How Sex Works
Page 23
“We need to start: Dr. Maura Gillison, quoted in “HPV Increasingly Causes Oral Cancer in Men,” Associated Press, February 1, 2008, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22956090/.
She believes there’s: M. L. Gillison, “Human Papillomavirus-Related Diseases: Oropharynx Cancers and Potential Implications for Adolescent HPV Vaccination,” J Adolesc Health 43, no. 4 suppl (2008): S52–S60. For background on cervical cancer survival, see: A. K. Chaturvedi et al., “Second Cancers Among 104,760 Survivors of Cervical Cancer: Evaluation of Long-Term Risk,” J Natl Cancer Inst 99, no. 21 (2007): 1634–1643.
And a recent study: A. B. James, T. Y. Simpson, and W. A. Chamberlain, “Chlamydia Prevalence Among College Students: Reproductive and Public Health Implications,” Sex Transm Dis 35, no. 6 (2008): 529–532. For more information on Gonorrhea, see: A. L. Garcia, V. K. Madkan, and S. K. Tyring, “Gonorrhea and Other Venereal Diseases,” in K. Wolff et al., eds., Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology in General Medicine, 7th ed. (New York: McGrawHill, 2008).
In 2004, a team of scientists: A. Idahl, J. Boman, U. Kumlin, and J. I. Olofsson, “Demonstration of Chlamydia Trachomatis Igg Antibodies in the Male Partner of the Infertile Couple Is Correlated with a Reduced Likelihood of Achieving Pregnancy,” Hum Reprod 19, no. 5 (2004): 1121–1126.
In 2007 José Luis Fernández: G. Gallegos, B. Ramos, R. Santiso, V. Goyanes, J. Gosalvez, and J. L. Fernández, “Sperm DNA Fragmentation in Infertile Men with Genitourinary Infection by Chlamydia Trachomatis and Mycoplasma,” Fertil Steril 90, no. 2 (2008): 328–334. For STI background, see: K. J. Ryan, C. G. Ray, and J. C. Sherris, Sherris Medical Microbiology: An Introduction to Infectious Diseases, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004).
Damage from herpes: S. Jha and R. Patel, “Klüver-Bucy Syndrome: An Experience with Six Cases,” Neurol India 52, no. 3 (2004): 369–371; S. Pradhan, M. N. Singh, and N. Pandey, “Kluver Bucy Syndrome in Young Children,” Clin Neurol Neurosurg 100, no. 4 (1998): 254–258.
New York psychiatrist: L. R. Tancredi, Hardwired Behavior: What Neuroscience Reveals About Morality (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
A description of a syphilis sore: M. Zuk, “A Great Pox’s Greatest Feat: Staying Alive,” New York Times, April 29, 2008.
Medical historian Deborah Hayden: D. Hayden, Pox: Genius, Madness, and the Mysteries of Syphilis. (New York: Basic Books, 2003).
But how did a disease: R. J. Knell, “Syphilis in Renaissance Europe: Rapid Evolution of an Introduced Sexually Transmitted Disease?” Proc Biol Sci 271, suppl 4 (2004): S174–S176.
A sweeping survey: A. M. Houston, J. Fang, C. Husman, and L. Peralta, “More Than Just Vaginal Intercourse: Anal Intercourse and Condom Use Patterns in the Context of ‘Main’ and ‘Casual’ Sexual Relationships Among Urban Minority Adolescent Females,” J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 20, no. 5 (2007): 299–304.
Now, a new study conducted by: A. A. Adimora, V. J. Schoenbach, and I. A. Doherty, “Concurrent Sexual Partnerships Among Men in the United States,” Am J Public Health 97 (2007): 2230–2237.
“This Study Sheds Light: Adaora A. Adimora, quoted in Amy Norton, “Concurrent Sex Partners Not Uncommon for U.S. Men,” Reuters, October 30, 2007, http://uk.reuters.com/article/health-News/idUKSAT07904620071030.
“People—especially women: Ibid.
As Mullins points out: Jolene Mullins, quoted in Liz Langley, “Sex and the Single Septuagenarian,” Salon, December 4, 2006, http://www.salon.com/mwt/feature/2006/12/04/senior_std/print.html.
Chapter 8: Jagged Little Pill
James Higham, a research fellow: J. P. Higham, C. Ross, Y. Warren, M. Heistermann, and A. M. Maclarnon, “Reduced Reproductive Function in Wild Baboons (Papio Hamadryas Anubis) Related to Natural Consumption of the African Black Plum (Vitex Doniana),” Hormones and Behavior 52, no. 3 (2007): 384–390.
The plum “appears to: Ibid.
But one primate expert: Patricia Whitten quoted in “Primates on the Pill,” New Scientist, 2007.
One controversial theory: H. M. Bruce, “An Exteroceptive Block to Pregnancy in the Mouse,” Nature 184 (1959): 105.
A study by the World: World Health Organization, “The World Health Organization Multinational Study of Breast-Feeding and Lactational Amenorrhea. III. Pregnancy During Breast-Feeding,” Fertility and Sterility 72 (1999): 431–440.
A recent study led by: M. Emery-Thompson et al., “Aging and Fertility Patterns in Wild Chimpanzees Provide Insights into the Evolution of Menopause,” Current Biology 17 (2007): 2150–2156.
“Females in the wild: Melissa Emery-Thompson, quoted in R. Hooper, “Menopause Sets Humans Apart from Chimps,” New Scientist, 2007.
“Human life history: Ibid.
A study led by Daryl P. Shanley: D. P. Shanley, R. Sear, R. Mace, and T. B. Kirkwood, “Testing Evolutionary Theories of Menopause,” Proc Biol Sci 274, no. 1628 (2007): 2943–2949.
“Our results point clearly: R. Highfield, “How the Menopause Allows Granny to Help,” Telegraph, 2007.
In Contraception and Abortion: J. M. Riddle, Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992).
A suggestion is made: Ibid.
It was not long: Ibid.
Casanova wore the finest: Ibid.
Not everyone credits: Kelly, I. Casanova: Actor Lover Priest Spy. (New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin, 2008). A. Tone, et al., Devices and Desires: A History of Contraceptives in America (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001).
“In addition to being responsible: A. Tone, etc.
It is a vicious cycle: Handbill advertising Sanger’s first clinic in Brooklyn, NY.
The campaign for birth control: Ibid.
It was one of the greatest: Ibid.
The Pill has long been rumored: S. Gupta, “Weight Gain on the Combined Pill—Is It Real?” Hum Reprod Update 6, no. 5 (2001): 427–431.
There is also some evidence: J. Kulkarni, “Depression as a Side Effect of the Contraceptive Pill,” Expert Opin Drug Saf 6, no. 4 (2007): 371–374.
A very recent study published: S. C. Roberts, L. M. Gosling, V. Carter, and M. Petrie, “MHC-Correlated Odour Preferences in Humans and the Use of Oral Contraceptives,” Proc Biol Sci, 275, no. 1652 (2008): 2715–2722.
Dr. Dustin Penn, director: Quotes in A. Motluk, “Scent of a Man,” New Scientist, February 10, 2001.
According to Roberts and: Roberts et al., “MHC-Correlated Odour Preferences.”
And psychologist Rachel Herz: Personal interview with Rachel Herz.
When it comes to women: Ibid.
Once you’ve fallen in love: Ibid.
If I now smell you: Ibid.
Recent research published: J. E. Chavarro, T. L. Toth, S. M. Sadio, and R. Hauser, “Soy Food and Isoflavone Intake in Relation to Semen Quality Parameters Among Men from an Infertility Clinic,” Human Reproduction 23, no. 11 (2008): 2584–2590.
Chapter 9: Good Vibrations
Psychologist Geoffrey Miller: G. F. Miller, The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature (New York: Doubleday, 2008).
acknowledgments
To Claire Wachtel, whose keen insight, infinite patience and belief in this project helped make this book possible. To Jonathan Burnham, Kathy Schneider, Christine Boyd, Julia Novitch, and Kevin Callahan, as well as the rest of the folks at Harper, whose dedication and accommodation greatly enhanced the process of writing this book. I am very grateful to all the people who gave up their time to work so relentlessly to improve the manuscript. To my publicist, Katherine Beitner, for constantly infecting others with her excitement about this project. To the always resourceful and reliable Roxanne Khamsi whose assistance was indispensable. Thanks to Richard Verver who helped with fact checking. I must also thank the incredible anatomical duo of Drs. Jeffrey T. Laitman and Joy S. Reidenberg, for their diligence and attention to detail. And to Catherine Delphia, whose talent and endless commitment to this project was greatly appreciated. My trusty agent, Jennifer Joel from ICM, was
indispensable from the start. And to El, my parents, my sisters, their husbands, and their kids who are always quick to love. And of course to Shira, who sweetens my life as well the lives of those around her immeasurably.
searchable terms
Note: Entries in this index, carried over verbatim from the print edition of this title, are unlikely to correspond to the pagination of any given e-book reader. However, entries in this index, and other terms, may be easily located by using the search feature of your e-book reader.
Abell, George O., 31–32
Adimora, Adaora A., 191
Aesthetic Surgery (Taschen), 93, 94
A. H. Robins Company, 211–12
AIS (androgen insensitivity syndrome), 20, 145, 146–47, 167
Allen, Lily, 10
ambiguous genitalia. See DSDs (disorders of sexual development)
Amen, Daniel, 98–99
anal sex: gonorrhea and, 186; HIV/AIDS and, 191
anal stimulation, 32
androgens, 20, 145, 151, 167, 169
aneuploidy, 88
angina, 62
aphrodisiacs: oysters, 135
apocine sweat glands, 18
arousal, xi; “blue balls” and, 61–62; breasts, nipples, and, 8; chemistry of, xi–xii; labia minora and, 96; physical responses in men, 99; physical responses in women, 99; pornography and, 99–100; scent and, 77–87
Asante of Ghana, 26
attraction, ix, xi, 71–104; big brains and, 228; eye contact and, 97–98; female attributes that attract men, xi, 7–8, 11–12, 83, 227; fertility effect, 72, 74–75; genetic compatibility of potential mate and, 72, 80–81; hallmarks of adult sexuality, xi; health of potential mate and, 72, 74, 227; HLA and, 79–80, 82, 86, 220–21; infant response and, 89–90; love and, 71–74; makeup and, 98–99; male attributes that attract women, xi, 74, 77–89, 96, 227; menstrual cycles and shift in women’s partner preferences, 74–76, 97; the Pill and shift in women’s preferences, 220–23; scent and, ix, 77–87, 227; sexual activity, link with, 96–98; sight and, 87–100; spring fever and, 101; symmetry and, 14–15, 90–92; testosterone levels and, 75; ventral striatum in brain and, 97
autism, 34–35
baculum, 44
Bagemihl, Bruce, 161
Bailey, Michael, 163–64
Baker, Robin, 114–15
Barr Pharmaceuticals, 217–18
Batchelor, Bob, 27–28
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 189
Bellis, Mark, 114–15
binary fission, x
Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity (Bagemihl), 161
Biology of the Honey Bee, The (Winston), 47
Blackledge, Catherine, 127
blastocyst, 23
“blue balls,” 61–62
bonobos, 161–62
brain size and sex, 228
breasts: areola, 6, 7; arousal and swelling of, 8; breast milk and breastfeeding, 5–6; human, uniqueness among primates, 5, 7–8; lactation, xiv, 5–7, 9, 15, 199–201; male, 8–9, 93, 149; milk banks, 6–7; number of, 9–10; orgasm and, 33; Scaramanga gene, 10; sexual attraction and, xi; sexual pleasure and nipple stimulation, 10; size and female attractiveness, 7–8, 15–16; symmetry and, 14–15, 16, 91
British Cum Queens (film), 123
Bruce, Hilda, 197–98
Burns, George, 118
CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia), 150–51
Campenni, Estelle, 77–78
Camperio-Ciani, Andrea, 165, 166
Casanova de Seingalt, Giacomo Girolamo, 135, 208–9
Case of the Female Orgasm, The (Lloyd), 114
Cerrahiyet’ül Haniye (Sabuncuoğlu), 93
cervical cancer: HPV, circumcision, and, 56–58; HPV and, 56, 175, 177, 193; vaccine (Gardasil), 57, 176
cervix, 21, 22–23; Billings method and mucus, 206; childbirth and dilation, 23; fertility and, 22; mucus, 22, 23; opening (os), 22
Chase, Cheryl, 143
chastity. See virginity
chimpanzees: promiscuity, 63; reproduction, age of female and, 202; sperm speed, 64; testicle size, 63
Chin-Hong, Peter V., 56
Chivers, Meredith, 98
Chlamydia trachomatis, 177–79; blindness and, 179; co-infection with gonorrhea, 186
chromosomes, 142–51; disomy, 148; Down syndrome, 148, 149, 203; Klinefelter syndrome (XXY), 148–49; monosomy, 148; normal pairing of, 147–48; pentasomy, 149; tetrasomy, 148–49; triple X syndrome, 148; trisomy, 148; Turner syndrome (XO), 148, 149–50; X inactivation, 149; XX (female), 142, 150; XY (male), 142, 144–45; XYY syndrome, 148
circumcision, xi, 48–58; American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation, 58; botched, 154; female, xi, 49, 51–52, 96; male sexual satisfaction and, 52–53; prevention of HIV and HPV virus and, 53–58; reversal, 53; women’s discomfort during intercourse and, 50–51
clitoris, xiv, 32–33, 38, 42, 50; CAH and, 150; crura, 32, 38; orgasm and, 32, 120, 130; pudendal nerve, 32
condoms: female, 210; herpes prevention and, 182; history of, 208–10, 226; HIV/AIDS protection and, 191; HPV prevention and, 193; nonlatex, 41–42, 210; penis size and, 38–39, 41–42; in Thailand, 213
contraception: barrier type, history of, 206–10; Billings method, 206; coitus interruptus, 205; condoms, 208–10, 226; diaphragm (or cervical cap), 209–10; FDA approval, 212; IUDs, 210–12; lactational amenorrhea, 199–201; mini-pill (progestin), 201, 219; natural, xiii–xiv, 199–201; natural, in animals, 195–99; new developments, 225; oral, herbal, 207–8; oral, male Pill, xiv, 224; oral, the Pill, xi, 213–23; oral, the Pill, depression and other side effects, 218–20; rhythm method, 205–6; tubal ligation, 212; vasectomy, 212–13
Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance (Riddle), 205, 206, 208
cremaster reflex, 60
Dalkon Shield, 211–12
Darwin, Charles, 90, 103, 160
Darwin’s grandma, 204
Davis, Maxine, 121
De Graaf, Reinier, 127
De Materia Medica (Dioscorides), 207
Devices and Desires: A History of Contraception in America (Tone), 208
Diamond, Jared, 116
Dietrich, Marlene, 94
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 145
Dioscorides, Pedanius, 207
Djerassi, Carl, 214, 216
Down syndrome, 148, 149; age of mother and, 203
Drenth, Jelto, 106
DSDs (disorders of sexual development), xiii, 228; AIS (androgen insensitivity syndrome), 20, 145, 146–47, 167; ambiguous genitalia, xiii, 93, 141–42, 150, 151, 153–54; CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia), 150–51; female athletes and, 143–44, 147; female pseudohermaphroditism, 142; 5-alpha reductase deficiency, 151; hermaphrodite, 142, 143; male pseudohermaphroditism, 142; SRY gene and, 145–46, 151; Turner syndrome (XO), 148, 149–50
Dunbar, Robin, 161–62
Ecstasy (drug), 35
Egypt (ancient): birth control, 206, 207; public hair and, 19; tampons and, 27
ejaculation, xi, 113, 131; fluid of, 66–67, 131–32, 134; nocturnal emissions or “wet dreams,” 66; testicles and, 59; women, xi, xii, 120–31; women’s ejaculate, composition, 124–26
Ellison, Peter, 12
embryo, 23–25
Emery-Thompson, Melissa, 201, 204
endophallus, 47–48
erectile tissue: clitoral and labial, 120; nasal, 118–19; penile, 43, 118–19
erection, 43–44; Viagra and, 118, 119
estradiol, 12–13
eugenics, 214–16
Everything You Must Know About Tampons (Friedman), 27
evolution, ix–x, xii–xiii, 4–5, 90, 226–27, 230; asexual reproduction, x, 140–41, 172, 226; homosexuality and, 159–60; Red Queen hypothesis, 140; sexual reproduction, advantages of, xii–xiii, 80–81, 139–40, 172, 226; sexual reproduction, mistakes and, 139–55; sexual reproduction, risks of, 171–93; sexual selection, 16
Evolution’s Rainbow (Roughgarden), 159
&n
bsp; Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, The (Darwin), 103
Fallopian (uterine) tubes, 23–24, 208; fertilization of egg by sperm in, 68; fimbriae, 25; tubal ligation, 212
Fallopius, Gabriel, 208
Fausto-Sterling, Anne, 141–42
female ejaculation, 120-137 Female Ejaculation and the G Spot (Sundahl), 127
Fernández, José Luis, 179
fidelity, ix, 228. See also infidelity Fink, Aaron, 53, 57
Fisch, Harry, 67–68
Fisher, Helen, 112
flirting, 102
fluctuating asymmetry, 14
folate (folic acid), 87–88, 227
Forgas, Joseph, 73
formononetin, 198
Fracastoro, Girolam, 187
Friedman, Nancy, 27
Gallup, George, 103
Garbo, Greta, 94
Gardasil, 57, 176, 177, 229
Garver-Apgar, Christine, 82
Gaulin, Steven, 13
gender differentiation, 141–45; chromosomal karyotype and, 145; SRY gene and, 145–46, 151. See also DSDs (disorders of sexual development)
gender identity, 152–55; GID, 152–53; homosexuality and, 155; surgical castration and, 167–68; transsexuals and CYP17 gene, 153
genital warts, 57, 174, 176
GID (gender identity disorder), 152–53
Gillison, Maura, 177
Gluckman, Peter, 4
gonorrhea, 185–87; co-infection with chlamydia, 186; origins of slang for (the clap), 186–87
gorillas: penis size, 37; testicle size, 63
Gräfenberg, Ernst, 122, 210
grandmother theory, 203–5
Greek Orthodox Church, 26
G spot, 122, 128–29, 130; stimulation and orgasm, 41, 120
Gupta, Sunanda, 218–19
gynecomastia, 93, 149
Haase, C., 209
Hadza tribe, 90–92
Halperin, Daniel T., 53, 56
Hamer, Dean, 166
Hardwired Behavior (Tancredi), 183
Harrington, John, 12
Haselton, Martie, 74, 75, 76