by Roy Porter
on Interregnum 24
on language 61, 237
Letters on Toleration 106–7
life 28
on liberty 64–5, 186
Isaac Newton on 66
on philosophy xx, 6
on politeness 22
on private property 16, 185, 186–7
as Radical 28–30, 60, 66, 188
on reason 60–61
Reasonableness of Christianity… 50, 62, 101–2, 333
his religion 30, 66, 128
on religious toleration 106–7
Shaftesbury and 26, 29, 53–4, 160, 188
on slavery xx-xxi
Some Thoughts concerning Education 70, 77, 263, 340, 342
on the soul 171
style xvi
on the supernatural 225, 369
John Tillotson and 102
John Toland and 16, 117
Abraham Tucker on 45
‘Two Tracts on Government 29
Two Treatises of Government 29, 30, 162, 185–6, 188, 190
Isaac Watts on 342
on women 332–3
on workhouses 378
on working classes 369–70, 375, 380
L
London 318
as communications centre 41
as cultural centre 34–40, 92
development of 35
as entertainment centre 266–70
as literary centre 82–3
newspapers/journals printed in 77, 78
pleasure gardens 19, 35, 269, 270
as printing centre 73, 86
as trading centre 40
Westminster Abbey 93
Whitehall Banqueting House 34
London Constitutional Society 452
London Corresponding Society 372, 449, 451–2
London Evening Post 73, 77, 191
London Gazette 77
London Guide 34
London Hospital 207
London Journal 190
lotteries 209
Loudon, John Claudius 312–13
Louis XIV, King of France 26, 28, 30, 49
de Loutherberg, James Philip:
his ‘Eidophusikon’ (exhibition) 270
The Wonders of Derbyshire (stage sets) 316
love see marriage; sexual behaviour
Lowth, Robert, Bishop of London 226
Lucas, Charles 293
Lunar Society, Birmingham 44, 46, 154, 329, 343, 359, 401, 413, 427, 428
founding of 435, 436
Macaulay, Catherine 333, 337, 343, 402
History of England 327
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron 358
Machiavelli, Niccolò: Discourses 188
Mackenzie, Henry 288
The Man of Feeling 283–4, 291
Julia de Roubigné 332
Mackintosh, Sir James 76
MacLaurin, Colin 134
MacLean, Kenneth 69
Macpherson, James:
Fragments of Ancient Poetry…
366
Madden, Samuel:
Memoirs of the Twentieth Century 425
Madison, James 196–7
madness see insanity
Madoc cult 240
Magdalen hospitals 207, 373
magic 223, 224, 383 see also superstition
magic lantern shows 39, 270
the mail 40–41
Makin, Bathsua:
Essay… Education of Gentlewomen 333
Malthus, Daniel 470
Malthus, Revd Thomas Robert 99, 380, 483
as anti-reform 470–72
criticism of 472–3
Essay on the Principle of Population 207, 311, 380–81, 470
on progress 425
Manchester 41, 427–8
Mandeville, Bernard 74, 168, 178, 203, 237, 243
Fable of the Bees… 172–3, 174, 175
The Grumbling Hive… 172
on human nature 171–6, 260, 261, 263
Modest Defence of the Public Stews… 272, 373
‘Search into the Nature of Society’ 174
on trade 384
The Virgin Unmask'd 172, 175
on women 325
on working classes 368
Manley, Mary, De la Rivière 278, 326
Mann, Sir Horace 354
Mannheim, Karl 479
Mansfield, Sir James, Lord Mansfield 359
Marine coffee house 142
Marmontel, Jean François 10
marriage 274, 320–21, 324, 325, 329, 333–4
divorce 274
Marsak, Leonard:
The Enlightenment 4, 9
Martin, Benjamin 144, 367
materialism 243, 253, 264, 390, 399, 411, 419, 437–8 see also commercial societies
mathematics:
God's existence, mathematics as proof of 194
Isaac Newton's work on 132, 134 see also natural sciences; physical sciences
Mathias, Thomas James 293, 449
Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de 135
measurement see quantification
medical sciences 139
advances in 152, 153–5, 161, 209
animists 139, 140
childbirth 209
doctors 373–4
drugs and medicines 283, 300
folk medicine 365
King's Evil 152
uses of 144–9
vitalism 139 see also disease; hospitals
Medical Society of London 146
medicines see drugs and medicines
Melmoth, Courtney:
Humanity 363
Mendoza, Daniel 269
Mersenne, Marin 139
Methodism 33, 98, 128, 225, 298 see also religion
middle class 267, 269, 351
culture for 277
morality as middle class 400–401
as political reformers 398, 400
Middlesex Hospital 207
Middleton, Conyers 123–4
Free Enquiry… 124
Letter from Rome 124
Miège, Guy 144
military power 1, 2, 24, 143, 146, 189
in commercial societies 249, 250–51
standing armies 28, 190
Mill, James III, 358, 422
Essay on Government 336
Mill, John Stuart 90, 346, 479, 482, 483
Millar, John 252, 253–4, 255, 356, 400, 425
Miller, James:
The Man of Taste 369
Milner, Esther 330
Milton, John 75, 130, 159, 163, 280, 297, 444
Paradise Lost 85, 444, 445
Samson Agonistes 20
the mind 440
mind/body dualism 141, 407
mind/matter debate 457–8 see also human nature; nervous system/ neurology
Minerva Press and Library 86, 87
miracles 114, 123–4, 226–7
The Mirror 94
Mirror Club (Edinburgh) 245, 288
Misson, Henri 205
modernization xx, 12–23, 24–47, 476–84
of agriculture 301, 306–11
of attitudes 208, 228–9;
see also human nature
commercial societies see commercial societies
cult of the new 158–60, 480–81
cultural see cultural developments
dynamics of change 230–57
economic see economic development
of education 339–48, 351–63
as emancipation from the past 48–71
evolution, understanding of 439–45
as history xix, 230–42
innovation as 14–15, 44, 51, 144–5, 266, 424–39
land reform 459–60, 461–2, 465, 473
language reform 214, 418, 459–60, 461–2, 465
of literature 277–94
Nature, improvement of 304–11
of politics 184–204, 247–51, 397–423
progress, theory of 264; see also commercial societies
Radicalism 436–75
&n
bsp; slavery, criticism of 358–61
of society 48–71, 205–29; see also commercial societies
of trade 383–96
women's rights xxi, 16, 294, 325–38
working classes, improvements for 364–82
Molesworth, Robert, 1st Viscount
Molesworth 111, 190
Molyneux, William 67
the monarchy 18, 188
constitutional 6, 32
Divine Right of Kings 13, 18, 25, 27, 185, 228
importance of 1, 5
nature of 200
Parliament and 25–6, 28, 185
the Restoration 24–6
royal prerogative 185
the succession 27, 28 see also political structure
Monboddo, Lord see Burnett, James, Lord Monboddo
money 187–8, 390, 461
coinage 29 see also political science
monogenesis theory 356
Monmouth Rebellion (1685) 26, 29
Montagu, Charles, 1st Earl of Halifax (2nd G.) 29, 84, 260
Advice to a Daughter 522
Montagu, Elizabeth 15, 327, 332, 337
Montagu John, 4th Earl of Sandwich 38
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley 322–3, 336–7
on the Ottoman Empire 357, 365
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat 6, 97, 252
De l'esprit des lois 249
Monthly Magazine 81
Moore, John 2
Moore, Sir Jonas 311
moral codes 174
moral economy 386, 387 see also economic development; political economy
morality/morals 164, 168, 169–71, 180, 255–7, 261–3
accountability 167, 219
Joseph Addison on 194–7, 198, 203
duty/duties 1–2, 15, 161–2, 167, 168, 261, 263, 278, 456, 457–8
in economic activities 396
education as route to 342
David Hume on 178–9, 200–201, 203
Bernard de Mandeville on 171–6
as middle class 400–401
in sentimental novels 285
Adam Smith on 202–3 see also human nature; philosophy/ philosophers
More, Hannah 322, 327, 337, 346, 467–9
her Cheap Repository Tracts 468
on children 339–40
An Estimate of the Religion of the Fashionable 467
History of Mr Fantom… 469
The Riot… 468–9
Strictures on… Female Education 322
Thoughts on… Manners… 467
Village Politics 468
Horace Walpole and 467
More, Henry 56
Morgan, Edward (Iolo Morganyg) 240–41
Morgan, Sydney, Lady (née Owenson) 327
Moritz, Pastor Carl Philip 14–15, 19, 44
Morton, Lord see Douglas, James, 14th Earl of Horton
Moyes, Henry 143
Moyle, Walter 111, 190
Muchembled, Robert 382
Mun, Sir Thomas 385
England's Treasure… 385
Murdoch, William 44
Murphy, Arthur 93
Murray, John 81
museums 39, 146, 148, 270, 434
music 241, 269–70, 434
folk songs 365–6
sheet music 270 see also theatres and concert halls
Muslims see Islam
Musschenbroek, Pieter van 134
myth see paganism; superstition
national identity 42–4, 49, 92–3, 148, 239–46, 396
Irish 239, 240, 241
patriotic histories 231–2
Scottish 239, 242–6
Welsh 239, 240–41
the natural order 17, 21, 32–3, 51, 52, 140–41, 149, 302
Francis Bacon on 56–7
Thomas Hobbes on 58–9, 60, 119, 164
human nature and 161–2, 183
religion and 104, 114
natural philosophy 132–8, 255–7, 304–5
natural sciences 51–2, 98
advances in 6–7, 8, 12–13, 32, 49, 51, 52, 130–55, 256, 427
agriculture and 307–8
astronomy 149–50
education in 344
experimentation/observation 65, 67, 134, 142–4, 149
God's existence, science as proof of 104
philosophers of 132–8; see also individual philosophers
public promotion of 142–5
religion and 130–31
scientific publications 144–5
Adam Smith on 149–50
systems of 130, 131
taxonomy 142
uses of 144–9, 152–5 see also individual scientists; innovation; mathematics; philosophy/ philosophers; physical sciences; technological advances
natural theology 104, 105, 112, 119–20, 125–6, 136–8, 140–41, 260–61
Nature 295–319
agriculture 147, 148, 267, 297, 301, 306–11, 317
animals, attitudes to 348–51
Christian view of 297–9
as civilizing 310–11
the Creation 296, 298, 299, 300, 355–6, 453
definition 295
deification of 295–6, 319
domestication of 310–11
as environment 296, 300, 319, 401
environmental crises 300–301, 315–17
evolution 162, 355–6, 439–43, 444–5
gardens 311–13
improvement of 304–11
industrialization and 315–17
as inspiration 280
man's relations with 296, 297–8, 302–6, 310–11
Mother Earth concept 305
mountains 313–14
physical geography 302
as a resource 299–300
rural life 147, 148, 259, 267, 269, 298, 310
as sacred 313–14
the universe 297–8
nature poetry 303–4
necessitarianism 167
nervous system/neurology 182, 183, 281–3
female 328–9
Netherlands see Holland
Neville, Henry 111
the new, cult of 158–60, 480–81 see also modernization
New Biographical Dictionary 327
New Lanark Mills, Clydeside 432, 433–4
Newbery, John 348, 351–2
Newcastle 40, 41, 86, 427, 459
Newcastle, Margaret see Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle
Newcastle Courant 143
Newcastle Philosophical Society 459
Newcomen, Thomas 51
Newington Green Academy 383
newspapers/journals 36, 77–82, 219
book review journals 81
growth in 77–8, 81, 327
importance of 79–80, 194–7
reader input 81
in Scotland 245
sports journalism 269
uses/purpose 79–80, 194–7
for women 80, 284 see also individual titles; printing/books
Newton, Sir Isaac 6, 8, 12, 17, 60, 132–8, 276, 318
alchemy, interest in 133
character 137–8
Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms… 133
his followers 134–5, 142
influence/importance 32, 134, 135–8, 139, 181–2
Gottfried Leibniz and 132, 134
life 132, 134
on John Locke 66
as mathematician 132, 134, 135
at the Mint 29, 93, 134
Observations on the Prophecies 133
optical work 132–3, 135
Opticks 45, 133, 135, 140, 161, 182
as President of the Royal Society 134
Joseph Priestley on 279