St. Petersburg
Page 59
Borovikovsky, Vladimir, 162; paintings by, 176
Bourgeois, Nicolas, 50
Borodin, Alexander, 71
Braamcamp, Gerrit, 158
Bradbury, Malcolm, 461
Brat (film), 465
Brenna, Vincenzo, 154, 181, 187, 209
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918), 371
Brezhnev, Leonid, 445–53
Brianza, Carlotta, 294
Britain: Peter I visits, 17–22; eighteenth-century relations with Russia, 84; spies on Russia under Elizabeth, 111; love of all things British in St Petersburg, 132–3; Catherine II’s relations with, 151; British labourers help remodel Tsarskoe Selo, 151; Catherine II’s love of things English, 152–3; Catherine II buys Houghton Hall art collection, 160–1; Russian Navy’s ships refitted at Portsmouth, 166; Paul’s relations with, 184; Crimean War, 254; St Petersburg’s ongoing Anglophilia, 308; British community in St Petersburg in early twentieth century, 331; British Embassy relief efforts in First World War, 350; sends expeditionary force to Arkhangelsk and Murmansk, 371, 374; spies on Russia during civil war, 375–6; tries to coordinate counter-revolution, 377; British Council exhibition in St Petersburg, 438
Brobinsky, Count, 117
Brodsky, Joseph, 5–6, 69, 235, 267, 450
The Bronze Horseman statue, 143–7, 145, 146, 411, 428, 481; Pushkin’s poem, 147, 212, 223–6, 224
Brown, Lancelot Capability, 153, 155
Bruce, Peter Henry, 43, 44, 59–60
Bruce Lockhart, Sir Robert, 344, 368, 371
Brühl, Count Heinrich von, 158
Bruni, Fedor, 235–6, 239
Bryant, Louise, 365, 367, 369, 378
Bryullov, Alexander, 237
Bryullov, Karl, 235, 236
Buchanan, Sir George, 345, 356, 357, 361, 367
Buchanan, James, 310
Buchanan, Meriel: on discontent in St Petersburg, 348; on discomforts during First World War, 350; on Alexandra, 352; on Bolsheviks, 355; and 1917 Revolution, 356; on St Petersburg in aftermath of 1917 Revolution, 368, 369
Buddhist temple, 343 budochniki, 129, 130
building techniques and wages, 196, 197
Bukharin, Nikolai, 398
Bulatov, Colonel, 219
Bulgakov, Mikhail, 404
Bulgarin, Faddei, 252, 258
Burturlin, Peter, 64
Bush, John, 152
Butter Week carnival (Maslenitsa), 10, 87, 338
Buturlin, Count Dmitry, 210
Buzheninova, Avdotya, 97–8
Cadet Corps, 82–3, 113, 194
Cadet Corps gardens, 178
Cadet School, 121
Calais, 50
calendar, Russian, 23, 370
Cameo Service, 136, 237
Cameron, Charles, 150–2, 153–4, 156, 198, 209
Campana, Giampietro, 260
camps see gulags
canals, 31, 82, 139–40; see also individual canals by name
cannibalism, 419
Caravaque, Louis, 50, 109
Carburi de Ceffalonie, Captain Marin, 144–5
Carmarthen, Admiral, 20, 24
cars, 331, 341, 444, 447
Carte, John, 18
Casals, Pablo, 328
Casanova, Giacomo: mother visits St Petersburg, 93; on Russian servants, 129–30, 191; goes to masked ball, 137; on Catherine II, 138; buys young maidservant, 170–1; on St Petersburg and life there, 177, 477; formalities to be complied with before leaving St Petersburg, 183
The Catechism of the Revolutionary (pamphlet), 271
Cathcart, Lord, 126
Catherine I (Martha), Empress of Russia: meets Peter I, 25; brought to St Petersburg to live with him, 38–9; son born, 43–4; appearance, 51, 76; Peter I builds palace for, 51; entertains at Peterhof, 53; behaviour at assemblées, 55; Peter I prepares for her succession, 65–6; relationship with Peter I, 66; crowned Empress, 66–7; Peter I executes her lover, 67; succeeds to throne, 67, 70–1; grieves for Peter I and daughter, 68; involvement in Peter I’s death, 70; reign, 71– 6; extravagance of parties, 72–3
Catherine II, the Great, Empress of Russia, 176; on Elizabeth, 108, 118; background and marriage, 116; life at Elizabeth’s court, 116–17; children, 117; entertained by Count Choglokov, 121–2; on Peter III, 124–5; on the climate, 126; reign, 126–79; wins power in coup against husband, 133–5; lifestyle, 135–7; iconography, 136, 175; St Petersburg building schemes and gardens, 136, 139–40, 147–57; court life, 138; lovers, 138, 175; as writer and intellectual, 141–3; assembles Hermitage Collection, 157–62; writes opera libretti, 163; sets up bank, 166; and health and medical matters, 167–9; variolated against smallpox, 167; on serfdom, 171; Pugachev’s rebellion against, 171–3; Sevastopol progress, 173; Radishchev’s revolutionary book attacking, 173–5; death, 176–7, 179; relationship with Paul, 179, 180, 181, 182, 188; relationship with Alexander I, 200–1
Catherine Canal, 284
Cavanagh, Eleanor, 146
Cavos, Alberto, 302
Cavos, Catterino, 210, 240, 302
Cecchetti, Enrico, 296–7, 339
censorship see books and publishing Central Post Office, 154, 366
Chaadaev, Peter, 226, 484
Chagall, Marc, 390
Chain Bridge house, 220–1
Chaliapin, Fyodor, 327, 378
Champeaux, Gérard de, 180
Chappe d’Auteroche, Abbé, 168–9
Charles XII, King of Sweden, 23, 30
Charlotte of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 38
Chechnya, 471–2.
Cheka see police
Chekhov, Anton, 317
Chéret, Jules, 348
Cherkassy, Prince, 40
Chernenko, Konstantin, 453
Chernobyl, 5
Chernyshev, Ivan, 112
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai, 232, 252–3, 264–5, 166–7, 173
Chesme, Battle of (1770), 166
Chesme Palace (formerly
Kekerekeksinen; Frog Marsh Palace), 153, 154
Chétardie, Marquis de la, 110
Chevakinsky, Savva, 106
Chiaveri, Gaetano, 61
children: infant mortality, 140; orphanages, 140, 147; labour, 257; child prostitutes, 255, 268, 288, 335; begging in twentieth-century St Petersburg, 327; see also education chimney sweeps, 131
chocolate, 436
Choglokov, Count, 121–2
choirs, 94–5
cholera, 246–7, 270, 334–5, 374
Christmas, 294–5, 295
Church of Christ the Saviour on the Spilt Blood, 289, 422
Churchill, Winston, 409
cinema: in Soviet era, 372, 391–3; see also individual films by name cinemas, 331–2
circuses, 404
Clarke, Revd Edward Daniel, 149
clerks, 230–1, 234
climate, 126–7, 478–9
clothes: Peter I forces nobles to modernise, 32; Paul’s laws governing, 184; in nineteenth century, 191–2, 280; in Sixties, 450
Cobenzl, Count Karl, 158
cocaine, 380
Coesvelt, William, 210
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 176–7
Collot, Marie-Anne, 144
Communist Party: 1920 power structure, 382–3; privileged life of elite, 396, 431–2, 447
concentration camps see gulags
Conegliano, Cima da, 291
Consecration of the Waters ceremony, 43
Constantine (Alexander I’s brother), 200, 213–14, 246
Constructivism, 342, 390
The Contemporary (periodical), 261, 263, 265
contraceptives, 395, 446
coopers, 131
Corberon, Chevalier de, 160
Corot, Camille, 230
Corps of Pages, 121
corruption: under Peter I, 57, 62; under Peter II, 71–2; under Elizabeth, 122; police, 254; under Alexander II, 281; under Nicholas II, 335; in Soviet era, 379, 420, 450; Gorbachev campaigns against, 453; post-glasnost, 462–5, 469, 470
Cottrell, Ch
arles, 100
Courland, Frederick William, Duke of, 37–8
Cozens, Alexander, 24
Cozens, John Robert, 24
Cozens, Richard, 24
crime and punishment see executions; flogging; law and order; police Crimea, 471
Crimean War (1853–6), 254
Cross, Letitia, 19
Crozat, Pierre, 159
Cruickshank, Isaac, 185
Cui, César, 328
Currency Bank, 156
Custine, Astolphe de: on St Petersburg, 4, 226, 234; film character based on, 68; on St Petersburg floods, 68; on St Petersburg’s squares, 227; on reconstruction of Winter Palace, 238; on celebrations for Alexandra Feodorovna’s name-day, 245; on Russia’s political climate, 252, 254, 256; on Bronze Horseman statue, 481
dachas, 258
Dadaism, 341
Daguerre, Dominique, 180
Dahl, Vladimir, 186
dance: popular dances in nineteenth century, 230, 245; Duncan performs in St Petersburg, 299, 317; Siamese influence, 308; popular dances in early twentieth century, 345; popular dances in Fifties and Sixties, 442; see also ballet
Dashwood, Sir Francis, 69, 84–5
David, Jacques-Louis, 149
Davidov, Vladimir, 297
DDT, 454
Deane, John, 24, 62
Decembrist uprising (1825), 213–20, 215, 221–2
Decrezet, Antoine, 155
Degaev, Sergei, 291
Deineka, Alexander, 394
Demidov, State Councillor, 122
Denon, Dominique Vivant, 210
Department of State Police see police
department stores, 333, 396
Derzhavin, Gavrila, 151, 155, 167, 253–4
Deschisaux, Pierre, 72–3, 74
Diaghilev, Sergei: on Kschessinskaya’s affair with Nicholas II, 294; background and appearance, 299; on Duncan, 299, 317; and modern art, 302–4; as international impresario, 327–9; relationship with Nijinsky, 329–30; rehearses Petrushka, 338; and The Rite of Spring, 339; tours America, 351; refuses post of Minister of the Fine Arts under Kerensky, 359; Prokofiev’s ballet for, 389
Dialogues (film), 453–4
Dickens, Charles, 230, 234
Didelot, Charles-Louis, 243
Diderot, Denis: correspondence with Catherine II, 141; visits St Petersburg, 142, 143; helps Catherine II obtain Paris artworks, 158, 159; Levitsky’s portrait, 162; on St Petersburg, 177
Dimsdale, Dr Thomas, 167–8
divorce, 395
Döblin, Alfred, 234
doctors see health and medicine
dog-catchers, 131
Dolgorukov, Vladimir, 293
Dolgoruky, Prince Alexei, 79
Dolgoruky, Catherine, 79–80
Dolgoruky, Ivan, 79–80, 84
Dolgoruky, Prince Michael, 12
Dolgoruky family, 78
Dolgov (building contractor), 173
Donizetti, Gaetano, 468
Dos Passos, John, 233–4
Dostoevsky, Fyodor: relationship with Pushkin, 223; inspiration for The Double, 234–3; on St Petersburg, 223, 477; first story, 249; sentenced to death for involvement with Petrashevsky circle but sent to Siberia instead, 251–2; returns from exile, 259; supports student demonstrations, 263; 1862 arson attacks mentioned in Crime and Punishment, 264; on women’s condition, 265; milieu of his novels, 267; prostitutes in Crime and Punishment, 268; planned novel about drunkenness epidemic, 268; on terrorism, 278; death, 282; anti-Semitism, 287; Soviet attitude to, 388; on St Petersburg’s weather, 479
Dostoevsky, Mikhail, 263
Dovshenko, Alexandr, 392–3
downpipes, 478
Drenteln, General Alexander, 275
Dresdensha (Anna-Cunegonda Felker), 122
Drigo, Riccardo, 297
drinking see alcohol drugs, 380, 459, 460, 470
Dudinskaya, Natalia, 441
Dukes, Paul, 375–6
Duma: creation of First, 324–5, 325; dissolved, 327; Second Duma brought down, 330; Third Duma, 330–1, 337–8
Dumas, Alexandre, 1, 231, 259
Duncan, Isadora, 299, 317, 388 dvorniki, 129–30
dwarfs, 11, 36, 37–8, 44, 84
dysentery, 30, 422
Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 371, 383, 391, 471
Earth (film), 392–3
Easter, 87, 193–4
education: under Peter 1, 54–5; under Anna, 82–3; under Elizabeth, 121; under Catherine II, 140–1, 147; under Alexander I, 201; under Nicholas I, 248; student unrest under Alexander II, 261–3, 263; improvements for women, 265; student unrest in early twentieth century, 334; women’s education in early twentieth century, 334; early Soviet attempts to spread culture to the masses, 371–2; women’s education in Soviet era, 394; schoolchildren given false picture of life abroad, 396–7; fees introduced by Soviets, 432
Edward VII, King of Great Britain and Ireland, 353
Egyptian Bridge, 206
Eisenstein, Sergei, 5–6, 208, 319, 365, 392, 408
Ekaterina Dolgoruky, Empress of Russia, 282
Ekaterinburg, 77, 375
Elena Pavlovna, Grand Duchess, 259, 260, 279
Eliasbcrg, Karl, 426
Eliseev Brothers’ Trading House, 305
Eliseev emporium, 343
Elizabeth, Empress of Russia: at mother’s wedding, 39; Peter I builds palace for, 51; learns ballet, 83; goes to the opera with Anna, 93–4; uneasy life during Anna’s reign, 94; palace harmed by fire, 95; Anna blocks her succession, 99; wooed by Shah Nadir, 99–100; stages coup, 100, 102; appearance, background and character, 102, 107–8, 110–11, 118; reign, 102–24; conspiracies against, 103; luxury at her court, 103–4, 107–91, 117–18; iconography, 109–10; fear of assassination, 110; foreign policy, 111; lack of interest in internal government, 111-12; and the arts, 112–16; and cross-dressing, 108, 118–20; death, 124; spied on in flagrante by Peter 111, 125; funeral, 125; and Yakovlev, 131; rumoured to be Emperor Paul’s mother, 179
Elizabeth Alekseevna (Alexander I’s wife), Empress of Russia, 201
Elizabeth Ivanova, 111
Elssler, Fanny, 244
Emelyanov, Ivan, 283–4
The End of St Petersburg (film), 349–50, 367
Engelhardt House, 232
Engels, Friedrich, 385
Engineers’ Castle, 209
Engineers School, 61
English Reformed Church, 156
engraving, topographical, 162
Eon, Chevalier d’, 119–20
Eropkin, Peter, 95–8
Erotica Museum, 469–70
etiquette and manners, 55
Evdokia, Tsarina of Russia, 13, 39
Evelyn, John, 18, 20–1
executions, 22, 48–9, 220
exploration, 74
Exter, Aleksandra, 390
Faber, Theodor von, 190–1
Fabergé jewels, 287, 307, 403
factories see industrial relations and unrest; industries
fairs, 10, 87, 128, 129, 193–4, 307, 338
Falconet, Etienne, 143–7, 149, 411, 481
Fall of Berlin (film), 432–3
family, Soviet attitude to, 395–6, 446
famine see food Farquharson, Henry, 24
Farsetti, Filippo, 181
Farussi, Zanetta, 93
fashion see clothes
Faure, Félix, 308
Favier, Jean-Louis, 110
Fedotov, Georgy, 384
Fedotov, Pavel, 235
Felker, Anna-Cunegonda see
Dresdensha
Felten, Yuri, 144–5, 154–5, 156, 160
fencing, 404
Festival of the Magic of the White Rose, 244
Figner, Evgenia, 277
Figner, Vera, 275–6, 282, 283, 285, 361
Filosofov, Dmitri, 302
Finch, Edward, 100, 101
Finland, 326, 409
Finland Station, 376, 437
fire-fighting, 46, 57, 130, 307
f
ires: (1736 and 1737), 95; (1740s), 122; Winter Palace burns in 1837, 236–7, 237
First World War (1914–18): outbreak, 349; life in St Petersburg during, 349–54; protests against Russian involvement, 344; Russian war efforts disintegrate, 361–2; Germans advance on St Petersburg, 370–1; Russia leaves the war, 371
Fisher, Lola, 441
Flamsteed, John, 21
flogging, 48–9
flood barriers, 101, 139, 473–4
floods: (1721 and 1723), 62; (1726), 74; (1752), 121–2; (1763), 165; (1824), 212, 213, 225; (1903), 301; (1924), 386–7
Fokine, Mikhail: as dancer, 293; strikes during 1905 Revolution, 299, 321–3; inspirations, 308, 317; rehearses Petrushka, 338; remains at Mariinsky throughout the First World War, 351
Fontana, Giovanni, 51
Fontanka Canal, 165
food: in eighteenth century, 48, 85–7; under Elizabeth, 117–18, 122–3; under Catherine II, 131–2, 152, 166; sale of frozen, 131–2; under Alexander I, 194–5; meal times, 231; under Nicholas I, 255–6; shortages in aftermath of 1917 Revolution, 369–70, 376–7, 379; in Soviet era, 394, 396, 443, 446–7, 452; during siege, 415–20, 422–4; 1946 famine, 431–2; expenditure on foreign imports, 450; special food for ballet dancers, 451; rationing comes in again under Gorbachev, 455; in Nineties, 461–2; in twenty-first century, 472
football, 404, 429, 442, 481
Forbes, George, Baron, 84
Ford, John, 435
Foster, Norman, 474
Fourier, Charles, 250
Fox, Charles James, 151
France: Peter I visits, 49–50; Elizabeth’s relations with, 111, 119–20; French Revolution’s influence on Russia, 173–4; rise in fashionability of French language, 196; Napoleonic Wars, 202, 203–6; Crimean War, 254; investment in tsarist Russia, 290, 327; and Russian Civil War, 374; see also Paris
Francis, David, 355
Franco-Prussian War (1870–1), 280 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 349
Frederick II, the Great, King of Prussia, 111, 157, 158
Fredericks, Count, 357
Freemasonry, 206, 212
Friedland, Battle of (1807), 202
Frog Marsh Palace see Chesme Palace FSB see police
Fyodor III, Tsar of Russia, 11
Gagarin, Yuri, 443
Gaignat, Louis-Jean, 68
Galeria, 482
Galich, Alexander, 442
Gallé glassware, 307
gambling, 56, 89, 345, 459
Gapon, Father, 311–13, 316, 326
gardens: Summer Garden grounds, 32–3; at Peterhof, 52–3, 200; at Tsarskoe Selo, 107, 149–52, 153; at Tauride Palace, 155, 202; pleasure gardens, 179, 194
Gargarin, Sergei, 114
Gargarin Palace, 156