The Devil's Own Work

by Barnet Schecter

  45. Stoddard, pp. 46-47.

  46. New York County District Attorney's Indictments, Aug. 4 to 11, 1863, MACNY.

  47. Headley, Great Riots, p. 165.

  48. McCague, p. 79.

  49. Ibid.

  50. Stoddard, p. 52.

  51. Ibid., p. 53.

  52. McCague, pp. 79-80.

  53. Stoddard, pp. 53-54.

  54. McCague, p. 72.

  55. Including footnote: Ackerman, pp. 17, 19-20, 24-25.

  56. Chapin, p. 50.

  57. Times, July 14, 1863.

  58. Bernstein, p. 46.

  59. Cook, pp. 84, 290 note 24.

  60. Cook, pp. 84-85; Bernstein, p. 54.

  61. Opdyke, p. 268; Bernstein, p. 45.

  62. Cook, pp. 85-86; "Report of Lieutenant McEIrath," July 28, 1863, in Headley, Great Riots, pp. 328-31.

  63. Cook, p. 86.

  64. Headley, Great Riots, pp. 265-66.

  65. Stoddard, p. 79.

  66. Chapin, pp. 13-14.

  67. Stoddard, pp. 54-58; McCague, pp. 79-81. Burrows and Wallace, p. 890, say ten people died in the fire. See also Cook, p. 70 for death toll.

  68. Cook, p. 85.

  69. Ibid., p. 78; Bernstein, pp. 24-25.

  70. World, July 14, 1863.

  71. Lord, The Fremantle Diary, pp. 240-41.

  9. "CHASED, STONED, AND BEATEN":

  "A CRUSADE AGAINST NEGROES"

  1. New York Age, Jan. 9, 1896. Williamson Collection, Schomburg Center, NYPL.

  2. A business card for the outfitting store advertises its other services. Williamson Collection.

  3. Lyons, "Memories of Yesterdays," p. 1. Williamson Collection.

  4. Ibid., p. 8.

  5. Powell to Garrison, July 18, 1863, in Yacovone, pp. 72-74.

  6. Forbes, African American Women During the Civil War, p. 157.

  7. Association for the Benefit of Colored Orphans, Twenty-seventh Annual Report, 1864, p. 5.

  8. Association for the Benefit of Colored Orphans, Seventh Annual Report, 1844, pp. 7-8.

  9. Harris, pp. 148-49; Freeman, p. 177.

  10. Forbes, pp. 74-75.

  11. Association for the Benefit of Colored Orphans, Twenty-seventh Annual Report, 1864, pp. 5—14, for Shotwell's narrative of the first day, July 13.

  12. Quoted in Burrows and Wallace, p. 890.

  13. Cook, pp. 78 and 85.

  14. Quoted in African-American History in the Press, 1:302; Spann, Gotham at War, p. 100.

  15. Association for the Benefit of Colored Orphans, Twenty-seventh Annual Report, 1864, pp. 5-14, for Shotwell's narrative of the first day, July 13; Cook, pp. 83-84.

  16. New York County District Attorney's indictments, Aug. 4 to Aug. 11,1863, MACNY. The incident and the dialogue are from Long's testimony.

  17. Chapin, pp. 36-37.

  18. Quoted in Dannett, Noble Women of the North, p. 264.

  19. Gibbons Morse, pp. 1-3; Emerson, 1:248.

  20. Stoddard, pp. 75-76; Bernstein, p. 47.

  21. Stoddard, p. 79; Headley, Great Riots, p. 171.

  22. Asbury, p. 126.

  23. Headley, Great Riots, p. 172.

  24. Stoddard, pp. 79-80.

  25. Headley, Great Riots, p. 172.

  26. Ibid.

  27. Stoddard, p. 80.

  28. Headley, Great Riots, pp. 172-73.

  29. Ibid., pp. 173-74.

  30. Parton's account is in Gilmore, pp. 171-73; Hale, pp. 272-73.

  31. Rioters' song: Seitz, Horace Greeley, p. 209.

  32. Garnet, p. 58; Brewer, "Henry Highland Garnet," p. 48.

  33. Schor, p. 198; Massie, America, pp. 345-46.

  34. Stauffer, pp. 112-13.

  35. This paragraph and the following account are from: Gilmore, pp. 169-70; Hale, pp. 77-78 and 272-73; Bishop, Notes and Anecdotes, pp. 11-13; Congdon, Reminiscences, pp. 248-51.

  36. Tribune, July 18, 1863, quoted in Massie, p. 445.

  37. Gilmore, pp. 170-73.

  38. Ibid., pp. 173-74.

  39. Ibid., pp. 181-82.

  10. MONDAY NIGHT: "THE FIERY NUCLEUS OF THE ENTIRE RIOT"

  1. Cook, p.. 82

  2. Harper's Weekly, Aug. 1, 1863, p. 494, reprinted in African-American History in the Press, p. 302.

  3. Stoddard, pp. 99-102.

  4. Parton's account is in Gilmore, pp. 173-74.

  5. Police sergeant: Barnes, The Draft Riots, pp. 34-35.

  6. Gay's account is in Gilmore, pp. 175-80.

  7. Lyons, p. 8.

  8. Powell to Garrison, July 18, 1863, in Yacovone, pp. 72-74; Cook, p. 80.

  9. Stoddard, p. 110.

  10. Cook, pp. 84-86.

  11. Ibid., pp. 83-84; Stoddard, pp. 100-103 and 107.

  12. World, July 14, 1863.

  13. Asbury, pp. 129-30.

  14. Quoted in Kirk, pp. 110-11.

  15. "Report of Lieutenant McEIrath," July 28, 1863, in Headley, Great Riots, pp. 328-31.

  16. Bernstein, pp. 48-49.

  17. Strong, pp. 336-37.

  18. Bernstein, p. 49.

  19. Opdyke, p. 273.

  20. Bernstein, p. 49; Cook, pp. 94-95.

  21. Strong, p. 337.

  22. Emerson, 2:47; Gibbons Morse, pp. 1-3.

  23. Emerson, 2:47-48.

  24. The following account is from Gilmore, pp. 181-84.

  25. Smalley, Anglo-American Memories, p. 162.

  26. Paragraphs on telegraphers: Barnes, pp. 25-29; Headley, Great Riots, pp. 185-88.

  27. Paragraphs on detectives: Barnes, pp. 29-31; Headley, Great Riots, pp. 188-90.

  28. Costello, p. 521; Bernstein, pp. 21-22.

  29. Bernstein, p. 22.

  30. Ibid., pp. 23-24.

  31. Ibid., pp. 19-21,24.

  32. Stoddard, pp. 112-113; Cook, pp. 93-94.

  33. "Report of Lieutenant McEIrath," July 28, 1863, in Headley, Great Riots, pp. 328-31.

  34. Franklin's account: "Report of Captain Franklin," July 20, 1863, in ibid., pp. 326-28.

  35. "Report of Lieutenant McEIrath," July 28, 1863, in ibid., pp. 328-31.

  11. "GOVERNMENT IN THE HANDS OF THE WHITE RACE ALONE"

  1. Lyons, p. 8.

  2. Ibid., pp. 8-9.

  3. New York County District Attorney's Indictments, Aug. 4 to Aug. 11,1863, MACNY. The following account of the assault on a black man on Leroy Street and all of the quotes in it are drawn from the testimony of Edward Ray and others in the case. Ray mentions two different liquor stores in the same vicinity. To the Memory of the Martyrs, 2L pamphlet, mentions that the black man carried a basket on his arm.

  4. Ibid. The police captain John Dickson's testimony contradicts this, saying that there were no people around the body when he arrived, except some firemen who were helpful in loading the victim onto a cart.

  5. Ibid.

  6. Headley, Great Riots, pp. 206-9.

  7. Cook, pp. 99-100.

  8. Headley, Great Riots, pp. 206-7.

  9. World, July 14, 1863.

  10. Ibid., July 15, 1863.

  11. Ibid., July 14, 1863.

  12. Ibid.

  13. Mcjimsey, p. 49; Evening Post, July 14, 1863.

  14. World, July 14, 1863.

  15. Cook, pp. 86-87, 102-3.

  16. Spann, Gotham at War, p. 100.

  17. Kirk, p. 112.

  18. Headley, Great Riots, pp. 192-94.

  19. Cook, p. 100.

  20. Headley, Great Riots, pp. 195-96; Tribune, July 15, 1863.

  21. Tribune, July 15, 1863; Headley, Great Riots, pp. 195-96; Cook, pp. 100-101; Stoddard, p. 139.

  22. Stoddard, p. 123; Tribune, July 16, 1863.

  23. Tribune, July 15, 1863; Cook, p. 101; Stoddard, pp. 140-41; Headley, Great Riots, pp. 196-97.

  24. "Report of Lieutenant McEIrath," July 28, 1863, in Headley, Great Riots, pp. 328-31.

  25. "Report of Lieutenant Wood," July 20, 1863, in ibid., pp. 322-23.

  26. Cook, pp. 102-3; "Report of Captain Franklin," July 23, 1863, in He
adley, Great Riots, pp. 313-17.

  27. Gilmore, pp. 189-92.

  28. Hale, pp. 273-274; Tribune, July 18, 1863, quoted in Massie, p. 445.

  29. Gilmore, pp. 192-93; Bishop, pp. 11-12; Congdon, pp. 248-51.

  30. Hale, pp. 273-74; Tribune, July 18, 1863, quoted in Massie, p. 445.

  31. Gilmore, pp. 192-93; Bishop, pp. 11-12; Congdon, pp. 248-51.

  32. Stoddard, pp. 169-70; Tribune, July 15, 1863; World, July 15, 1863.

  33. Cook, p. 101; Stoddard, pp. 169-70; Tribune, July 15, 1863.

  34. Times, July 15, 1863; Stoddard, pp. 169-72; Cook, p. 101; Headley, Great Riots, pp. 200-201.

  35. Barnes, p. 61; Headley, Great Riots, pp. 200-201; World, July 15, 1863.

  36. Tribune, July 15, 1863; Stoddard, pp. 169-72; Cook, p. 101; Headley, Great Riots, pp. 200-201.

  37. World, July 15, 1863; Times, July 15, 1863.

  38. Stoddard, pp. 171-72; Cook, pp. 101-2.

  39. War of the Rebellion, ser. 3, 3:488-494.

  40. Ruffin, Diary, 3:70.

  12. "THE POLICE CANNOT MUCH LONGER SUSTAIN THE CONTEST"

  1. Wingate, p. 40.

  2. Stevens, p. 293; Wingate, p. 40.

  3. Lockwood, pp. 144-45.

  4. Wingate, pp. 42-43.

  5. Opdyke, p. 274; War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, 27: pt. 2:916; Stoddard, pp. 257, 265.

  6. World, July 15, 1863.

  7. Ackerman, p. 13; World, July 16, 1863 quoted in Wall, p. 39.

  8. Ackerman, pp. 15-17, 20; Bernstein, p. 50.

  9. World, July 5, 1863.

  10. Ibid.; Bernstein, pp. 50-51, 54; Ackerman, pp. 20-21; Cook, p. 106.

  11. World, July 15, 1863; Bernstein, pp. 50-51, 54; Ackerman, pp. 20-21.

  12. Bernstein, pp. 51-52.

  13. Dupree and Fishel, eds., "An Eyewitness Account," p. 476; Cook, p. 72.

  14. Daly, p. 251.

  15. Cook, pp. 116-17.

  16. Spann, Gotham at War, p. 100.

  17. Tribune, July 15, 1863; Bernstein, p. 55.

  18. Lowitt, p. 220.

  19. Tribune, July 16, 1863; Evening Post, July 15, 1863.

  20. "Report of Captain Putnam," July 21, 1863, in Headley, Great Riots, pp. 307-08.

  21. Stoddard, pp. 262-64.

  22. "Report of Captain Putnam," July 21, 1863, in Headley, Great Riots, pp. 307-13; Headley, Great Riots, pp. 211-12; Walling, p. 80; Cook, p. 120.

  23. "Report of Captain Putnam," July 21, 1863, in Headley, Great Riots, pp. 307-13; World, July 15, 1863; Tribune, July 15, 1863; footnote on Jews' Hospital: Encyclopedia of New York City, pp. 560-61 and Mount Sinai Hospital Web site.

  24. The following account is from: Tribune, July 15, 1863; World, July 15, 1863; "Report of Captain Franklin," July 23, 1863, in Headley, Great Riots, pp. 313-17; Headley, Great Riots, pp. 202-3; Barnes, pp. 86-88.

  25. The following account is from the World, July 15, 1863.

  26. Headley, Great Riots, pp. 223-24.

  27. "Report of Captain Franklin," July 23, 1863, in Headley, Great Riots, pp. 313-17; Supreme Court Cases, Grand Jury Dismissals, 1863, MACNY; Cook, p. 123.

  28. The following account is from: Gibbons Morse, pp. 4 - 5.

  29. James Gibbons quoted in Emerson, 2:46-47.

  30. Barnes, pp. 79-80, 84-85; "Report of Captain Franklin," July 23, 1863, in Headley, Great Riots, pp. 313-17.

  31. Gibbons Morse, pp. 6-7.

  32. Emerson, 2:50-51.

  33. Gibbons Morse, p. 7; Choate, pp. 255-57.

  34. Choate, pp. 255-57.

  35. Headley, Great Riots, p. 225; Bernstein, pp. 38-39; Walling, pp. 81-82; Chapin, p. 88; Cook, pp. 126-28.

  36. Headley, Great Riots, pp. 224-25; Cook, p. 128.

  37. Walling, pp. 81-82; "Report of Captain Wilkins," July 21, 1863, in Headley, Great Riots, pp. 317-19.

  38. Headley, Great Riots, pp. 224-25.

  39. "Report of Captain Wilkins," July 21, 1863, in Headley, Great Riots, pp. 317-19.

  40. Gilmore, pp. 194-95.

  41. Cook, pp. 133-34.

  42. Ibid., pp. 135-36.

  43. Ibid., p. 129.

  44. Leonard, "Three Days of Terror," p. 227.

  45. Strong, pp. 338-39.

  46. Powell to Garrison, July 18, 1863, in Yacovone, pp. 72-74.

  47. Cook, p. 128; Walling, pp. 82-84; Barnes, p. 70; Headley, Great Riots, p. 226.

  48. Headley, Great Riots; p. 226.

  49. Bernstein, pp. 50-51.

  50. Headley, pp. 226-27; Mitchell, pp. 284-85.

  51. Daly, pp. 246-50.

  52. Gibbons Morse, p. 8.

  53. Dupree and Fishel, eds., "An Eyewitness Account," pp. 476-78.

  54. Report of the Committee of Merchants, p. 26.

  55. Emerson, 2:47, 49-50; Gibbons Morse, p. 8.

  56. War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, 27:pt. 2:888-89.

  13. DOOM OR DELIVERANCE: WEDNESDAY, JULY 15 DAY THREE

  1. Opdyke, p. 274; War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, 27:pt. 2:916.

  2. Times, July 14, 1863.

  3. Stevens, pp. 301, 311.

  4. Tribune, July 15, 1863.

  5. Strong, p. 341.

  6. Times, July 17, 1863; Boston Courier, July 15, 1863, reprinted in the Times, July 18, 1863.

  7. Ibid.

  8. Times, July 16, 1863; Cook, p. 139; McCague, pp. 135-36.

  9. Cook, p. 139.

  10. Asbury, p. 148; Headley, Great Riots, pp. 206-8, 210.

  11. Quoted in Cook, p. 140.

  12. Report of the Committee of Merchants, pp. 17-18; Cook, pp. 140-41, 298n; Tribune, July 16, 1863; New York County District Attorney's Indictments, Aug. 11 to Oct. 17, 1863, MACNY.

  13. Tribune, July 16, 1863; Cook, pp. 141-42.

  14. "Report of Lieutenant Ryer," July 20, 1863, printed in Headley, Great Riots, pp. 323-26; Times, July 16, 1863.

  15. Cook, pp. 142-43.

  16. Pasternak, p. 192.

  17. New York County District Attorney's Indictments, Aug. 11 to Oct. 17, 1863, The People v. Joseph Marshall, MACNY.

  18. Account of Franklin's murder: To the Memory of the Martyrs; Grand Jury Dismissals, July 27, 1863; New York County District Attorney's Indictments, Aug. 4 to Aug. 11, 1863, MACNY.

  19. Strong, pp. 339-40.

  20. Cook, p. 106; Choate, pp. 260-61; Headley, Great Riots, pp. 256-57; Herald, July 15, 1863.

  21. Herald, July 15, 1863; Tribune, July 14 and 16, 1863; Cook, p. 106.

  22. Herald, July 15, 1863.

  23. Cook, pp. 139-40; Times, July 15, 1863.

  24. Choate, pp. 256-57.

  25. Gibbons Morse, p. 8.

  26. Emerson, 2:43.

  27. Ibid., 44-45.

  28. Gibbons Morse, pp. 8-9.

  29. This account is from New York County District Attorney's Indictments, Aug. 4 to Aug. 11, 1863, MACNY. The quotes are from the testimony of Josiah and Ellen Porter.

  30. Ibid. For Doherty's act of vengeance, see Cook, p. 145.

  31. Bernstein, pp. 52-53; Cook, p. 149.

  32. Ruffin, Diary, 3:74-75.

  33. Opdyke, p. 277.

  34. Headley, Great Riots, p. 245.

  35. Times, July 15, 1863.

  36. Bernstein, pp. 38-39, 61-62.

  37. World, July 15, 1863; Bernstein, p. 51.

  38. Bernstein, p. 55 and notes 77-78 on p. 306; quoted in Bernstein, p. 54.

  39. Times, July 16, 1863.

  40. Quoted in Bernstein, pp. 55-56.

  41. Ibid.,

  42. Quoted in ibid., p. 59.

  14. "HELLISH PASSIONS CULMINATING IN RIOTS, ARSON, AND MURDER"

  1. Bernstein, p. 61.

  2. World, July 15, 1863.

  3. Daily News, July 15, 1863.

  4. Quoted in Kirk, p. 114.

  5. Gilmore, p. 195.

  6. Tribune, July 18, 1863, quoted in Massie, p. 445.

  7. Headley, Great Riots, p. 21.

  8. Times, July 15, 1863.

  9. Gilmore, pp. 195-96.

  10. Mayor Opdyke'
s proclamation printed in Stoddard, appendix, pp. 347-48.

  11. Cook, pp. 148-49; War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, 27:pt. 2:895-96.

  12. War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, 27:pt. 2:898.

  13. Bernstein, pp. 60-61.

  14. The following account is from "Report of Lieutenant Ryer," in Headley, Great Riots, pp. 324-25; Cook, pp. 149-50.

  15. Cook, p. 150; Headley, Great Riots, pp. 252-53; Bernstein, pp. 39, 51, 59.

  16. Cook, pp. 152-53.

  17. Leonard, p. 229.

  18. Times, July 16, 1863.

  19. Ibid.; Tribune, July 17, 1863; Cook, p. 153; Leonard, p. 229.

  20. Times, July 16, 1863; Cook, p. 153; "Report of Captain Putnam" and "Report of Captain Shelley" in Headley, Great Riots, pp. 309-10, 333; Headley, Great Riots, p. 242.

  21. The following account is from Leonard, pp. 229-31; Cook, pp. 154-55.

  22. Times, July 16, 1863; Cook, p. 151.

  23. Cook, p. 126.

  24. Chapin, pp. 55-56.

  25. Stoddard, p. 256.

  26. Chapin, pp. 24-25; McCague, p. 53.

  27. War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, 27:pt. 2:920.

  28. Stoddard, pp. 257, 265; Cook, pp. 155, 157; Quigley, p. 5; Swinton, pp. 350-53.

  29. Headley, Great Riots, p. 243; Stoddard, p. 257; Leonard, p. 233.

  15. THE FINAL DAYS: THURSDAY AND FRIDAY

  1. Lyons, p. 9.

  2. Stoddard, pp. 266-71; Cook, pp. 157-58.

  3. Cook, p. 160.

  4. Ibid., pp. 160-61; Barnes, pp. 56-57; Bernstein, p. 39.

  5. Opdyke, p. 279.

  6. McCague, pp. 160-62; Cook, pp. 184-87; Neely, p. 133; World, July 17, 1863; Tribune, July 16, 1863.

  7. Cook, p. 157.

  8. Choate, pp. 257-58.

  9. War of the Rebellion, ser. 1, 27:pt. 2:902.

  10. World, July 16, 1863.

  11. The following account is from the Times, July 16, 1863.

  12. Cook, p. 162; Banquet. . . of the Union League Club, pp. 43-44.

  13. Cook, pp. 160-61; Bernstein, p. 39.

  14. Stoddard, p. 273; Cook, pp. 162-63; Headley, Great Riots, p. 249 and Putnam's account on pp. 310-13.

  15. The following account is from Stoddard, pp. 272-74; Cook, pp. 163-64; Headley, Great Riots, pp. 249-50 and Putnam's account on pp. 310-13; McCague, p. 164.

  16. Dispersal of mobs and flushing out snipers: Bernstein, pp. 38-39, 60-61; McCague, p. 164; Henry Congdon to Charles Congdon, July 17, 1863, N-YHS, MSS; Cook, p. 164.

  17. Emerson, 2:45-47.

  18. Ibid., 1:4.

  19. Ibid., 2:51-52.

  20. Ibid., 2:57-58.

  21. Ibid., 2:53-54.

  22. Smalley, Anglo-American Memories, p. 161.

  23. Cook, p. 188.

  24. Choate, p. 259.

  25. Cook, p. 165; Bernstein, p. 62; Headley, Great Riots, pp. 256-58.