by Roy Porter
Principia 30, 133, 134, 135, 136–7
his religion 133, 136, 137
theology, interest in 133
Newtonianism 56, 134–6, 138,140, 180, 215
anti-Newtonianism 33
as an economic model 387
as paradigm for harmony 32
religion and 105
as the true science 150–51
for the young 351–2
noble sage concept 357–8
noble savage concept 358, 361, 363, 400
Nonconformism xix, 26, 97, 107, 414
education, attitudes to 346
political reform and 405–6; see also Priestley, Joseph
Remonstrants 29 see also religion
Non-Jurors 33, 98, 122 see also religion
Nore mutiny (1797) 449
Norfolk 307, 309
Norfolk Chronicle 446
Norris, John 333
An Essay… Ideal or Intelligible World 118
North, Sir Dudley:
Discourse Upon Trade 149, 388
Northampton Academy 347
Norwich 38, 40
Norwich Post 77
Nourse, Timothy:
Campania Foelix… 307
novels 8–9, 86, 227, 245
autobiographical 290–91, 294, 479
birth of 283
criticism of 286–91, 467
as critiques of corruption 400–401
morality/morals in 285
plots/ themes 285, 288, 291–2, 400–401, 425
purpose 285–6
science fiction 425
of sensibility 283–94
women readers 286–8, 289
women writers 278, 284–5, 286, 291–2, 326, 327, 400–401 see also individual authors
Old Slaughter's coffee house 36
Omai (the Polynesian) 361
Opie, Amelia 286, 327
opium 283
optimism 160–61, 363, 396, 424–7
oral culture 76, 365
Orpheus Caledonius 365
Origen 114
Ossian (the Scottish poet) 8, 148, 245, 366
Fingal 366
Temora 366
Oswald, Dr James 410
Owen, Robert 239, 371, 432–4
A New View of Society 432–3, 479
Owenson, Sydney see Morgan, Sydney,
Lady 327
Oxford 33, 73
Oxford, Earl of see Harley, Robert, 1st Earl of Oxford
Oxford University 28, 30, 59, 68, 212, 415–16
criticism of 347
as Tory 68
paganism 232–5, 272–3, 299 see also religion; superstition
Paine, Tom 4, 10, 46, 452–5
The Age of Reason 449, 454, 483
in America 452
as anti-clerical 111
Edmund Burke and 453
Common Sense 452, 483
criticism of 466
in exile 449, 450
on government 453–4
influence/importance 452, 454–5
life 452
as a Quaker 452–3
Rights of Man 46, 449, 452, 455, 467, 483
painting 145, 227, 279
landscapes 296
the Picturesque 314, 319 see also individual artists
Paley, William, Archbishop of Carlisle 16, 20, 46, 400, 422
on happiness 261
Natural Theology 138, 299
The Principles of… Philosophy 422–3
on slavery 360, 422
William Wilberforce on 469–70
Palmer, Robert R. 9, 481
pamphlets see printing/books
Pantheon Society (Edinburgh) 287–8
parents see family life
Paris, François de 123
Park, Mungo 148
Travels in… Africa 354
Parkinson, James 371–2
The Way to Health 372
Parliament 27, 185
monarchy and 25–6, 28 see also political structure
Parliamentary Reform Bill (1785) 403
Partridge, John 151, 152
Pascal, Blaise 52
passion/s see morality/morals; sexual behaviour
patriotism see national identity
patronage 34, 148, 399
of authors 84–5 see also dependency/interdependency
Peacock, Thomas Love 240, 381, 427
Crotchet Castle 318
Headlong Hall 240, 313
Melincourt 480
Nightmare Abbey 463
pelagian theology 100, 103, 171
Pelham, Thomas 43
Pemberton, Henry:
View of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy 134
Penny post 40–41
the people 367–9
definition 367 see also working class
Pepys, Samuel 205
Percy, Thomas, Bishop of Dromore 99, 365
Reliques of English Poetry 365
Peter (the wild boy) 345, 354
Petrarch 296
Petty, William, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne (Earl of Shelbourne to 1784) 146, 410
Petty, Sir William 54, 380
phallus worship 273
philanthropy 14, 15, 17, 19, 145–6, 148–9, 207, 374–6
benevolence 181, 437
charity schools 343, 347, 370
as a duty 375
paternalism 19 see also class structure; religion
Philips, Ambrose 2, 80
Phillips, William 299
philosophy/philosophers 55–62, 65, 68, 88–9, 91, 98, 126, 477–9
‘Common Sense’ philosophers 243, 410–11, 440, 464
history as philosophy 232–3
moral see morality/morals
natural 132–8, 253–7, 304
radical see Radicalism
unity of philosophical sciences 256–7 see also individual philosophers; knowledge/learning; natural sciences
Phoenix Insurance 208
physical sciences 56, 138–42
aether theories 140–41
matter theory 140
uses of 144–9 see also innovation; mathematics; natural sciences; philosophy/philosophers
the Picturesque 313–14, 319
Pigott, Charles:
Political Dictionary… 461
Pig's Meat see Spence, Thomas
Pilkington, James:
View of… Derbyshire 316
Pilkington Laetitia 324–5, 336
Pitcairne, Archibald 139
Pitt, William (the Elder), 1st Earl of Chorlham 47, 213, 403
Joseph Priestley and 414
proclamation against seditious writings (1792) 449, 450
Radicalism, action against 449, 450, 451
Place, Francis 111, 422
Plain Dealer 80
Plato 50, 65, 179, 259, 282
neo-Platonism 50, 138, 462–3
Platonic love 274–5
Platonism 56, 109, 118, 131, 160, 333
pleasure see happiness
pleasure gardens 19, 35, 269, 270
Plumb, J. H. 12
Plymouth 41
Pneumatic Institution, Bristol 213
Pocock, John G. A. xv-xvi, 5–6, 31–2
poetry 54–5, 99, 226, 280, 327
ballads 365
nature poetry 303–4
in praise of innovation 434–5 see also individual poets; literature
Poet's Gallery 38–9
politeness 22–3
political economy xx, 4, 12, 28, 99
in agriculture 309–10
commercial societies 16, 18, 25, 40–41, 149, 189–90, 247–54, 264, 390–92, 396
consumerism 18, 265, 268, 277, 383, 391–2
growth of 386–7
laissez-faire policies 16, 396, 419, 433
trade 25, 40–41, 149, 383–96;
free trade 16, 18, 303, 386–8 see also economic development
political liberty xx, 31, 46, 188–91, 197, 480
Joseph Priestley on 203, 204, 412–13<
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Radicalism see Radicalism
Adam Smith on 394–5
suffrage 336, 403, 449
political reform 184–204, 247–51, 397–423, 480–84
Jeremy Bentham and 416–22
Bible as source of 404
economic problems and 450–51
middle class as originators of 398, 400
Joseph Priestley and 406, 412–15
Radicalism 403–4, 447–55
reactions against 464–74
religion and 404–15, 453, 454, 465, 467–70
sanctions, use of 417 see also dissent/dissenters; social reform
Political Register 367
political satire 73, 465–7
political science 184–204
barter 187
capitalism 187–8
citizenship 200–203
commercialism, effects of 189–90
constitutions 189, 191, 193
contractarianism 188
economic improvements 40, 189–90, 193–4, 199–200; see also wealth
extremism 196
Graeco-Roman 188, 189, 193–4, 199–200
legitimacy 185
liberty see political liberty
money 187, 390, 461
private property 16, 185, 186–7, 189, 193, 217, 361–2, 387
Radicalism see Radicalism
political structure 27, 28, 29, 184–5, 189
church and state 28, 33, 72
despotism 189
William Godwin on destruction of 456–8
John Locke on government 453–4
modern 31–2
monarchy see monarchy
Tom Paine on government 453–4
Parliament 25–6, 27, 28, 185
political opposition 31–3; see also Radicalism
stabilization of 31
Polwhele, Revd Richard 336
Poole, Joshua:
English Parnassus 313
Poole, Thomas 462
the poor see working class
Poor Laws 214, 376–8, 413
abolition of poor relief 381
Pope, Alexander 15, 35, 36, 45, 53, 75, 93
on authors 83
Dunciad 54, 159, 224
‘Essay on Criticism’ 279
Essay on Man 8, 16, 55, 68, 159, 175–6, 444, 445
on human nature 156, 159–60, 175–6
on Nature 295–6, 297
Rape of the Lock 224
on suicide 218
Popery see Catholicism
Popish Plot (1678) 26, 29
popular culture 218, 266, 277, 365–6, 381–2, 434 see also rural life
population growth see demography
Porter, Anna Maria 327
Porter, Jane 327
Potter, John 326
Pratt, Samuel Jackson (pseud.) see Melmouth Courtney
Presbyterians 404
press freedom see censorship; printing/ books
Prévost, Abbé Antoine François 15, 20
Price, Richard xvii, 4, 188, 208, 239, 334, 402, 408, 465
A Free Discussion… 411–12
on French Revolution 447–8, 455
Observations on… Liberty 73, 402
on political liberty xx, 46
Joseph Priestley and xix, 411–12
on progress 425
Price, Sir Uvedale 316–17
prices 385, 387–8 see also trade
Prichard, James Cowles 356
Research into… Mankind 356
Prideaux, Humphrey 347
Priestley, Joseph xix, 4, 16, 17, 140, 143, 146, 147, 404, 406–15, 428
in America 414
Appeal to the Professors of Christianity 409
Jeremy Bentham and 412
in Birmingham 413
character 408, 415
Chart of Biography 408
Anthony Collins and 407–8, 411
‘Common Sense’ philosophers and 243, 410–11
Course of Lectures on Oratory… 408
criticism of 409–10, 463
Discourses… Revealed Religion 414
Disquisitions Relating to Matter and Spirit 141, 411
as Dissenter 398, 406, 407, 413, 415
Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity… 409–10, 411
on education 346–7
Essay on… Government 412
Examination… into the Human Mind… 410
Experiments… Different Kinds of Air 410
A Few Remarks on Blackstone's Commentaries 408
A Free Discussion… 411–12
French Revolution, support for 413–4, 447
Edward Gibbon and 409
as ‘Gunpowder Joe’ 413
on happiness 264
David Hartley and 171, 182–3, 410–11
Hartley's Theory of the Human Mind… 408
History of Christianity 409
History… Concerning Jesus Christ 409
The History… of Discoveries Relating to Vision… 45
History… of Electricity… 408
on David Hume 407
influence/importance 440, 455, 481, 484
on language 236
Letter to Edmund Burke… 413
Letter to Pitt 414
on liberty 203, 204, 412–13
life 406–7, 410
as necessitarian 167
New Chart of History 408
on Isaac Newton 279
Political Dialogue… 413
as political reformer 406, 412–13
on the poor 374–5
as preacher 408–9
‘ Present State of Europe…’ 414
Richard Price and xix, 411–12
Reflections on… Free Enquiry in this Country 413
Rudiments of English Grammar 214
as scientist 45, 155, 408, 410
on second coming 414
on slavery 360
social circle 408, 436, 438
as Socianist 409
on superstition 219
as teacher 408
his Theological Repository 409
as Unitarian 413–14
as utilitarian 422
John Wesley on 409
printing/books 38, 72–95
almanacs 151
authors' advances 83–4
authorship as trade 82–5, 94–5, 246
book clubs 86–7
book prices 85–6
book review journals 81
booksellers 75, 82, 83
bookshops 86
censorship 2, 25, 31, 72–3, 271, 477
children's books 92, 268, 348
copyright 83, 86
educational books 91–2, 351–3
erotic publications 271–3
extensive reading 76, 77
in France 72
growth in 73–7, 83–4, 85–6, 93–5, 365, 479
Grub Street 82–3
influence/importance xxi-xxii, 3, 14, 36, 55, 75–6, 218–19, 365, 476–7
intensive reading 76
knowledge/learning and 73, 91–3, 194–7, 477–8
libraries 77, 86–7
Licensing Act (1695) 31, 73, 83, 86
literacy 74–5, 76, 345
newspapers see newspapers/journals
offensive publications 31
pamphlets 28, 30, 36, 73, 93
patronage of authors 84–5
press freedom 73, 191–2
print wars 31
provincial 86
readers 94–5
scientific books 144–5
Stationers' Company 73, 83
uses/purposes 55, 73, 91–3 see also literature