by Roy Porter
Armstrong, John 372
Armstrong, Nancy 338
Arnold, Thomas 216
art galleries 38–9, 270
the arts 16, 25, 34–5, 92–3, 199, 267
applied arts 215
architecture 34, 44, 215
Asiatic 357, 358
engraving 224–5
painting 145, 227, 279, 296, 314, 319; see also individual artists see also entertainment
Ashley, Lord Cooper, Anthony Ashley, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury
Ashmole, Elias 209
Ashworth, Caleb 347
Asiatic Society 375
assembly rooms 40, 241
Astell, Mary 333–4
The Christian Religion 333
A Fair Way with Dissenters… 333
An Impartial Enquiry Into… Civil War in This Country 333
Some Reflections Upon Marriage 333
astrology 151–2
Athanasian creed 104 see also religion
atheism 33, 59, 96–8, 99, 104, 106, 107, 127–8, 131, 411, 422, 455
Athenian Gazette… 81–2
Atterbury, Francis, Bishop of Rochester 98
Aubrey, John 151
Austen, Jane 287
Mansfield Park 287, 293
novels 287
Sanditon 287
on women 323, 330
Australia 148
native peoples 362
autobiography 291
novels as 290–91, 294, 479
Bacon, Francis, Baron of Verulam and Viscount St Alban 6, 14, 51, 52, 56–7, 63, 65, 68, 142, 318
Advancement of Learning 56
Instauratio Magna 57
The New Atlantis 131–2, 480
Novum Organum 132
Baconianism 131–2, 365, 418, 462
William Blake on 463–4
Bage, Robert 401
Hermsprong… 401
Baillie, Joanna 327
Bakewell, Robert 429
Ballard, George:
Memoirs of Several Ladies… 327
Bamford, Samuel 75
Bank of England 28, 29, 36, 193
Banks, Sir Joseph 37, 147–9, 314
as Keeper of Kew Gardens 148
as President of the Royal Society 148
Joseph Priestley and 410
Baptists 360 see also religion
Barbados 301
Barbauld, Anna Laetitia 327, 398
Evenings at Home… 352–3, 431
The Rights of Women 335
Barber, Francis 364
Barbon, Nicholas 262, 380
Barker, Robert: his Panorama 270
Baron, Richard:
The Pillars of Priestcraft… 111
Barre, François Poulain de la 331
Barrow, Isaac 55
Barruel, Abbé Augustin xviii, 9
Barry, James 145
Bath 40, 143
Bath Chronicle 296
Bath and West of England Agricultural Society 308
Battie, William 216
Bayle, Pierre 113, 120, 121, 234
Dictionnaire 52, 152, 234–5
on religion 234–5
Beattie, James 243
beauty see the aesthetic
Beckford, William: Vathek 358
Beddoes, Thomas 93–4, 153–4, 212–13
on drink 371
on education 345–6
Extract of a Letter on Early Instruction 346
History of Isaac Jenkins… 373–4
on language reform 461
Bedford coffee house 36, 37
Bedlam see Bethlem Hospital
behaviour see human nature
Behn, Aphra 326, 336
Oroonoko… 354, 361
Bekker, Balthasar 221
De Betoverde Weereld (The World Bewitch'd) 120, 221
Bell, Andrew 371
Bell, John: Poets of Great Britain… 86
Bellers, John:
Proposal for Raising a College of Industry… 378
Bell's circulating library 87
Belsey, Catherine 338
Bennett, John:
Strictures on Female Education 336
Bentham, Jeremy 4, 47, 111, 146, 396
on America 402
on animals 349
Auto-icon… 419
on colonialization 355
on cost-efficiency xx, 379
Fragment on Government 416
greatest happiness principle xxi, 264–5, 416–17, 418, 419
on homosexuality xxi
influence/importance 8, 481, 482
influences on 418
on language 418
on the law 33, 213–14, 416–18
life 415–16
on John Locke 69
as a materialist 419
on the modern 228
Not Paul but Jesus 419, 422
on Oxford University 347
as political reformer 416–22
Joseph Priestley and 412
as prison reformer 419
on religion 419
on sex 274
on slavery 360
on superstition 219–20
as a utilitarian 421–2
on workhouses 378, 379
Bentley, Richard 98, 134
Confutation of Atheism (Boyle Lectures) 136–7
on Nature 299
Bentley, Thomas 432
Berenger, Richard 286–7
Berkeley, George, Bishop of Cloyne 53, 54, 67, 98, 402
Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision 67
Berliner Mittwochgesellschaft 1, 2
Bethlem Hospital 216
Bible 12, 49–50, 52, 76, 100–101, 102
criticism of 112–15, 119, 123, 228
Daniel, book of 133, 155, 414
interpretation of 226–7, 235–6, 238, 356
New Testament 226
Psalms 298
as source of faith 404–5
as source of language 235–6, 237
as source of political reform 404 see also Christianity; religion
Bickerstaff, Isaac (fictitious) see Swift, Jonathan
Biographia Britannica 93
biological evolution see evolution
Birmingham 41, 86, 315, 414, 428 see also Lunar Society
Blackburne, Revd Francis 404–5
The Confessional 404
Blackmore, Sir Richard: The Creation 303
Blackstone, William 192, 321, 408, 416
The Laws Respecting Women 321
Blackwall Anthon 226–7
Blair, Revd Hugh 196, 245, 246, 288
on Francis Hutcheson 245
Lectures on Rhetoric… 245, 288
Blake, William 86, 129, 482
‘America: A Prophecy’ 402–3
on Francis Bacon 463–4
on capitalism 318–19
on enthusiasm 281
on imagination 228
An Island in the Moon 463
‘Jerusalem’ 318–19
on John Locke 463–4
Milton 318
on Joseph Priestley 463
as radical 463–4
on working class 381
Blasphemy Act (1697) 107 see also religion
Bligh, Captain William 148
Blount, Charles 235
Great is Diana… 119
Board of Agriculture 308
Board of Trade 29
du Boccage, Marie Anne Le Page (Madame) 16, 18
the body:
mind/body dualism 141, 407
study of 208, 209 see also human nature
Boerhaave, Herman 134
Bolingbroke, Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, see St John, Henry, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke
Bollan, William: The Freedom of Speech… 192
books see literature; printing/books
booksellers 75, 82, 83, 85–6, 93
Boothby, Sir Brooke 436
Boscawen, Francis 77
Bossuet, Cardinal Jacques Bénigne:
Histoire
universelle 230
Boswell, James 22, 47, 81, 82, 84–5, 210, 279
David Hume and 127, 210
on industrialization 432
on prostitution 271
his role models 289 see also Johnson, Dr Samuel
botanical gardens 146, 437
botanical specimens 148, 273
Bougainville, Louis Antoine de 361
Boulton, Matthew 4, 428, 431, 432, 435
Boydell, John 38
Boyle, Robert 56, 60, 136, 305
Boyle Lectures 136–7, 260, 301, 303
1692 134, 136
1704–5 104, 137
Bridgewater Treatises 299
Brighton 358
Brindley, James 436
Bristol 40, 41, 143, 213, 378, 461
British coffee house 36
British Critic 81, 480
British Museum 39
Britophil see Hogarth, William
Brooke, Henry:
The Fool of Quality 283
Universal Beauty 304
Brown, Revd John 7, 367
Estimate of the Manners and Principles of the Times 194
Thoughts on Civil Liberty… 346
Brown, Lancelot (Capability) 312, 313, 317
Browne, Sir Thomas 103, 259
Bruce, James 354
Brunton, Mary 286, 327
La Bruyère, Jean de 171
Bryant, Jacob 233
Buchan, William 213
Domestic Medicine 211–12
Budgell, Eustace 218
Bunyan, John 159
Pilgrim's Progress 75, 157, 219, 220, 262, 264
Burgh, James 403
Political Disquisitions 403–4
Burke, Edmund 37, 46, 97, 239
on commercial societies 396
on exploration 354
on French Revolution xviii, xix, 9, 413, 448–9, 465
on Nature 299
Tom Paine and 453
on political reform 399, 480
Philosophical Enquiry into… the Sublime and Beautiful 164, 226
Joseph Priestley and 413
Reflections on the Revolution in France 158, 335, 448–9, 452, 464–5
Mary Wollstonecraft on 335, 449
Burnet, Gilbert, Bishop of Salisbury 272
History of the Reformation 231–2
Burnet, Thomas 130–31
Sacred Theory of the Earth 130, 300
Burnett, James, Lord Monboddo 162, 334, 461
On the Origin… of Language 322
Burney, Charles 37
General History of Music 93
Burney, Fanny 143
The Witlings 400
Burney, Susan 39
Burns, Robert 203, 365
Burton, Robert 220
Butler, Joseph 16, 97–8, 180
Button's coffee house 36
Byng, John, 5th Viscount Torrington 41, 208, 316
Byron, Lord 474
Caledonian Mercury 245
calendar reform 214
Calvinism 50, 242, 244, 406–7, 455 see also Protestantism
Cambridge 73
the Fens 311
Cambridge University 59, 68, 99, 104, 132, 134, 180, 216, 292, 404, 405, 422–3, 435,470
examination system 347
Lucasian chair of mathematics 132
Plumian chair of astronomy 134
as Whig 68
Campbell, Archibald, Bishop of Aberdeen 244
A Discourse Proving the Apostles were No Enthusiasts 244
Campbell, Dr Thomas 36
canals 435, 436 see also transport
Cannon, John 74
Carlyle, Thomas 296, 297
‘The Hero as Man of Letters’ 479
Caroline, Queen 32
Carter, Elizabeth 326–7, 337, 368
Cartesian science see Descartes, René
Cartwright, Major John 336, 403
Take Your Choice 403
Cassirer, Ernst:
The Philosophy of the Enlightenment 4, 10–11
Castle, Terry xix
Catalogue of 500 Celebrated Authors… 327
Catcott, Revd Alexander 40, 79
Catholicism 25
anti-Catholicism 49–50, 103–4, 106, 123–4, 224, 241
beliefs 49
death, rituals of 210
Popish Plot (1678) 26, 29
as a threat 26, 49, 72 see also religion
Cavendish, Mad Madge see Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle
Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle 322, 336
censorship 2, 25, 31, 72–3, 271, 477
in France 72
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de
Don Quixote 289
Chambers, Ephraim 92, 214
Cyclopaedia… 8, 67, 92, 153, 170–71, 342
Chapone, Mrs 337
Letters on the Improvement of the Mind 337
Chapter coffee house 36
charity see philanthropy
Charles I, King of Gt Britain and Ireland 18, 24, 28, 185
Charles II, King of England, Scotland and Ireland 24–6, 34, 185, 296
Charlett, Arthur 30
Chatterton, Thomas 218
chemical industry 436
Cheselden, William 67
Chesterfield, Philip Dormer 4th Earl see Stanhope, Philip Dormer, 4th Earl of Chesterfield
‘Chevy Chase’ (ballad) 365
Cheyne, George 139, 367, 282
children/young people 16, 17, 209
diet 341–2, 343
education see education
health 341–2
importance given to 339–40
parents 16, 324, 335, 340;
mothers 328, 329, 330, 343
raising of 339–42, 343
as rational beings 344
toys/games for 268, 341, 343, 344, 345
as wicked 340
children's books 92, 268, 348
educational 91–2, 348, 351–3
China 357–8
Christianity:
anti-clericalism 99, 100, 102, 110–11, 112–13, 119, 222, 234; see also criticism of below
Bible see Bible
clerics 98–9, 208
as corrupt/corrupting xix
the Creation 296, 298, 299, 300, 355–6, 453
criticism of 8, 111–27, see also anti-clericalism above; Radicalism
faith/works dichotomy 102
feasts/fasts 259, 267, 269
God's existence, proof of 104
history of 230–31, 233
hymns 97
Jesus as Messiah 101–2
miracles 114, 123–4, 226–7
Nature, Christian view of 297–9
original sin 259, 262
pleasure, attitudes to 258–60, 273–5
prophecy/prophecies 119, 123
rejection of 33, 59, 96–8, 99, 104, 106, 107, 127–8, 131
resurrection of the body 109, 114, 411
sin/atonement 470
the soul 108–9, 118, 168, 170–71
transubstantiation 103, 124
the Trinity 102, 104, 107, 109, 133
wealth, attitudes to 384–5, 388 see also atheism; religion
Chubb, Thomas 115, 116
Chudleigh, Mary Lady 332
the church see Christianity; clerics; religion
Church of Scotland 242, 244–5, 275
the Kirk 242, 244
Moderates 244–5 see also religion
Churchill, Charles 43
Cibber, Theophilus Lives of the Poets 327
cities see towns/cities
citizenship 200–203
Civil War/Interregnum (1642–1660) 17–18, 21, 24–5, 28–9, 125, 151
effects of 50–51
Clairaut, Alexis Claude 135
Clare, John 75, 111, 317
Clarendon Code (1661–73) 25
Clark, J. C. D. 5, 480
Clarke, John: Essay upon the Education of Youth… 343
Clarke, Samuel 32, 178
Boyle Lectures (1704–5) 104, 137
Anthony Collins and 167
influence/importance 127
Isaac Newton and 134
Scripture-doctrine of the Trinity 104
class structure:
benevolence 181, 347; see also philanthropy below