joe Cutter, ‘Poetry from 200 BCE to 500 CE’, in Mair, The Columbia History of Chinese Literature, pp.253–7.
8 Wang Kan, ‘Seven Sadnesses’, quoted in ibid., p.256.
9 Cao Pi, Lun Wen, quoted in Goodman, Ts’ao P’i Transcendent, p.185.
10 Goodman, Ts’ao P’i Transcendent, p.86.
11 Nathan Sivin, ‘Science and medicine in Chinese history’, in Ropp, Heritage of China, p.174.
12 Russell Kirkland, Taoism: The Enduring Tradition, pp.75–6.
13 Richard B. Mather, ‘K’ou Ch’ien-chih and the Taoist theocracy at the Northern Wei court, 425–451’, in Seidell and Welch, Facets of Taoism, p.103.
14 Stephen Bokenkamp, ‘Lu Xiujing, Buddhism, and the first Daoist canon’, in Pearce et al., Culture and Power, p.183.
15 Quoted in Wright, Buddhism in Chinese History, p.21.
16 Quoted in Zurcher, The Buddhist Conquest of China, vol. 1, p.28.
17 Ibid., p.28.
18 Hansen, The Open Empire, pp.163–8.
19 Quoted in Zurcher, The Buddhist Conquest of China, p.66.
20 Quoted in ibid.; see also Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, XII(3), 1948, pp.600–615.
21 Wright, Buddhism in Chinese History, p.42.
22 Zurcher, The Buddhist Conquest of China, p.84.
23 Jinshu, quoted in Graff, Medieval Chinese Warfare, p.47.
24 Jinshu, ch. 101, pp.2645–6, quoted in ibid., p.48.
25 Zurcher, The Buddhist Conquest of China, p.181.
26 Wright, Buddhism in Chinese History, p.56.
27 Wright and Somers, Studies in Chinese Buddhism, p.37.
28 Ibid., p.16.
29 Graff, Medieval Chinese Warfare, p.65.
30 Ibid., p.69.
31 Ibid., p.50.
32 Jenner, Memories of Loyang, p.27.
33 Ibid., pp.27–8.
34 Holcombe, In the Shadow of the Han, p.64.
CHAPTER 8: SUI, TANG AND THE SECOND EMPIRE, 550–650
1 Ssu-ma Kuang in Fang, The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, vol. 1, pp.45–7.
2 Scott Pearce, ‘Form and matter’, in Pearce et al., Culture and Power in the Reconstitution of the Chinese Realm, p.153.
3 Ibid., p.154.
4 Graff, Medieval Chinese Warfare, p.111.
5 Shufen Liu, ‘Jiankang and the commercial empire of the Southern Dynasties’, in Pearce et al., Culture and Power in the Reconstitution of the Chinese Realm, pp.35–9.
6 Wright, The Sui Dynasty, p.43.
7 Quoted in Paludan, Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors, p.82.
8 Figures as deduced in Xiong, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, p.160.
9 Wright, The Sui Dynasty, p.72.
10 Xiong, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, pp.226–8.
11 Suishu, 24.672, quoted in ibid., p.81.
12 Arthur Waley, ‘The fall of Loyang’, History Today, vol. 1, April 1951, p.7.
13 Lovell, The Great Wall, p.131.
14 Xiong, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, p.92.
15 Pi Rixiu, quoted in ibid., p.93.
16 Bingham, The Founding of the T’ang Dynasty, pp.51–4.
17 Pan Yihong, Son of Heaven, p.48.
18 Arthur F. Wright, ‘The Sui Dynasty’, in CHC, vol. 3, p.109.
19 Edwin O. Reischauer, Ennin’s Travels in T’ang China, p.47.
20 Howard J. Wechsler, ‘T’ai-tsung the Consolidator’, in CHC, vol. 3, p.234.
21 Pan Yihong, Son of Heaven, p.238.
22 Schafer, The Golden Peaches of Samarkand, p.42.
23 Wriggins, Xuanzang, pp.191–3.
24 Wu Cheng’en, The Monkey and the Monk, p.xi.
CHAPTER 9: HIGH TANG, 650–755
1 Songke Xiaojing ( ‘Classic of Filial Piety’), 5–31, quoted in de Bary and Bloom, Sources of Chinese Tradition, vol. 1, ‘From earliest times to 1600’, p.329.
2 Wechsler, Mirror to the Son of Heaven, p.206.
3 Quoted in ibid., pp.207–9.
4 Chen-kuan cheng-yao, ch. 1, pp.40b–41a, quoted in Arthur F. Wright, ‘T’ang T’ai-tsung’, in J. Perry and Smith, Essays on T’ang Society, pp.17–18.
5 Fitzgerald, China: A Short Cultural History, p.296.
6 Schafer, The Golden Peaches of Samarkand, p.29.
7 Denis Twitchett and Howard J. Wechsler, ‘Kao-tsung and the empress Wu’, in CHC, vol. 3, p.245.
8 Ibid., p.246.
9 Fitzgerald, The Empress Wu, p.76.
10 Ibid., p.146.
11 Zizhi Tongjian, 201, p.6343, quoted in Twitchett and Wechsler, ‘Kao-tsung and the empress Wu’, p.257.
12 Richard W. L. Guisso, ‘The reigns of empress Wu, Chung-tsung and Juitsung’, in CHC, vol. 3, p.312.
13 Ibid., p.321.
14 Twitchett and Wechsler, ‘Kao-tsung and the empress Wu’, p.257.
15 Guisso, ‘The reigns of empress Wu . . .’, p.331.
16 David McMullen, State and Scholars in T’ang China, pp.9, 265.
17 Pan Yihong, Son of Heaven and Heavenly Qaghan, p.225.
18 Orkhon inscription quoted in Denis Sinor, ‘The establishment and dissolution of the Turk empire’, in CHEIA, p.310.
19 Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilisation, pp.253–4.
20 Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian, 202, 6387–8, quoted in Beckwith, The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia, p.45.
21 Guisso, ‘The reigns of empress Wu . . .’, p.315.
22 Ch’en Tao, ‘Song of Lung-hsi’, in Watson, The Columbia Book of Chinese Poetry, p.29.
23 Mai
r, The Columbia History of Chinese Literature, p.296.
24 Li Bo, ‘Fighting South of the Ramparts’, adaptation of Arthur Waley trans. in de Bary and Bloom, Sources of Chinese Tradition, vol. 1, pp.565–6.
25 Stephen Owen, ‘Poetry in the Chinese tradition’, in Ropp, Heritage of China, pp.293–308.
26 Pulleyblank, The Background to the Rebellion of An Lushan, p.35.
27 Li Shangyin, quoted in E. D. Edwards, Chinese Prose Literature of the T’ang Period, AD 618–906, London, 1938, and reproduced in Ebrey, China: A Cultural, Social and Political History.
28 Schafer, The Golden Peaches of Samarkand, p.32.
29 Denis Twitchett, ‘Huan-tsung’, in CHC, vol. 3, p.445.
30 Tu Fu, ‘Song of P’eng-ya’, in Watson, The Columbia Book of Chinese Poetry, p.223.
31 Chou, Reconsidering Tu Fu, pp.20, 27.
CHAPTER 10: RECONFIGURING THE EMPIRE, 755–1005
1 Backus, The Nanchao Kingdom, p.124.
2 Michael T. Dalby, ‘Court politics in T’ang times’, in CHC, vol. 3, p.610.
3 Quoted in C. A. Peterson, ‘Court and province in mid-and late T’ang’, in CHC, vol. 3, p.504.
4 Quoted in Hartman, Han Yü, p.143.
5 Peterson, ‘Court and province’, p.505.
6 Jiu Tangshu (Old Tang History), 129/3611, quoted in Hartman, Han Yü, pp.126–7.
7 Reischauer, Ennin’s Travels in T’ang China, pp.218ff.
8 Peterson, ‘Court and province’, p.498.
9 Robert M. Somers, ‘The end of the T’ang’, in CHC, vol. 3, p.687.
10 Wang Gungwu, The Structure of Power in North China, p.208.
11 Ouyang Xiu, Historical Records of the Five Dynasties, pp.264, 280.
12 Blunden and Elvin, Cultural Atlas of China, p.90.
13 Ouyang Xiu, Historical Records of the Five Dynasties, p.63.
14 Herbert Franke and Denis Twitchett, ‘Introduction’, in CHC, vol. 6, p.26.
15 Adshead, T’ang China, p.18.
16 Needham, Science and Civilization in China, vol. 7, pt ii, ‘General conclusions and reflections’, p.188.
17 Ouyang Xiu, Historical Records of the Five Dynasties, pp.438–43.
18 Mote, Imperial China, p.980.
19 Anne Birrell, ‘Women in literature’, in Mair, The Columbia History of Chinese Literature, p.202.
20 Latham, The Travels of Marco Polo, pp.147–8.
21 Ouyang Xiu, Historical Records of the Five Dynasties, pp.21–2.
22 Denis Twitchett and Klaus-Peter Tietze, ‘The Liao’, in CHC, vol. 6, p.70.
23 Ouyang Xiu, Historical Records of the Five Dynasties, p.115.
24 Twitchett and Tietse, ‘The Liao’, p.110.
CHAPTER 11: CAVING IN, 1005–1235
1 Mote, Imperial China, p.329.
2 Quoted in Dunnell, The Great State of White and High, pp.110–11.
3 Quoted in ibid., pp.109–10.
4 Quoted in Hopkirk, Foreign Devils on the Silk Road, pp.200–202.
5 Ruth W. Dunnell, ‘The Hsi Hsia’, in CHC, vol. 6, p.181.
6 Ibid., p.181.
7 Ibid., p.187.
8 Ouyang Xiu, ‘Essay on fundamentals’, in de Bary and Bloom, Sources of Chinese Tradition, vol. 1, ‘From earliest times to 1600’, pp.594–5.
9 Ouyang Xiu, ‘On parties’, in de Bary and Bloom, Sources of Chinese Tradition, vol. 1, p.596.
10 Mote, Imperial China, p.137.
11 Sima Guang, ‘A petition to do away with the most harmful of the new laws’, in de Bary and Bloom, Sources of Chinese Tradition, vol. 1, pp.625–6.
12 Liu, Reform in Sung China, p.89.
13 Sima Guang, quoted in E. G. Pulleyblank, ‘Chinese historical criticism: Liu Chih-chi and Ssu-ma Kuang’, in Beasley and Pulleyblank, Historians of China and Japan, pp.153–4.
14 Tao Jing-shen, ‘Public schools in the Chin Dynasty’, in H. C. Cleveland and S. H. West (eds), China under Jurchen Rule, p.53.
15 Fairbank and Goldman, China: A New History, p.88.
16 Mote, Imperial China, p.165.
17 Raymond Dawson, Imperial China, p.152.
18 Lu You, ‘The Merchant’s Joy’, in Watson, The Columbia Book of Chinese Poetry, pp.321–2.
19 Che Ruoshui, quoted in Patricia Ebrey, ‘Women, marriage and the family’, in Ropp, Heritage of China, p.217.
20 Hansen, The Open Empire, p.287.
21 Xu Ji, quoted in Ebrey, ‘Woman, marriage and the family’, p.216.
22 Lu You, ‘Border Mountain Moon’, in Watson, The Columbia Book of Chinese Poetry, p.318.
23 Mote, Imperial China, p.206.
24 Herbert Franke, ‘The Chin Dynasty’, in CHC, vol. 6, p.234.
25 Ibid., p.239.
26 Ibid., pp.247–8.
CHAPTER 12: BY LAND AND SEA, 1235–1405
1 Vainker, Chinese Pottery and Porcelain, p.88.
2 Polo, The Book of Ser Marco Polo, vol. 2, p.235.
3 Clunas, Empire of Great Brightness, p.15.
4 Polo, The Book of Ser Marco Polo, vol. 2, p.264.
5 Needham et al., Science and Civilization in China, vol. 4, pt 2, p.419.
6 Mote, Imperial China, pp.302–5.
7 Adshead, T’ang China, p.41.
8 Tu Wei-ming, ‘The Confucian tradition’, in Ropp, Heritage of China, p.131.
9 Zhuzi quanshou, in de Bary and Bloom, Sources of Chinese Tradition, vol. 1, pp.701–702.
10 Tu Wei-ming, ‘The Confucian Tradition’, p.131.
11 Hiyasuki Miyakawa, ‘The Confucianization of South China’, in Wright, The Confucian Persuasion, p.42.
12 Mote, Imperial China, p.345.
13 Polo, The Book of Ser Marco Polo, vol. 2, p.145.
14 Morgan, The Mongols, p.71.
15 Thomas Allsen, ‘The rise of the Mongolian empire’, in CHC, vol. 6, p.380.
16 Backus, The Nanchao Kingdom, p.263.
17 Herbert Franke, ‘Tibetans in Yuan China’, in Langlois, China under Mongol Rule, p.301.
18 Quoted by John D. Langlois, ‘Introduction’, in ibid., pp.3–4.
19 Needham et al., Science and Civilization in China, vol. 4, pt 2, pp.423–4.
20 Latham, The Travels of Marco Polo, p.203.
21 David M. Farquhar, ‘Structure and function in the Yuan imperial government’, in Langlois, China under Mongol Rule, pp.50–53.
22 Morris Rossabi, ‘The reign of Khubilai Khan’, in CHC, vol. 6, p.478.
23 Dardess, Conquerors and Confucians, pp.103–104.
24 Rossabi, Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times, p.212.
25 Dawson, The Mongol Mission, p.xxxiv.
26 David N. Keightley, ‘Early civilization in China: reflections on how it became Chinese’, in Ropp, Heritage of China, pp.32–3.
27 Edward L. Dreyer, ‘Military origins of Ming China’, in CHC, vol. 7, pt 1, pp.82–8.
28 Quoted in Mote, Imperial China, pp.559–60.
29 Dreyer, Early Ming China, p.155.
CHAPTER 13: THE RITES OF MING, 1405–1620
1 Wilkinson, Chinese History: A Manual, p.182.
2 Dreyer, Zheng He, p.9.
3 Ma Huan, quoted in Keay, The Spice Route, p.135.
4 Tsai, Perpetual Happiness, pp.70–71.
5 Hok-lam Chan, ‘The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi and Hsüan-te reigns, 1399–1435’, in CHC, vol. 7, p.261.
6 Ibid., p.261.
7 Quoted in Dreyer, Zheng He, pp.187, 195.
8 Wang Gungwu, ‘Ming foreign relations: Southeast Asia’, in CHC, vol. 7, p.322.
9 Waldron, The Great Wall of China, p.79.
10 Frederick W. Mote, ‘The T’u-mu incident of 1449’, in Kierman and Fairbank, Chinese Ways in Warfare, p.254.
11 Denis Twitchett and Tileman Grimm, ‘The Chen-t’ung, Ching-t’ai, and T’ien-shun reigns, 1436–1464’, in CHC, vol. 7, p.339.
12 Galeote Pereira, in Boxer, South China in the Sixteenth Century, pp.14–15.
13 Charles O. Hucker, ‘Ming government’, in CHC, vol. 8, p.29.
15 Hucker, ‘Ming government’, p.30.
16 Fisher, The Chosen One, pp.53–4.
17 Ibid., p.176.
18 Hucker, ‘Ming government’, p.47.
19 Wang Yangming quanshu, in de Bary and Bloom, Sources of Chinese Tradition, vol. 1, p.846.
20 Fisher, The Chosen One, p.62.
21 Clunas, Empire of Great Brightness, p.5; and Mote, Imperial China, p.668.
22 Tsai, Perpetual Happiness, p.85.
23 Pereira, in Boxer, South China in the Sixteenth Century, pp.4–9.
24 Clunas, Empire of Great Brightness, p.14.
CHAPTER 14: THE MANCHU CONQUEST, 1620–1760
1 Jonathan D. Spence and John E. Wills, ‘Preface’, in Spence and Wills, From Ming to Ch’ing, p.xi.
2 Ricci, China in the Sixteenth Century, pp.306–7, 317.
3 Ibid., pp.343–4.
4 William Atwell, ‘Ming China and the emerging world economy, c. 1470–1650’, in CHC, vol. 8, p.383.
5 Spence and Wills, From Ming to Ch’ing, p.42.
6 Crossley, The Manchus, p.31.
7 Ibid., p.70.
8 Wakeman, The Great Enterprise, vol. 1, p.561.
9 Qing Shilu, vol. 14, quoted in Cheng et al., The Search for Modern China, p.33.
10 Lynn Struve, ‘The Southern Ming, 1644–1662’, in CHC, vol. 7, pt 1, pp.662–3.
11 Wang Xiuchu, ‘The massacre of Yangzhou’, in Struve, Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm, p.33.
12 Matteo Ricci, quoted in Spence, The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci, p.45.
13 Nicola di Cosmo, ‘Did guns matter? Firearms and the Qing formation’, in Struve, The Qing Formation, pp.131–3.
14 Yu Dayou, quoted in Huang, 1587, pp.169–70.
15 Ibid., pp.179–80.
16 Liu Ruzhong, ‘Manning the Wall: Qi Jiguang’, in Claire Roberts and Geremie R. Barmé (eds), The Great Wall of China, pp.182–7.
17 Lovell, The Great Wall, p.265.
18 Di Cosmo, ‘Did guns matter?’, p.152.
19 Willard Peterson, ‘Learning from heaven: the introduction of Christianity and other Western ideas into late Ming China’, in CHC, vol. 8, pt 2, p.838.
20 Cheng et al., The Search for Modern China, pp.133–4; Waldron, The Great Wall of China, p.208.