The Muslims Are Coming!

by Arun Kundnani

  40 Tony Bunyan, The History and Practice of the Political Police in Britain, London: Quartet Books, 1983.

  41 Jenny Percival, “New Strategy Will Train Shop and Hotel Managers to Tackle Terrorist Threats,” Guardian, March 24, 2009.

  42 Hansard, London: House of Commons, April 23, 2009, Columns 872W, 878W; Department for Communities and Local Government press release, “Empowering Community Leaders,” March 17, 2009.

  43 Interview with Hedieh Mirahmadi, Washington, DC, July 27, 2011.

  44 Angel Rabasa, Cheryl Benard, Lowell H. Schwartz, and Peter Sickle, Building Moderate Muslim Networks, RAND Corporation, 2007, 74.

  45 Interview with Hedieh Mirahmadi.

  46 Haras Rafiq, “Funding Application to the Home Office’s ‘Counter and De-Radicalisation Fund for Community Organisations,’ ” Manchester: Crescent Network Ltd, 2009.

  47 Quilliam Foundation, “Progress Report 2008–09,” London, April 2009, 14.

  48 Teachernet teachernet.gov.uk, accessed May 6, 2009.

  49 Richard Kerbaj, “Government Gives £1m to Anti-Extremist Think-Tank Quilliam Foundation,” The Times (London), January 20, 2009.

  50 Vikram Dodd, “Spying Morally Right, Says Thinktank,” Guardian, October 16, 2009.

  51 Michael Gove, Celsius 7/7, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006, 45, 103, 136.

  52 Charles Moore, Keith Joseph Memorial Lecture, Centre for Policy Studies, London, March 10, 2008), cps.org.uk, accessed September 1, 2008.

  53 Lee Bridges, “Policing the Urban Wasteland,” Race and Class, 25: 2, Autumn 1983, 39.

  54 Paul Boateng, “The Police, The Community and Accountability,” in Scarman and After: Essays Reflecting on Lord Scarman’s Report, the Riots and Their Aftermath, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1984, 158.

  55 Colin Mellis, Amsterdam and Radicalization: The Municipal Approach, PowerPoint presentation, City of Amsterdam, 2007.

  56 “Prevent Strategy,” 58.

  57 Interview with youth project manager in the north of England, April 3, 2009.

  58 Interview with youth project manager in London, May 5, 2009.

  59 Department for Children, Schools, and Families, Learning Together to Be Safe: A Toolkit to Help Schools Contribute to the Prevention of Violent Extremism, London, October 2008, 8, 13.

  60 E-mail correspondence from Steve Pursglove, West Midlands Police Counter Terrorism Unit, October 26, 2009.

  61 Telephone interview, Steve Pursglove, November 19, 2009.

  62 Norman Bettison, “Preventing Violent Extremism—A Police Approach,” Policing, 3: 2, May 2009, 135.

  63 Metropolitan Police, Information Sharing Agreement for the Purposes of the Channel Project in Waltham Forest, London, 2009.

  64 Association of Chief Police Officers, Memorandum Submitted to Parliament, 2008.

  65 Private correspondence, June 22, 2011.

  6. NO FREEDOM FOR THE ENEMIES OF FREEDOM

  1 Criminal Complaint: USA v. Antonio Martinez aka Muhammad Hussain, US District Court for the District of Maryland, December 8, 2010.

  2 Tricia Bishop, “Terror Suspect Ordered Held Until Trial,” Baltimore Sun, December 14, 2010.

  3 Don Markus and Andrea F. Siegel, “Man Accused in Bomb Plot Had Prior Criminal Charges,” Baltimore Sun, December 10, 2010.

  4 Tricia Bishop, “Would-be Catonsville Bomber Sentenced to 25 Years in Prison,” Baltimore Sun, April 6, 2012.

  5 Tricia Bishop, “Maryland Man Pleads Guilty in Terrorist Bomb Plot,” Baltimore Sun, January 26, 2012.

  6 Nick Madigan, “Man Accused in Catonsville Bomb Plot Urged Holy War, Feds Say,” Baltimore Sun, February 10, 2011.

  7 Tricia Bishop, “New Details Revealed in Catonsville Terrorism Investigation,” Baltimore Sun, September 27, 2011.

  8 Noah Shachtman and Spencer Ackerman, “US Military Taught Officers: Use ‘Hiroshima’ Tactics for ‘Total War’ on Islam,” Wired, May 10, 2012 wired.com.

  9 FBI Counterterrorism Division, “The Radicalization Process: From Conversion to Jihad,” May 10, 2006.

  10 Ibid., 5, 7, 8.

  11 Brian Michael Jenkins, Stray Dogs and Virtual Armies: Radicalization and Recruitment to Jihadist Terrorism in the United States Since 9/11, Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2011, 18.

  12 Madigan, “Man Accused in Catonsville.”

  13 Tricia Bishop, “Retired Agent Faults FBI’s Handling of Terrorism Investigation,” Baltimore Sun, November 4, 2011; Criminal Complaint: USA v. Antonio Martinez aka Muhammad Hussain, 13.

  14 Bishop, “Retired Agent Faults.”

  15 Justin Fenton and Tricia Bishop, “Arrest Made in Plot to Blow Up Baltimore-Area Military Recruiting Center,” Baltimore Sun, December 8, 2010.

  16 Trevor Aaronson, The Terror Factory: Inside the FBI’s Manufactured War on Terrorism (Brooklyn, NY: Ig Publishing, 2013), 197.

  17 Petra Bartosiewicz, “To Catch a Terrorist,” Harper’s, August 2011, 38.

  18 Transcript of recorded conversations in United States v. James Cromitie et al., Suffern, NY, October 12, 2008, 16.

  19 Graham Rayman, “Small-Time Terrorists,” Village Voice, March 2–8, 2011, 11.

  20 Paul Harris, “Newburgh Four: Poor, Black, and Jailed Under FBI ‘Entrapment’ Tactics,” Guardian, December 12, 2011.

  21 Interview with Alicia McWilliams, New York, March 21, 2011.

  22 Ibid.

  23 Ibid.

  24 Ibid.

  25 Harris, “Newburgh Four.”

  26 Center for Human Rights and Global Justice, New York University School of Law, “Targeted and Entrapped: Manufacturing the ‘Homegrown Threat’ in the United States,” 2011.

  27 Emily Berman, “Domestic Intelligence: New Powers, New Risks,” Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law, 2011, 11.

  28 David Cole, “Are We Safer?” New York Review of Books, March 9, 2006.

  29 Berman, “Domestic Intelligence,” 14.

  30 Philip Mudd, “Intelligence Collection and Law Enforcement: New Roles, New Challenges,” speech at symposium at the Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law, March 18, 2011.

  31 Scott Shane and Lowell Bergman, “FBI Struggling to Reinvent Itself to Fight Terror,” New York Times, October 10, 2006.

  32 Berman, “Domestic Intelligence,” 24.

  33 Ibid., 21.

  34 Alex Seitz-Wald, “Bush AG Tells CPAC: ‘The Vast Majority’ of Muslims Want to Impose Sharia Law,” Salon, salon.com, March 16, 2013, accessed March 19, 2013.

  35 Charlie Savage, “FBI Focusing on Security Over Ordinary Crime,” New York Times, August 24, 2011.

  36 Berman, “Domestic Intelligence,” 22.

  37 Jerome P. Bjelopera and Mark A. Randol, The Federal Bureau of Investigation and Terrorism Investigations, Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, April 27, 2011, 2.

  38 Petra Bartosiewicz, “Deploying Informants, the FBI Stings Muslims,” Nation, July 2–9, 2012.

  39 Mark F. Giuliano, “The Post 9/11 FBI: The Bureau’s Response to Evolving Threats,” Washington Institute for Near East Policy, April 14, 2011.

  40 Quoted in Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, Cleveland, OH: Meridian Books, 1958, 422.

  41 Zeev Ivianski “Provocation at the Center: A Study in the History of Counter-Terror,” Terrorism: An International Journal, 4, 1980, 59.

  42 Alfred W. McCoy, Policing America’s Empire: The United States, the Philippines, and the Rise of the Surveillance State (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009), 104.

  43 Ibid., 105.

  44 Ibid., 294.

  45 Noam Chomsky, “Domestic Terrorism: Notes on the State System of Oppression,” New Political Science, 21: 3, September 1999.

  46 Jon R. Waltz, “Staked Out for Slaughter,” Nation, July 5, 1971.

  47 Aaronson, The Terror Factory, 44.

  48 Muslims Need Not Apply: How USCIS Secretly Mandates the Discriminatory Delay and Denial of Citizenship and Immigration Benefits to Aspiring Americans, American Civil Liberties
Union, August 2013.

  49 Aaronson, The Terror Factory, 102.

  50 Nick Baumann, “Michael Migliore, the FBI, and Shadowy Interrogations Abroad,” Mother Jones, September 22, 2011.

  51 National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, Far-Right Violence in the United States: 1990–2010, University of Maryland, August 2012. See also n. 50, Introduction.

  52 Eric Russell, “Officials Verify Dirty Bomb Probe Results,” Bangor Daily News, February 11, 2009.

  53 Paul Krugman, “Noonday in the Shade,” New York Times, June 22, 2004.

  54 Department of Homeland Security Office of Intelligence and Analysis, “Rightwing Extremism: Current Economic and Political Climate Fueling Resurgence in Radicalization and Recruitment,” April 7, 2009.

  55 Matthew Rothschild, “FBI Infiltrates Twin Cities Anti-War Group,” Progressive, January 14, 2011; Colin Moynihan and Scott Shane, “For Anarchist, Details of Life as FBI Target,” New York Times, May 28, 2011.

  56 Spencer S. Hsu, “Suspect in DC Metro Bomb Plot Sought to Fight US Troops Overseas, Records Say,” Washington Post, October 29, 2010.

  57 Phone interview with Michael German, October 29, 2010.

  58 Tara Bahrampour, “Hip Muslim Moms Group Undone by D.C. Metro Bomb Plot,” Washington Post, October 29, 2010.

  59 Interview with Ghulam Bombaywala, Houston, April 16, 2011; phone interview with Ghulam Bombaywala, August 16, 2011.

  60 Phone interview with Ghulam Bombaywala, August 16, 2011.

  61 Affidavit of Adnan Mirza, United States v. Adnan Mirza, United States District Court, Southern District of Texas, Houston Division, March 15, 2013.

  62 Richard Esposito and Jason Ryan, “FBI Has Interviewed 800 Libyans about Terror Threat,” ABC Newsabcnews.com, April 7, 2011, accessed March 9, 2013.

  63 Phone interview with Steve Gentry, August 16, 2011.

  64 Interview with Brad Deardorff, Houston, April 15, 2011.

  65 Robert B. Deardorff, “Countering Violent Extremism: The Challenge and the Opportunity,” Master’s thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, December 2010, i.

  66 Ibid., 9, 10, 87.

  67 Ibid., 11.

  68 Ibid., 98–99, 110.

  69 Interview with Ghulam Bombaywala. Houston, April 15, 2011.

  70 Jerry Markon, “FBI Illegally Using Community Outreach to Gather Intelligence, ACLU Alleges,” Washington Post, December 1, 2011.

  71 Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, New York: New Press, 2010.

  7. POSTBOOM

  1 Interview with Osman Ahmed, Minneapolis, September 23, 2011.

  2 Richard Meryhew, “Tormented Mother Grieves Son Who Heeded A Fatal Call,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, July 13, 2009.

  3 Richard Meryhew, “5th Twin Cities Somali Man Is Killed in War-Torn Homeland,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, September 5, 2009.

  4 Interview with Osman Ahmed.

  5 Meryhew, “5th Twin Cities Somali Man Is Killed.”

  6 Senator Joseph Lieberman, Opening Statement on “Violent Islamist Extremism: al-Shabaab Recruitment in America,” hearing before Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, March 11, 2009.

  7 Interview with E. K. Wilson, Minneapolis, September 21, 2011.

  8 Representative Peter King, Opening Statement on Al-Shabaab’s Muslim American Radicalization, hearing before House Committee on Homeland Security, July 29, 2011.

  9 Andrea Elliott, “A Call to Jihad, Answered in America,” New York Times, July 12, 2009, A1.

  10 Interview with Lori Saroya, Minneapolis, September 22, 2011.

  11 Focus group with Somali-American students, Minneapolis, September 21, 2011.

  12 Randy Furst, “Minneapolis Man Pleads Guilty to Civil Rights Crime,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, August 10, 2011.

  13 G. W. Schulz, Andrew Becker, and Daniel Zwerdling, “Mall of America Visitors Unknowingly End Up in Counterterrorism Reports,” Center for Investigative Reporting and NPR, All Things Considered, September 7, 2011.

  14 Allie Shah, “Protesters Seek Bank’s Money-Wiring Help,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, May 11, 2012.

  15 Chris Williams, “New Census Data: Minnesota Somali Population Grows,” Associated Press, October 27, 2011.

  16 Stevan Weine, John Horgan, Cheryl Robertson, Sana Loue, Amin Mohamed, and Sahra Noor, “Community and Family Approaches to Combating the Radicalization and Recruitment of Somali-American Youth and Young Adults: A Psychosocial Perspective,” Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, 2: 3, November 2009.

  17 Ihotu Ali, “Staying Off the Bottom of the Melting Pot: Somali Refugees Respond to a Changing US Immigration Climate,” Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies, 9, 2011, 96–97, 100, 106.

  18 Interview with Nimco Ahmed, Minneapolis, September 19, 2011.

  19 Chanhassen Man Sentenced for Obstructing Investigation of Missing Somali Men, press release from U.S. Attorney’s Office, District of Minnesota, July 16, 2010.

  20 Interview with Lori Saroya.

  21 United States House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security, hearing on the American Muslim Response to Hearings on Radicalization within Their Community, June 20, 2012.

  22 Interview with Abdirazak Bihi, Minneapolis, September 21, 2011.

  23 Osman Ahmed, testimony on “Violent Islamist Extremism: Al-Shabaab Recruitment in America,” hearing before Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, March 11, 2009.

  24 Interview with Osman Ahmed, Minneapolis, September 23, 2011.

  25 Eli Saslow, “Muslim Activist in Minnesota Struggles as One-Man Counter against Lure of Terrorism,” Washington Post, July 8, 2011.

  26 Interview with Osman Ahmed.

  27 Stevan Weine and Osman Ahmed, “Building Resilience to Violent Extremism Among Somali-Americans in Minneapolis-St. Paul: Final Report,” National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, a Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Center of Excellence Based at the University of Maryland, August 2012.

  28 Interview with Hassan Jama and Sheikh Abdirahman Sheikh Omar, Minneapolis, September 24, 2011.

  29 Interview with E. K. Wilson.

  30 Ibid.

  31 Interview with Dennis Jensen, St. Paul, September 23, 2011.

  32 City of Saint Paul Police Department, African Immigrant Muslim Community Outreach Program: Project Summary, 2009.

  33 Dennis L. Jensen, “Enhancing Homeland Security Efforts by Building Strong Relationships Between the Muslim Community and Local Law Enforcement,” master’s thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, 2006, 91.

  34 Interview with Dennis Jensen.

  35 Jensen, “Enhancing Homeland Security Efforts,” 60.

  36 Interview with Dennis Jensen.

  37 Ibid.

  38 “Alumnus Combats Somali Radicalization in St. Paul,” Education Report, Naval Postgraduate School Center for Homeland Defense and Security, 2011, 12.

  39 Interview with Dennis Jensen.

  40 Interview with Jennifer O’Donnell, St. Paul, September 23, 2011.

  41 Al-Shabaab’s Muslim American Radicalization, hearing before House Committee on Homeland Security, July 29, 2011.

  42 Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, “In the Name of the Cold War: How the West Aided and Abetted the Barre Dictatorship of Somalia,” in Adam Jones, ed., Genocide, War Crimes, and the West: History and Complicity, London: Zed Books, 2004, 247.

  43 Michel Chossudovsky, The Globalisation of Poverty: Impacts of IMF and World Bank Reforms, London: Zed Books/Third World Network, 1997, 102.

  44 Chris Searle, “Agony and Struggle in Northern Somalia,” Race and Class, 34: 2, October–December 1992.

  45 Ken Menkhaus, “State Collapse in Somalia: Second Thoughts,” Review of African Political Economy, 30, 97, September 2003.

  46 Jeremy Scahill, Dirty Wars: The World is a Battlefield, New York, Nation Books, 2013, 66, 191–201.

  47 Ghaith
Abdul-Ahad, “Diary,” London Review of Books, November 3, 2011.

  48 Andrew England, “Ethiopia ‘Holding Suspects’ after US Strike in Somalia,” Financial Times, January 11, 2007, 7; Barbara Slavin, “US Support Key to Ethiopia’s Invasion,” USA Today, January 8, 2007; David Axe, “WikiLeaked Cable Confirms US’ Secret Somalia Op,” Wired, December 2, 2010, wired.com, accessed December 20, 2012.

  49 Scahill, Dirty Wars, 224.

  50 Fatuma Noor, “My Encounter with American-Somali Jihadist in Nairobi,” Nairobi Star, June 27, 2011.

  51 Elliott, “A Call to Jihad, Answered in America”; Patrick Condon, “Charges against 8 in Missing Somali Case Unsealed,” Associated Press, November 23, 2009.

  52 Interview with Abdirazak Bihi.

  53 Craig Whitlock, “Somali American Caught Up in a Shadowy Pentagon Counterpropaganda Campaign,” Washington Post, July 8, 2013.

  54 Interview with Nimco Ahmed.

  55 Focus group with Somali-American students, Minneapolis, September 21, 2011.

  56 Ibid.

  8. TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY CRUSADERS

  1 “CAIR: Texas Radio Host Urges Bombing of NY Mosque,” PR Newswire, May 27, 2010.

  2 Interview with Hesham Ebaid, Katy, Texas, April 14, 2011.

  3 “Mosque in Katy, Texas, Divides Town,” UPI, September 8, 2010.

  4 “CAIR: Texas Muslim Student Targeted by Slurs Has Jaw Broken,” PR Newswire, February 4, 2010.

  5 Interview with Hesham Ebaid.

  6 American Civil Liberties Union, “Map—Nationwide Anti-Mosque Activity,” aclu.org, accessed November 20, 2010.

  7 Richard Adams, “The Ugly Face of Islamophobia in Orange County, California,” Guardian, March 3, 2011.

  8 Nigel Duara, “Man Arrested for Hate Crime in Fire at Ore. Mosque,” Associated Press, August 25, 2011.

  9 Karen Zraick and Andy Newman, “Student Arraigned in Anti-Muslim Stabbing of Cabdriver,” New York Times, August 25, 2010.

  10 Chad Cookler, “Deputies: St. Pete Man Stabbed Victim Because He’s Muslim,” ABC Action News, February 5, 2011, abcactionnews.com, accessed, January 26, 2013.

  11 “NYPD: Suspects Savagely Attacked Elderly Man in Queens After Asking If He Was Muslim,” WCBS, November 30, 2012, newyork.cbslocal.com, accessed January 26, 2013.