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Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World

Page 103

by Roy Porter

leisured/upper class 146, 218, 266–7, 276–7, 351, 399–401; see also wealth

  middle class 267, 269, 277, 351, 400–401

  paternalism 19; see also philanthropy below

  the people 367–9; see also working class

  philanthropy 14, 15, 17, 19, 145–6, 148–9, 207, 374–6

  political unrest and 449–50

  rural life see rural life

  working class see working class

  Cleland, John: Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (Fanny Hill) 271–2

  clerics 98–9, 205

  anti-clericalism 99, 100, 102, 110–11, 112–13, 119, 222, 234 see also Christianity; religion

  The Clockmaker's Outcry against… Tristam Shandy 290

  clothing: for children 341, 343

  clubs and societies 22, 34, 35, 36–7, 195, 201, 203, 427

  political 449, 450

  provincial 427–8

  in Scotland 245–6

  for women 326 see also individual institutions

  Cobbett, William 36, 74–5, 76

  on critics 87

  on political reform 399

  Cobham, Viscount see Temple, Sir Richard

  Cockburn, Catharine Trotter:

  Defence of Mr Locke's Essay… 67–8, 326

  coffee houses 20, 30, 34, 35, 80, 142, 326

  importance of 35–6 see also individual establishments

  coinage 29 see also money

  Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 182, 291, 451, 461–3, 477

  attacks on 463

  Lay Sermons 463

  as neo-Platonist 462–3

  Religious Musings 462

  Robert Southey and 461–2

  as Unitarian 462

  his Utopia plan 461–2

  his Watchman 462

  Collins, Anthony 104, 111, 114, 118–19, 276, 481

  Samuel Clarke and 167

  Discourse… of the Christian Religion 119, 123

  John Locke and 118

  Philosophical Inquiry concerning Human Liberty… 407–8

  Priestcraft In Perfection 118

  Joseph Priestley and 407–8, 411

  Collins, Benjamin 78

  Collins, John 8

  Colman, George 37, 42, 286

  colonies/colonialization 40, 301, 355, 362

  trade with 384, 386 see also exploration, voyages of; slavery/ slave trade

  Colquhoun, Patrick 379

  Commager, Henry Steele xviii, 4

  commercial societies 16, 18, 25, 40–41, 149, 189–90, 247, 396

  dependency/interdependency in 187–8, 390–92, 399–400

  development of 248–9, 252–4, 391–2

  David Hume on 247–51

  materialism 243, 253, 264, 390, 399, 411, 419, 437–8

  Adam Smith on 252–3, 254, 390–93, 471

  trade 16, 18, 25, 40–41, 149, 383–96 see also political economy

  ‘Common Sense’ philosophers 243, 410–11, 440, 464

  Condorcet, Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de 10

  Esquisse d'un Tableau Historique… 471

  Congreve, William 93

  Constable, John 318

  consumerism 18, 265, 268, 277, 383

  production/consumption cycle 391–2

  shops 35, 40, 268–9

  contractarianism 188

  Conway, Anne:

  The Principles of… Philosophy 326

  Cook, James (Captain Cook) 148, 29, 354

  native peoples, attitude to 361–3

  Omai (the Polynesian) and 361

  Cook, Judith: Essay in Defence of the Female Sex 333

  Cooke, John 86

  Cooper, Anthony Ashley, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury 3, 10, 22, 30, 160, 243, 276

  Characteristicks 160–61

  on culture 93

  as Deist 333

  in exile 26

  on Thomas Hobbes 160

  on human nature 160–61, 166, 176, 261

  Francis Hutcheson and 176, 261

  on knowledge/learning 54, 88

  Letter Concerning Enthusiasm 122

  on liberty 193

  John Locke and 26, 29, 53–4, 160, 188

  on morality 164

  on the natural order 17

  on Nature 313

  as a Protestant 26

  on religion 122

  Soliloquy 122

  on taste 163–4

  John Toland and 116

  on working classes 368–9

  Cooper, Thomas 360–61

  Copernicus, Nicolaus 130, 150

  Copyright Act (1710) 83

  Cork 241 see also Ireland

  Cotes, Roger 134

  Cotman, John Sell:

  Bedlam Furnace, near Madeley (picture) 315–16

  Council of Trent (1545–63) 49

  Covent Garden Journal 69

  Cowley, Abraham 299

  Cowper, William 317

  Crabbe, George 78, 99

  The Craftsman 36, 189

  the Creation 296, 298, 299, 300, 355–6

  creativity 279–80 see also human nature

  Crèvecoeur, J. Hector St John de 402

  Cribb, Tom 269

  Crichton, Alexander 216

  cricket 19, 268, 269

  crime and punishment xxi, 19, 167, 213, 353, 413

  death penalty 107

  deportation 450

  William Godwin on 456–7

  infanticide 207, 438

  prison reform 419–21

  robbery 377

  suicide 217–19

  witchcraft 219–24 see also legal reform; legal structure

  Critical Review 81

  critics 87–8 see also literature; publishing/books

  Crocker, Lester 4, 9

  cruelty see violence/cruelty

  Cudworth, Ralph:

  True Intellectual System of the Universe 131

  Cullen, Wiliam 307

  cultural developments 12–13, 20, 25, 92–3, 277

  elite culture 218, 266

  erotic culture 271–5

  London as cultural centre 34–40

  oral culture 76, 365

  popular culture 218, 266, 277, 365–6, 381–2, 434

  in Scotland 8, 148, 212–13, 245–6, 366

  for women 277, 326–7 see also literature; printing/books

  Customs and Excise 29, 35

  Daily Advertiser 270

  Daily Courant 42, 77

  Dalrymple, Sir John 252

  Dalton, John 311

  Descriptive Poem 430

  Darnton, Robert 9

  Darwin, Erasmus 4, 139–40, 146, 147, 209, 428

  on agriculture 308

  Thomas Beddoes and 154

  The Botanic Garden 273

  as botanist 436–7

  character 437, 444–5

  criticism of 274, 466

  as Deist 437

  as doctor 435, 436

  on drink 371

  on evolution 439–43, 444–5

  on human nature 439–40

  influence/importance 462

  on innovation 435–6

  on insanity 216–17

  as liberal 438–9

  life 435

  Love of the Plants 466

  as materialist 437–8

  Phytologia 308, 428–9

  Plan for… Female Education 436

  on religion 437

  on sex 272

  on slavery 438

  social circle 435–6, 438

  Temple of Nature 183, 442–3, 477

  Zoonomia 183, 436, 437, 442

  Dashwood, Francis 115

  Davenant, Charles 387–8

  Daventry Academy 407

  Day, Thomas 329–30, 345, 350

  as political reformer 403

  Sandford and Merton 330, 351

  on slavery 359

  death and burial 209–11, 217–19, 419

  Declaration of Indulgence (1672) 26

  Defoe, Daniel 35, 76, 196

  on authors 82

  on the church
96–7

  Essay… of Apparitions 229

  History of Apparitions 383

  life 383

  Life of Colonel Jacque 360

  Moll Flanders 283

  Political History of the Devil 383

  on poverty 376–7

  his Review 79

  Robinson Crusoe 8, 73, 75, 107–8, 262, 283, 429–30

  Short Way with Dissenters 73

  System of Magick 383

  Tour Thro' the Whole Island… 40, 383

  on trade 483–4

  True Relation of the Apparition… 383

  True-Born Englishman 73

  Deism 10, 97–8, 111–15, 117–22, 138, 303, 364, 368, 437

  beliefs 111–12, 117, 119, 141, 233–4

  David Hume on 125–6, 127 see also religion

  demography 12, 298, 379–81

  over-population 380, 457, 471

  Radicalism and 470–71

  Dennis, John 83, 175

  on mountains 314

  dependency/interdependency 187–8, 390–92, 399–400

  patronage 34, 84–5, 148, 399 see also commercial societies; individual liberty

  Derby Philosophical Society 438

  Derbyshire 315, 316, 318, 436

  Derham, Revd William 98, 299

  Physico-Theology 105

  Desaguliers, John Theophilus 134, 137, 143

  Newtonian System of the World… 137, 184

  as Royal Society experimenter 142–3

  Descartes, René 6, 8, 55–6, 63, 65, 109, 118, 131, 139, 141

  Discourse on Method 55

  Geometry 55

  influence/importance 134

  Isaac Newton and 134, 136, 139, 140

  Principles of Philosophy 55–6

  on speech 235, 238

  determinism 167, 219, 291–2

  Diderot, Denis 7, 8–9, 10, 72, 362

  Encyclopédie 57, 92, 246

  A Discourse on Witchcraft 223

  discovery see exploration, voyages of; innovation

  disease 207–8, 211, 213, 300, 365 see also drugs and medicines; hospitals; insanity; medical sciences

  Disney, John 405

  disposable incomes 12, 266, 377 see also wealth

  D'Israeli, Isaac:

  Vaurien 459

  dissent/dissenters 31–3, 127, 188, 333, 334, 335, 415

  beliefs 398–9

  Rational Dissenters 403

  schools run by 346–7, 383, 407, 408, 455, 470, 474

  on slavery 360–61 see also political reform; Protestantism

  divorce see marriage

  doctors 373–4 see also medical sciences

  Doddridge, Philip 347

  Dolomieu, Déodat (Dieudonné Sylvain Guy Tancrede) 148

  Donne, John 303

  Douglas, James, 14th Earl of Horton 362

  Douglas's coffee house 142

  Drake, Judith:

  Essay in Defence of the Female Sex 323

  drama 293, 327 see also literature

  drink see drunkenness; food and drink

  drugs and medicines 283, 300 see also disease; medical sciences

  Druids 240–41 see also religion

  drunkenness 371–2

  Drury Lane theatre 38

  Dryden, John 36

  Absolom and Achitophel 110

  Dublin 241 see also Ireland

  Dublin Society 241

  Duck, Stephen 365

  Dunton, John 81–2, 331

  duty/duties 1–2, 15, 161–2, 167, 178, 261, 263, 278, 456, 457–8 see also morality/morals

  Dyer, John 378–9

  East India Company 36

  Easy Club (Scotland) 245

  Eccles, John 292

  economic development 40, 189–90, 193–4, 199–200

  disposable incomes 12, 266;

  wage levels 377

  innovation see innovation

  in Scotland 247

  wealth 172–3, 174, 180, 189–90, 193–4, 199, 248–9, 266–7, 383–96 see also political economy

  economic problems 450–51

  Eden, Sir Frederick Morton, bart 17, 377

  Edgeworth, Maria 286, 327, 344, 345

  The Absentee 353

  Harrington 353

  Edgeworth, Richard Lovell 147, 213, 343–4, 345, 436

  Practical Education 344, 345, 436

  Edinburgh xvii, 128, 246 see also Scotland

  Edinburgh Evening Courant 245

  Edinburgh Review 245, 246, 483

  Edinburgh University 68, 90, 22, 243, 245, 246, 255–6, 307, 347, 435

  education 339–48, 351–63, 436

  for adults 353–8

  coeducational 333, 343

  health education 211–13

  importance of 340, 433, 456

  in Ireland 345

  literacy 74–5, 76, 345; see also printing/ books

  of native peoples 354, 361

  philanthropic 146

  of the poor 346

  printing/books as 94–5

  process of 265, 340–42

  psychology and 344

  purpose 341, 342, 345–6, 350–51, 353, 363

  religious 74, 346, 347

  schools see schools

  scientific 344

  universal 346

  universities see universities

  for women 322, 326, 331, 333, 334, 335, 336, 342, 343, 344, 436

  for working class 346, 347, 370–71, 377–8, 433–9

  educational books 91–2, 348, 351–3

  educational methods 342, 347, 371

  Edwards, John: Socinianism Unmasked 109–10

  Edwards, Thomas 105

  electricity 408

  Elliot, Sir Gilbert, bart 243

  Ellis, Joyce 326

  emancipation: definition 48

  from the past 48–71

  knowledge/learning as 51–71

  political see political liberty religious see religion; religious toleration see also individual liberty; modernization

  emotions 125, 128, 250, 281, 440–41 see also human nature; individual emotions

  enclosure 306, 309–10, 317, 318, 366, 386–7, 451, 459 see also agriculture

  Encyclopaedia Britannica 92

  English Enlightenment:

  beginnings 1–71

  as conservative 32

  definition xv, 11–12

  as distinctive 481–4

  early xv, 24–275

  as emancipation from the past 48–71

  first see early above

  as ignored/denied 1–12, 31

  late xv, 275–475

  light as symbol of 44–7, 48

  as localized 12

  John Locke as father of 481

  as modernizing see modernization

  nature of xviii-xxii, 3, 12–23, 32, 48, 277

  political background 25–8

  pre-Enlightenment xv

  results of 23

  second see late above

  significance of 476–84

  use of the phrase 2, 5 see also enlightenment/s; European Enlightenment; Scottish Enlightenment

  the English malady 282

  English Review 81

  enlightenment/s xvi

  definition 1

  nature of xviii-xix, 1–2, 9–10, 11 see also English Enlightenment; French Enlightenment; Scottish Enlightenment

  entertainment:

  art galleries 38–9, 270

  church's attitude to 97, 268

  fairs 267, 270

  games/sports 19, 214, 267, 268, 269, 341, 343, 344, 349, 370

  as an industry 268

  music 241, 269–70, 365–6, 434

  museums 39, 146, 148, 270, 434

  pleasure gardens 19, 35, 269, 270

  sensational 270

  theatres/concert halls 34, 35, 38, 39–40, 97, 241, 268, 269–70, 434 see also the arts; happiness

  enthusiasm 125, 128, 281

 

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