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Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World

Page 104

by Roy Porter


  entrepreneurial activity 39–40, 431–4

  the environment see Nature

  Equiano, Olaudah 359

  ethics see morality/morals

  ethnography/ethnology 354, 35

  Eton College 143

  European Enlightenment xviii, xix, 1–3

  English influence on 6–9

  English see English Enlightenment

  French see French Enlightenment

  Scottish see Scottish Enlightenment

  Evangelicanism 33, 361

  as anti-reform 467–70 see also religion

  Evans, Evan:

  Some Specimens of… Welsh Bards 365

  Evelyn, John (the Elder) 24, 300–301

  Silva… 306

  evolution 162, 355–6

  Erasmus Darwin on 439–43, 444–5

  heredity 441 see also human nature

  Examiner 80

  Exclusion Crisis (1679) 26, 29, 110, 185

  Exeter 40

  experience see knowledge/learning

  exploration, voyages of 51, 53, 148, 297, 354–5

  native peoples, attitude to 356, 358,361–2

  racial issues 356–7 see also colonies/colonialization; slavery/ slave trade

  fairs 267, 270

  faith see Christianity; religion

  family life 16, 201

  parents 16, 324, 335, 340;

  mothers 328, 329, 330, 343

  farming see agriculture

  Feathers Tavern Petition (1772) 405

  Female Spectator 80

  females see women

  Ferguson, Adam 162, 235, 246

  An Essay on the History of Civil Society 247, 394

  David Hume and 247, 251

  Institutes of Moral Philosophy 255

  Adam Smith and 394

  Ferguson, James 143

  Fielding, Henry 35, 69, 80

  Amelia 73

  The Author's Farce 82

  on happiness 264

  An Inquiry into… Robbers 377

  Tom Jones 324

  on trade 384

  on working classes 368

  Fielding, Sir John 372

  Fielding, Sarah 290

  Adventures of David Simple 283

  Fifth Monarchist Rising (1662) 25

  Filmer, Sir Robert, bart 340

  John Locke on 61, 186, 217, 359

  Patriarcha 185

  Firmin, Thomas 378

  Fletcher, Andrew 247

  folk culture see popular culture

  Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de 120

  De l'origine des fables 234

  food and drink 206

  for children 341–2, 343

  drunkenness 371–2

  food supplies 380, 381, 471–2, 473

  pleasures of 270–71

  vegetarianism 314

  see also coffee houses; taverns/inns

  Fordyce, George 307

  Elements of Agriculture and Vegetation 307

  Foucault, Michael xviii

  Foundling Hospital, Bloomsbury 207

  Fox, Charles James 447, 451

  France 40, 382

  England and 27, 450, 474

  Huguenots 26, 27

  John Locke's ideas in 67

  Isaac Newton's ideas in 134–5

  printing/books in 72

  Revocation of Edict of Nantes (1685) 26

  under Louis XIV 26, 28, 30, 49 see also French Enlightenment; French Revolution

  Franklin, Benjamin 146, 148, 196, 408, 435, 457

  Frederick the Great, King of Prussia 1, 2

  free trade 16, 18, 303, 386–8, 389

  free will 219, 407–8, 411–12

  freedom/s see individual liberty; political liberty

  freemasonry 37–8

  Free-Thinker 2, 80

  free-thinkers see Deists

  Freind, John 134

  French Enlightenment xvii-xviii, 3, 9, 11

  English influence on 6–9

  as totalitarian xviii

  French Revolution (1789–92) 72, 212, 337, 355, 400, 403, 432

  Edmund Burke on xviii, xix, 9, 413, 448–9, 465

  influence of, in England 6, 9–10, 447–50, 465, 474

  Frend, William 208, 292, 461, 470

  Friends of the People 403

  ‘Friends of the Revolution’, Birmingham 414

  Fuseli, Henry (Johann Heinrich Fuessli) 227, 293

  Gadbury, John 151

  Gainsborough, Thomas 310

  Gale, Theophilus:

  The Court of the Gentiles 230–31

  Galileo, Galilei 52, 130, 133

  gambling 269

  games/sports 19, 214, 267, 268, 279, 370

  for children 341, 343, 344

  cruel sports 349

  gardens/gardening 215, 311–13 see also Nature

  Garraway's coffee house 36

  Garrick, David 37, 93

  Gassendi, Pierre 139

  Gay, John 35, 84, 194

  Beggar's Opera 38

  Gay, Revd John 16, 422

  Preliminary Dissertation… of Virtue or Morality 180

  Gay, Peter xix, 3, 9, 10, 31

  gender issues xvi, 278 see also women

  General Dispensary, Aldersgate Street 146

  genius 279, 280–81 see also human nature

  Gentleman Jackson see Jackson, John

  Gentleman's Magazine… 80–81, 214, 313, 327, 370

  scientific coverage 149, 207

  George I, King of Gt Britain and Ireland 30

  George II, King of Gt Britain and Ireland 32

  George III, King of England 34, 148, 403

  Gerard, Alexander: An Essay upon Genius 280

  German drama 293

  Germany 1, 8, 9, 10

  Giannone, Pietro 8

  Gibbon, Edward 37, 46, 95

  Decline and Fall… 84, 231, 357, 426–7

  on France 7

  on French Revolution xix

  History of England 231

  on literature 84

  on Oxford University 347

  Joseph Priestley and 409

  on reading 74

  on religion 50–51, 96, 128, 259

  Gilpin, William 99, 314

  girls see children/young people; women

  Glanvill, Joseph 304–5

  Sadducismus Triumphatus 225

  Glasgow University 242, 244, 246, 253, 347, 389

  Glasse, Hannah:

  Art of Cookery… 91

  Glorious Revolution (1688) 14, 18, 29, 30, 136, 188, 193, 300, 301, 446, 447, 477

  Revolutionary Settlement 27, 453

  Gloucester Academy 347

  Godwin, William 4, 127, 167, 292, 352

  as anarchist 455–9

  as atheist 455

  Caleb Williams 324, 458

  as Calvinist 455

  criticism of 274, 459, 466

  Dramas for Children 352

  Enquiry concerning… Political Justice 183, 291, 455–9

  on genius 279

  on the individual 456–7, 458

  influence/importance 462, 481, 482

  Memoirs of the Author of the Vindication of the Rights of Woman 292–3

  on political reform 399, 404, 471, 472

  on printing/books 477

  on property 310

  Things as They Are… 458

  Mary Wollstonecraft and 292–3

  Goldie, Mark xix

  Goldsmith, Oliver 37, 43, 82, 85, 239

  ‘Chinese Letters’ 81

  The Citizen of the World 357–8

  The Deserted Village 317, 366

  An History of the Earth and Animated Nature 83, 142, 300, 301, 303, 304

  Vicar of Wakefield 283

  ‘Good Old Cause’ 31, 33

  Goody Two-Shoes 348

  Gordon, John 236

  Gordon, Thomas:

  Cato's Letters 190–91

  The Independent Whig 111

  as MP 276

  ‘Of Witchcraft’ 221

 
Gordon Riots (1780) 51

  Gothic style:

  in literature 227–8, 291

  government see monarchy; political structure

  Graham, James 143

  Grand Trunk Canal 436

  Grainger, James: The Sugar-Cane 359

  Grand Tour 267

  Gravesande, William Jacob 134

  Gray, Thomas: ‘

  Elegy written in a Country Church-Yard’ 95

  on mountains 314

  Greek civilization 34, 51–2, 189, 193–4, 200, 233, 235, 258–9, 273

  Greene, Robert 140

  Gregory, David 134

  Griffith, Elizabeth 327

  Grosley, Pierre Jean 19, 206

  Grotius, Hugo 161

  Grub Street 82–3

  Grub-street Journal 80

  Guardian 69, 80, 194, 242

  Guy's Hospital 207

  Gwyneddigon (London Welsh society) 241

  Hackney Academy 474

  Hakewill, George 300

  Hale, Sir Matthew 306

  Hales, Revd Stephen 180, 349

  Halifax, see Montagu, Charles, 1st Earl of Halifax

  Advice to a Daughter 322

  Hall, Charles 472–3

  The Effects of Civilization… 472

  Haller, Albrecht von 146

  Halley, Edmond 133

  Hall-Stevenson, John:

  Two Lyric Epistles 290

  Hamilton, Elizabeth 327

  Letters of a Hindoo Rajah 466

  Memoirs of Modern Philosophers 459, 466–7

  Hamilton, Sir William 273, 322

  ‘ Account of… the Worship of Priapus’ 273

  Hampden Club 403

  Handel, Georg Friedrich 241, 270

  Acis and Galatea 310

  Hanway, Jonas 97, 420

  Defects of Police 372–3

  happiness 14–17, 21–2, 258–75

  Jeremy Bentham on xxi

  consumerism as 18, 265, 268, 277, 383

  dangers of 17–18

  David Hartley on 180–81

  David Hume on 248–9

  Francis Hutcheson on 168, 169

  entertainment see entertainment

  erotic culture and 271–5

  food, interest in 270–71

  nature of 248–9

  pleasure/pain nexus 418, 439–40

  religion and 258–60, 273–5

  as a right 264

  rural leisure 267

  self-interest 173–5, 178, 180, 262–3, 265, 389, 390

  sources of 266–75, 432–3

  time to enjoy 266–7 see also human nature

  Hardy, Thomas (radical leader) 450

  Harley, Robert, 1st Earl of Oxford 116

  Harrington, James 188–9, 190, 390

  Oceana 188, 460

  Harris, James 193, 461

  Hermes… 461

  Harris, John:

  Lexicon Technicum 66–7, 92

  Hart, Francis 430–31

  Hartley, David 22, 68

  as a Christian 179, 180–81, 182

  on human nature 171, 179–83, 264

  influence/importance 182–3, 291–2, 437, 440

  on knowledge 426

  life 180

  on novels 288

  Observations on Man… 180, 182, 407–8, 411

  Joseph Priestley and 171, 182–3, 410–11

  Theory of the Human Mind 182–3

  Harvey, William 51, 153

  Hauksbee, Francis 134

  Hawkins, Sir John:

  A General History of… Music 92–3

  Hawkins, Laetitia-Matilda:

  Letters on the Female Mind… 337

  Haydn, Joseph 16

  Haymarket Theatre 143

  Hays, Mary 291, 292, 466, 479

  Female Biography 327

  Memoirs of Emma Courtney 70, 291–2, 293, 294, 400

  Hayter, Thomas, Bishop of London:

  Essay on the Liberty of the Press 192

  Haywood, Eliza 80, 326

  Hazlitt, William 86, 294

  on Jeremy Bentham 418

  on dissent 474

  on French Revolution 474

  on Thomas Holcroft 484

  life 474

  on political economy 396

  Political Essays 475

  as Radical 474–5

  on reason xxi

  health 341–2 see also disease; hospitals; medical sciences

  health education 211–13

  Hearne, Thomas 30

  Heidegger, J. J. 39.

  Hellfire Club 115

  Henry, Thomas 427

  von Herder, Johann Gottfried 235

  heredity 441 see also evolution

  heresy 107, 244 see also Christianity; religion

  Herschel, Sir William 155

  Hervey, John, Baron Hervey of Ickworth 43

  Hill, Aaron 80

  Hill, Christopher xix, 4

  Hinckley Academy 347

  history:

  antiquarianism 230, 231, 267

  as God centred 230–31, 233

  historical evidence 230

  as myth 232–5

  national identity 42–4, 49, 92–3, 148, 231–2, 239–46

  nature of xix, 230–42, 355, 476–84

  as philosophical 232–3

  standard texts 230–32

  Hobbes, Thomas 13, 18, 25, 32, 52, 57–9, 139

  as anti-clerical 59, 119

  De Cive 59

  in exile 58

  Leviathan 58, 59, 160, 161, 220, 260

  John Locke and 64–5

  on the natural order 58–9, 60, 119, 164, 260

  on self-knowledge 165

  Shaftesbury on 160

  on witchcraft 220

  Hobsbawm, Eric xix

  Hodgson, William:

  The Commonwealth of Reason 459

  Hogarth, William 20, 35, 43–4, 84, 96, 275, 364

  Analysis of Beauty 215

  ‘Credulity, Superstition and Fanaticism’ (engraving) 224–5

  Four Stages of Cruelty 349

  A Harlot's Progress 373

  Holbach, Paul Henry Thiry d' 10

  Holcroft, Thomas 76, 398, 401, 466

  The Adventures of Hugh Trevor 401

  William Hazlitt on 484

  Holland 3, 10, 72

  Dutch Republic 34, 134

  English Protestants in exile in 26

  Isaac Newton's ideas in 134

  religious toleration 107

  Remonstrants 29

  Home, Henry, Lord Kames 244, 263, 307

  ‘Diversity of Men and Languages’ 357

  Essays on… Morality and Natural Religion 244, 251

  The Gentleman Farmer… 307

  Historical Law-Tracts 251

  on the law 251–2

  Sketches of the History of Man 251

  on social change 252

  Home, Revd John 244

  homosexuality xxi, 274, 294 see also sexual behaviour

  Honourable Society for the Improvement of Knowledge in Agriculture (Scotland) 245

  Hooke, Robert:

  Micrographia 149

  Horne, Revd John see Tooke, Horne

  hospitals 206–7

  as charitable institutions 375–6

  for the insane 216

  Magdalen hospitals 207, 373 see also medical sciences

  hot-air balloons 266

  Houghton, John:

  Collection for Improvement of Husbandry… 144, 306–7

  house lighting 44

  Howard, John 147, 420

  Howell, William: History of the World 230

  Hoxton Academy 455

  Hoyle, Edmund:

  The Polite Gamester… 214

  Huguenots 26, 27

  Hulme, Thomas Earnest 228

  human nature 156–83, 364

  acquisitiveness 172–3, 174, 180, 390; see also wealth

  adaptive behaviour 439–40

  the aesthetic see the aesthetic

  animals compared to 349–50
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  creativity 279–80

  cult of the new 158–60, 480–81

  emotions 125, 128, 250, 281, 440–41

  enthusiasm 125, 128, 281

  evolution 162, 355–6, 439–43, 444–5

  genius 279, 280–81

  habits 170, 440–41

  happiness see happiness

 

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