The Devil's Own Work

by Barnet Schecter

  38. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 126-29; Hale, pp. 169-73.

  39. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 129-31, 133-36.

  40. Ibid., p. 132.

  41. Ibid., pp. 136-44; Hale, pp. 171-73.

  42. Hale, pp. 169-70.

  43. Atchison and Seward quoted in McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 145.

  4. FERNANDO WOOD, THE " SOUTHERN " MAY OR OF NEW YORK

  1. Schlesinger, pp. 490-91. "Southern" Mayor: Mushkat, Fernando Wood, p. 98.

  2. Burrows and Wallace, p. 553.

  3. Ibid., pp. 785, 790.

  4. Ibid., pp. 770-73.

  5. Ibid., pp. 774, 821,829-30.

  6. Ibid., pp. 825-30; Encyclopedia of New York City, pp. 267-68; Bernstein, pp. 92-93.

  7. Burrows and Wallace, pp. 825-30; Encyclopedia of New York City, p. 977; Bernstein, pp. 92-93.

  8. Burrows and Wallace, pp. 825-30; Bernstein, p. 200.

  9. Burrows and Wallace, p. 823.

  10. Ibid., pp. 823, 827.

  11. Ibid., pp. 827, 830.

  12. Ibid., pp. 830-31.

  13. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, pp. 28-37; footnote: Schlesinger, pp. 191-92.

  14. Homberger, p. 151.

  15. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, p. 11.

  16. Ibid., pp. 15-18.

  17. Ibid., pp. 22-23.

  18. Ibid., pp. 40-51.

  19. Quoted in McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 159.

  20. Quoted in ibid., pp. 159, 161.

  21. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, pp. 54-59.

  22. Macleod, Hon. Fernando Wood, pp. 14-15. Paris as context: Burrows and Wallace, pp. 821-22, 831.

  23. Burrows and Wallace, p. 832.

  24. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, pp. 58-59.

  25. Rioters quoted in Mushkat, Fernando Wood, p. 74; Strong quoted in Burrows and Wallace, p. 839.

  26. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, pp. 69-70; Burrows and Wallace, p. 838.

  27. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, pp. 68-71; Burrows and Wallace, p. 840; Anbinder, pp. 278-79.

  28. Quoted in Mushkat, Fernando Wood, p. 72.

  29. Ibid., pp. 74-75; Burrows and Wallace, p. 839.

  30. Anbinder, pp. 280-84; Burrows and Wallace, pp. 839-40; footnote: Encyclopedia of New York City, p. 639.

  31. Burrows and Wallace, pp. 840-41; McCague, p. 20.

  32. Quoted in Mushkat, Fernando Wood, pp. 74-75.

  33. Ruffin, Diary, 1:83.

  34. Burrows and Wallace, pp. 842-46.

  35. Ruffin, Diary, 1:122.

  36. Burrows and Wallace, pp. 847-51.

  37. Ruffin, Diary, 1:124.

  38. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, pp. 77-81.

  39. Burrows and Wallace, pp. 789-90.

  40. Ruffin, Diary, 1:229.

  41. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, p. 85.

  42. Ibid., p. 91.

  43. Ibid., p. 93.

  44. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, pp. 93-94.

  45. Quoted in Gibson, pp. 104-5.

  46. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 53-54, 135, 162-67; Hale, pp. 202-3; Donald, lincoln, pp. 203-4.

  47. Donald, pp. 187-95, 236.

  48. Ibid., pp. 206-9.

  49. Ibid., pp. 207-8; American Negro Reference Book, pp. 484-86.

  50. Ibid., pp. 209, 231-32.

  51. Ibid., pp. 233-35.

  52. Ibid., pp. 234, 245.

  53. Ibid., pp. 237-39.

  54. Ibid., pp. 236, 243.

  55. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 215-16, 220-22.

  56. Ibid., pp. 223-24.

  57. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, pp. 113-14; Spann, Gotham at War, pp. 5, 8; newspapers quoted in Burrows and Wallace, p. 865.

  58. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 228-30.

  59. Ibid., p. 232.

  60. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 232-33.

  61. Foner, p.. 502; McPherson, Ordeal, p. 569.

  62. Ruffin, Diary, 1:504.

  63. Quoted in Lee, Discontent in New York, p. 2.

  64. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, pp. 111-13; Spann, Gotham at War, p. 6; Burrows and Wallace, pp. 867-68.

  65. Lee, Discontent in New York, p. 2; McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 234-35.

  66. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 115-16.

  67. Ibid.; McCague, pp. 51-52; Lossing, 2:1629-30.

  68. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, pp. 113-14; footnote: Burrows and Wallace, pp. 872-73.

  5. "SLAVERY MUST DIE THAT THE NATION MIGHTLIVE"

  1. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, p. 114.

  2. Ibid.

  3. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 144-45; Spann, Gotham at War, p. 8; Ruffin, Diary, 1:588.

  4. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, pp. 114 and 119.

  5. Strong, p. 121.

  6. Spann, "Union Green," p. 194; Cogan, "Irish-American Press," pp. 37-38; Conyngham, p. xv.

  7. Spann, "Union Green," p. 194; Cogan, Irish-American Press, pp. 37-38; Conyngham, p. xv.

  8. Spann, "Union Green," p. 193; Strong quoted in Cogan, p. 33; Conyngham, p. xv.

  9. Conyngham, p. xv.

  10. McPherson, Ordeal, p. 149; Lowitt, Merchant Prince, p. 212; Spann, Gotham at War, pp. 14-15; Mushkat, Fernando Wood, pp. 116-17.

  11. Lee, Discontent in New York, p. 2.

  12. Spann, "Union Green," p. 194.

  13. Jones, Irish Brigade, p. 7; Conyngham, p. xii; Spann, "Union Green," pp. 197-98; O'Donnell, pp. 128, 204-208; footnote: O'Donnell, p. 208.

  14. Conyngham, p. xvi; Halpine quoted in Spann, "Union Green," p. 194.

  15. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 333, 347, 354; Geary, p. 6.

  16. McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 354.

  17. Conyngham, p. xvi; Gibson, p. 144.

  18. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 355-56, 358.

  19. Ibid., pp. 350-56.

  20. Ibid., pp. 356-58.

  21. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 27-31; Klement, Copperheads, p. 2.

  22. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 27-31.

  23. Ibid., p. 32.

  24. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 367-68; Donald, p. 330.

  25. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 413-15, 418-22.

  26. Ibid., p. 437; Geary, p. 8.

  27. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 495-96.

  28. Ibid., pp. 496-99.

  29. Ibid., pp. 494-99.

  30. Ibid., p. 499; Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 32-34; Donald, p. 363.

  31. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 497-99; Donald, p. 355.

  32. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 32-34, and Fernando Wood, p. 128.

  33. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 491, 499-500; Donald, p. 362.

  34. Donald, pp. 187-95, 236, 362.

  35. Ibid., p. 363.

  36. Ibid., pp. 363-64.

  37. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 490-91, 499-500; Donald, pp. 364-65.

  38. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 491-92; Geary, p. 10.

  39. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 491-92.

  40. Geary, p. xiv; McPherson, Ordeal, p. 163.

  41. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 491-92, 500; Murdock, One Million Men, p. 6; Geary, pp. xv, 12.

  42. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 492-93; Geary, pp. 34-35.

  43. McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 493; Geary, p. 44.

  44. McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 493.

  45. Ibid., pp. 504-6.

  46. Ibid.; Donald, pp. 364-66.

  47. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 506-9.

  48. Ibid.

  49. The following account of Gilmore as liaison between Lincoln and Greeley: Hale, pp. 255-65.

  50. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 524-33.

  51. Ibid., pp. 532-45 and Ordeal, p. 285.

  52. Hale, p. 264; Donald, pp. 374-76.

  53. Seward quoted in "Africans in America," PBS Web site, under Historical Documents: Emancipation Proclamation.

  54. Hale, p. 265.

  55. Foner, pp. xxv, 585. Slavery was abolished in New York State in 1827.

  56. See, for example, Wood, The Proceedings of Censure, or the various essays published by the Society for the Diffusion of Political Knowledge, for biblical justifications of racism and slavery.

  57. Daly, p. 179.

  58. Ibid., pp. 160-61, 177; Spann, Goth
am at War, p. 61.

  59. Daly, pp. 182-83.

  60. Spann, "Union Green," pp. 197, 202.

  61. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, p. 34.

  62. Mcjimsey, p. 17.

  63. Mcjimsey, pp. 31, 37-39; Mushkat, Fernando Wood, p. 126.

  64. Bernstein, p. 201; Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 34-35 and Fernando Wood, p. 92.

  65. Mcjimsey, pp. 39-43; Mushkat, Fernando Wood, p. 126.

  66. Mcjimsey, pp. 41-42.

  67. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 34-35; Mcjimsey, p. 39.

  68. Mcjimsey, p. 42.

  69. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 35-37; Wall, pp. 20-21.

  70. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, p. 130; Spann, Gotham at Warp. 90.

  71. Mitchell, Horatio Seymour, p. 254; Strong, p. 264; Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 36-37.

  72. Daly, pp. 194-95; Strong, p. 271.

  73. Ruffin, Diary, 2:4%.

  74. Strong, p. 284.

  6. EMANCIPATION AND ITS ENEMIES

  1. Gibbons Morse, "Personal Recollections of the Draft Riot of 1863," p. 1. Lucy Gibbons Morse wrote these recollections after she was married, but I refer to her in the text by her maiden name to avoid confusion; Emerson, ed., Abby Gibbons, 1:243-44; McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 491.

  2. Emerson, 1:385.

  3. Ibid., 1:229-30.

  4. Ibid., 1:192.

  5. Ibid., 1:210-11.

  6. Ibid., 1:238.

  7. Howland, My Heart Toward Home, pp. xv—xviii.

  8. Quarles, The Negro in the Civil War, p. 173.

  9. Pasternak, "Rise Now and Fly to Arms," p. 187; Geary, p. 52.

  10. Pasternak, p. 187.

  11. Garnet, p. 55; Harris, p. 226.

  12. Schor, Henry Highland Garnet, p. 4; Garnet, p. 54; Pasternak, pp. 12-13 and 21-22.

  13. Pasternak, pp. 187-88.

  14. Ibid., pp. 189-90.

  15. Quarles, p. 184; Spann, Gotham at War, p. 128.

  16. Conyngham, p. xvi; Spann, "Union Green," p. 203; Gibson, p. 142.

  17. Conyngham, p. xvi; Gibson, p. 144; Spann, "Union Green," p. 203, 207.

  18. Spann, Gotham at War, p. 114; Burrows and Wallace, pp. 885-86.

  19. Irish-A merican, Jan. 17, 1863.

  20. Mitchell, pp. 284-85.

  21. Wall, pp. 5-20; Mitchell, pp. 12, 16-17, 19-20, 22-23, 33-35, 44-45, 57-58, 63-64,95, 111, 131.

  22. Burrows and Wallace, p. 886; Bernstein, pp. 146-47.

  23. Mcjimsey, p. 46; Burrows and Wallace, p. 886.

  24. McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 599; Fredrickson, Inner Civil War, pp. 130-31; Burrows and Wallace, p. 887.

  25. Bernstein, pp. 152-59.

  26. Lowitt, pp. 219-20; Fredrickson, p. 131; Bernstein, pp. 159-60.

  27. Geary, pp. 48-51.

  28. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 430-31.

  29. Ibid., p. 432.

  30. Geary, pp. 50-52, 82, 98; Bernstein, pp. 7-8; Spann, Gotham at War, pp. 58, 62.

  31. Burrows and Wallace, p. 883; Bernstein, p. 9; Spann, Gotham at War, p. 60 and "Union Green," p. 203.

  32. Gibson, p. 143.

  33. Welsh, Irish Green and Union Blue, p. 78; Geary, pp. 50-51, 57-64.

  34. Bernstein, pp. 7-8; Geary, p. 52.

  35. Welsh, p. 78.

  36. Ibid., p. 70.

  37. Ibid., p. 65.

  38. Ibid., pp. 3-4 (introduction).

  39. Ibid., pp. 113-14.

  40. Quoted in Spann, "Union Green," p. 204.

  41. Wall, pp. 31-32; World, March 13, 1863.

  42. The following account of the Detroit riot, including footnote: Yacovone, pp. 67-71.

  43. Quoted in Gibson, p. 143.

  44. Spann, Gotham at War, pp. 112-13 and "Union Green," p. 202.

  45. Burrows and Wallace, p. 883.

  46. Smith, The City That Was, p. 58; Bernstein, p. 105.

  47. Smith, p. 59.

  48. Cook, pp. 9-11; Whitman, New York Dissected, p. 92.

  49. Smith, pp. 76 and 81.

  50. Quoted in ibid., p. 62.

  51. Quoted in ibid., pp. 65-69; Cook, pp. 11-12.

  52. Quoted in Smith, pp. 65-69.

  53. Ibid., pp. 71-76.

  54. Ibid., pp. 81-88.

  55. Burrows and Wallace, pp. 873-76.

  56. Ibid., p. 877; Burn, p. 14.

  57. Burrows and Wallace, pp. 877-79.

  58. Ibid., p. 888.

  59. Spann, "Union Green," p. 203; Gibson, p. 144.

  60. Kinchen, pp. 15-16 and 19-20.

  61. Ibid., pp. 20-23; Stevenson, pp. 300 and 311; Klement, pp. 123-25.

  62. Kinchen, pp. 20-23; Stevenson, pp. 300 and 311; Klement, pp. 123-25.

  7. "A HIGHWAYMAN'S CALL ON EVERY AMERICAN CITIZEN FOR ' $ 3 0 0 OR YOUR LIFE' "

  1. Ruffin, Diary, 2:664.

  2. Stevens, p. 301; Schor, p. 196.

  3. Mitchell, p. 322; War of the Rebellion, ser. 3, 3:467; Fry, p. 20.

  4. World, July 8, 1863.

  5. Daily News, July 10, 1863.

  6. McCague, pp. 46-47; Tribune, July 9, 1863.

  7. Herald, July 11, 1863.

  8. Governor Seymour's "Second Annual Message," Fairchild Collection, N-YHS, typescript.

  9. Wall, p. 31.

  10. Ibid., pp. 36-37; William Kidd to Henry S. Miller, Feb. 3, 1912, Fairchild Collection, N-YHS.

  11. Daily News, July 11, 1863; Herald, July 11, 1863.

  12. War of the Rebellion, ser. 3, 3:467.

  13. Bernstein, p. 13.

  14. Benjamin and Benjamin, "New York in the Civil War," pp. 549-50; Cook, p. 6; footnote: Encyclopedia of New York City, p. 1127.

  15. Jones, p. 15; O'Donnell, pp. 127-28; recruiting poster reproduced in Conyngham.

  16. Sifakis, Who Was Who, p. 472; Nugent, "The Sixty-ninth Regiment at Fredericks-burg"; Conyngham, p. 548.

  17. Evening Post, July 23, 1863.

  18. McCague, pp. 51-52; Horan, pp. 16-18.

  19. McCague, pp. 51-52; Horan, pp. 16-18.

  20. McCague, pp. 51-52; Tribune, July 11, 1863.

  21. Herald, July 12, 1863; Banquet . . . Union League Club, p. 41.

  22. Tribune, July 11 and 13, 1863; Daily News, July 11, 1863; Herald, July 12, 1863.

  23. News of the draft in other cities reprinted in the Herald, July 12, 1863.

  24. Ibid., July 14, 1863.

  25. Gilmore, Personal Recollections, pp. 168-69.

  26. Strong, p. 333.

  27. Headley, Great Riots, p. 149.

  28. World, }xy 14, 1863.

  29. Herald, July 13, 1863.

  30. Burrows and Wallace, p. 889; Bernstein, p. 18; Cook, p. 56.

  31. Kirk, p. 105; Costello, Our Firemen, p. 174.

  32. Costello, p. 521.

  33. Ibid., pp. 174-75.

  34. Ibid., pp. 611-12.

  35. Stoddard, The Volcano, p. 38.

  36. Ibid.; Bernstein, p. 18.

  37. McCague, pp. 55-56.

  38. Stoddard, pp. 24-26.

  39. Walling, Personal Recollections, p. 78; Bernstein, pp. 13-14.

  40. Tribune, July 15, 1863; World, July 13, 1863.

  41. Daily News, July 13, 1863.

  42. Evening Post, July 23, 1863. On Aug. 1, 1863, the Irish-American angrily ridiculed a similar accusation by the Tribune that Irish domestics were part of a plot. See also Spann, "Union Green," p. 205.

  43. Gilmore, pp. 169-70.

  8. "DOWN WITH THE RICHMEN!": THE NEW YORK CITY DRAFT RIOTS BEGIN

  1. Daly, p. 250.

  2. Bernstein, p. 18; Headley, Great Riots, p. 152; Evening Post, July 23, 1863.

  3. Stoddard, p. 31.

  4. Grand Jury Dismissals, the case of Thomas Fitzsimmons, testimony of Charles Clinch and James Jackson, Aug. 18 and 28, 1863, MACNY; Bernstein, p. 18; Stoddard, p. 30; Burrows and Wallace, p. 889.

  5. Grand Jury Dismissals, the case of Thomas Fitzsimmons, MACNY; Stoddard, p. 31;Asbury, p. 115.

  6. Grand Jury Dismissals, the case of Thomas Fitzsimmons, testimony of Charles Clinch and James Jackson
, Aug. 18 and 28, 1863, MACNY.

  7. Headley, Great Riots, pp. 152-53.

  8. Grand Jury Dismissals, Aug. 3, 4, 10, 13, 14, 1863, MACNY.

  9. Bernstein, pp. 20-21.

  10. Headley, Great Riots, p. 153.

  11. Stoddard, p. 33.

  12. War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, 27: pt. 2:899, 905.

  13. Crowley's action: Stoddard, pp. 34-35; Headley, p. 159; World, July 14, 1863. (Headley quotes the rioters, and Stoddard quotes Crowley's response.)

  14. Stoddard, p. 35.

  15. Headley, Great Riots, pp. 150, 158-59; Stoddard, pp. 34-36; Chapin, "Recollections," pp. 12-13. Chapin's "Recollections" (1890), written decades after the riots, contains entire passages lifted from Headley's Great Riots (1873) and is not an authoritative source for most topics. However, since Chapin was a police telegrapher, I cite him for matters relating to the police telegraph system, of which he had firsthand knowledge.

  16. Headley, Great Riots, pp. 151, 154-55.

  17. Strong, p. 335.

  18. Stoddard, p. 34.

  19. Strong, p. 335.

  20. Attack on Kennedy: Grand Jury Dismissals, 1863, MACNY (Cusick is quoted in the testimony of Officer William Kimball, the clerk who accompanied Kennedy); Tribune, July 14, 1863; Evening Post, July 23, 1863; Banquet . . . of the Union League Club, pp. 41-42 (and pp. 38-39 for footnote about Kennedy); Headley, Great Riots, pp. 154-56; Stoddard, pp. 36-37; Bernstein, p. 18; Cook, pp. 58-59; McCague, prologue.

  21. Evening Post, July 23, 1863.

  22. Opdyke, pp. 265-67; Bernstein, p. 45; Mushkat, Fernando Wood, p. 69.

  23. Bernstein, pp. 46-49.

  24. Choate, The Life of Joseph H. Choate, p. 258.

  25. War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, 27:pt. 2:905-6; Times, July 14, 1863; Stoddard, p. 41.

  26. Stoddard, pp. 41-43.

  27. Grand Jury Dismissal, Aug. 13, 1863, MACNY.

  28. Strong, p. 336.

  29. Stoddard, p. 50; War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, 27:pt. 2:900.

  30. Headley, Great Riots, pp. 161-62; McCague, pp. 68-69.

  31. McCague, p. 72.

  32. Headley, Great Riots, pp. 156-57; Stoddard, p. 37.

  33. McCague, p. 76.

  34. Headley, Great Riots, p. 157.

  35. McCague, pp. 76-77.

  36. Chapin, p. 23; McCague, p. 77.

  37. McCague, p. 78.

  38. Ibid., pp. 78-79.

  39. Howland, pp. 319-20.

  40. Headley Great Riots, p. 164.

  41. Stoddard, p. 43.

  42. McCague, pp. 55-56; Stoddard, p. 44. However, no evidence was found to implicate Andrews as a Confederate agent sent to instigate the riots (Neely, Fate of Liberty, pp. 132-33).

  43. "The Bloody Week," p. 4.

  44. Stoddard, pp. 45-46; Bernstein, pp. 18-19.