St. Petersburg
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Gastronom shops, 396, 432
Gatchina, 149, 181–2, 181, 412
Gates, Robert, 472
Gautier, Théophile: on Tsarskoe Selo, 107, 152; on Nevsky Prospekt, 232; on St Petersburg ballet, 242–3; co-writes Giselle libretto, 244; on St Petersburg mazurka dancing, 245; on St Petersburg meals, 255–6
Gazprom Tower, 473, 480
Gedeonov, Stephan, 260
Gellart, Christian, 142 General Staff of the Army offices, 209
George III, King of Great Britain and Ireland, 160
Georgi, Johann Gottlieb, 161
Georgia, 471
Gerasimov, Alexander, 394
Gerasimov, General, 318, 322–3
Gergiev, Valery, 468–9, 474
German Embassy, 349
Germany: Catherine I visits, 51; German presence at Anna’s court, 87–8; Alexander II’s relations with, 280; anti-German feeling in First World War, 349, 350, 352; German agitators in St Petersburg, 352, 355, 357; allows Lenin to cross its territory to return to Russia, 359; invasion of Soviet Union, 408–29
Gide, André, 5, 396–7
Ginzburg, Lydia, 415, 418
Giselle (ballet), 244, 440–1
glasnost, 453–7
glasses, 450
Glavit, 388
Glavosobtorg, 396
Glazunov, Alexander, 292, 297
Glière, Reinhold, 438
Glinka, Mikhail, 240, 241–2, 245, 278, 287
Gogen, Alexander, 305
Gogol, Nikolai: on St Petersburg, 4; background, 234; on Glinka, 241–2; Belinsky takes to task, 249; Shostakovich opera based on short story by, 393 WORKS: Dead Souls, 71; The Government Inspector, 240; ‘Nevsky Prospekt’, 233; ‘The Overcoat’, 234–5; Petersburg Tales, 233, 239–40
GOKHRAN, 402
Goldman, Emma, 376–7, 379, 380–1
Golitsyn, Prince Alexander, 201
Golitsyn, Prince Boris, 122
Golitsyn, Prince Dmitry, 80, 158, 159, 161
Golitsyn, Prince Mikhail, 88, 97–8
Golitsyn, Prince Vasily, 12–13
Golitsyna, Daria, 55
Golitsyna, Princess Natasha, 75–6
Goloshchekin, David, 454
Golovin, Ivan Mikhailovich, 63
Goncharova, Natalia, 222, 342
Gonzaga Cameo, 211
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 453–7
Gordunov, Dmitri, 438
Gorky, Maxim, 373, 378, 379, 402
Gorokhova, Valentina, 418
Gorokhovaya Street, 95–6, 96, 197, 371
gostiny dvor (merchant’s yard), 131, 148, 333, 414, 436
Gothic Banquet Service, 244–5
Gotzkowsky, Johann Ernst, 87
Gould, Glenn, 439–40
Gould, William, 155
GPU see police
Grabit, Jean, 198
Granovsky, Timofey, 248, 254
Great Market, 47, 131
Great Northern War (1700–21), 29, 33–4, 41, 62
Grebenka, Evgeny, 129
Grebenshchikov, Boris, 448–9, 465
Green Frog Service, 152–3
Greinert, Elza, 418–19
Greuze, Jean-Baptiste, 180
Grice, Richard, 24
Grieg, Edvard, 297
Grimm, Baron Melchior von, 141, 146, 156, 157, 160
Grinevitsky, Ignaty, 283–4
Grisi, Carlotta, 244
Grossman, Vasily, 437, 475
gulags, 387, 398, 435, 437
Gulbenkian, Calouste, 403
Gumilev, Nikolai, 373
Guryev Service, 206
Gustav III, King of Sweden, 163
Gwynn, Stephan, 24
gymnastics, 404
hairdressers, 132, 232
Hammer, Victor and Armand, 403
Hangö, Battle of (1714), 41
Hanway, Jonas, 104, 118
Harris, Sir James, 152
Hastie, William, 196–7
Hawksmoor, Nicholas, 17–18
Haymarket, 246–7, 267, 459
health and medicine: under Catherine II, 167–9; cholera outbreaks, 246–8; women training as doctors, 265–6, 272, 334; epidemics under Alexander II, 270; epidemics in early twentieth century, 334–5; in immediate aftermath of 1917 Revolution, 374; women doctors in Soviet era, 395; during siege, 418, 422, 427; see also individual diseases by name; public health and hygiene
heating, 129–30
Hell (radical group), 269–70
Hellman, Lillian, 478
Herbel, Nicholas, 61
Hermitage: Catherine II amasses collection and erects building to house it, 155, 156, 157–62; Yusupov charged with upkeep of galleries, 181; collections evacuated in preparation for Napoleon’s invasion, 205; Alexander I extends collections, 210-11; after fire, New Hermitage built to house collections, 238–9; under Gedeonev’s directorship, 260; Alexander III extends collections, 291; Winter Palace becomes part, 372–3; best artworks moved to Moscow for safe-keeping during civil war, 373; artworks returned from Moscow, 378; Soviet government sells many treasures and transfers others to Moscow, 402–3; treasures evacuated in preparation for German invasion, 412; food planted in Small Hermitage during siege, 422–4; guided tours for soldiers during siege, 426–7; artworks returned after Second World War, 431; 200th anniversary, 437–8; exhibitions from abroad, 438, 449; guided tours for foreigners, 449; Peter I exhibition, 468; films about museum, 68
Hermitage Theatre, 156, 163, 193, 330
Herzen, Alexander: on Catherine II, 137; publishes Radishchev’s Journey, 174; on political atmosphere under Nicholas I, 221, 253; on St Petersburg’s atmosphere, 227; on Bryullov’s Last Day of Pompeii, 236; as revolutionary thinker and writer, 248, 249–50; background, 249; hauled up before Third Section, 253; reaction to Nicholas I’s death, 254; pamphlet published by, 261; monuments to, 374; on revolutionary process, 383
Heyden, Jan van der, 16
historicism, 245
Hitler, Adolf, 408, 409–10
Holland, 9, 14–17, 22, 50, 180
Holstein-Gottorp, Charles-Frederick, Duke of, 72
Horse Guards Riding School see Manège
horseracing, 404
hospitality, 195
hospitals, 168, 169
Hotel Moskva, 459
House of Arts, 373
House of Soviets, 406
housing: under Peter I, 31, 35, 42, 46, 60; under Anna, 85, 95; under Catherine II, 139–40, 163–4; under Nicholas I, 229; under Alexander II, 267, 270; communal, 402, 435, 445–6; Fifties cooperatives, 436; style of private, 446; in Nineties, 460–1; in twenty-first century, 470, 472–3, 482
Howard, John, 164
hunting, 88–9
hygiene see public health and hygiene
Hyndford, Lord, 111, 118
ice hockey, 442–3
Ice Palace, 97–8, 470
Ignatiev, Nicholai, 287–8
Ignaty, Archimandrite, 289
Imperial Academy of the Liberal Arts of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, 121
Imperial Ballet School (formerly St
Petersburg Classical Dance and Ballet School): foundation, 83; Rinaldi becomes director, 93; Gautier on, 243; Pavlova at, 293; Kschessinskaya at, 294; Nijinsky at, 316, 329; minimum age of students, 451
Imperial Porcelain Factory, 123, 153, 206, 307
Imperial Russian Public Library see National Public Library
India, 184
industrial relations and unrest: growing industrialisation and its effects, 257–8; first sustained Russian strike, 271; growing unrest in late nineteenth century, 309–10; and 1905 Revolution, 311–13, 318, 319–23; trade unions legalised, 324; with 1905 Revolution crushed, working conditions worsen and productivity soars, 331; Lena Goldfields massacre triggers new wave of strikes and unrest, 343–4; 1914 general strike, 348; First World War brings worsening conditions for workers, 349–50; and 1917 Revolution, 354–8; strikes in immediate aftermath of 1917 Revolution, 369; Cheka fires on strikers, 377; worker disenc
hantment with Bolsheviks, 380–1; absenteeism penalties, 409
industries: under Elizabeth, 123–4; under Catherine II, 140; under Alexander I, 270–1; under Alexander III, 289–90; under Nicholas II, 304–5; and First World War, 349–50; in Fifties and Sixties, 436, 443; privatisation, 463
inflation, in Nineties, 461–2
Inkhuk, 389–90
inoculation, 167–8
Institute of St Catherine, 203
Intergirl (film), 460
Internet, 471
iron industry, 271, 309
Ishutin, Nikolai, 269–70
Istomina, Avdotya, 243
Ivan IV, the Terrible, Tsar of Russia,
Ivan V, Tsar of Russia, 11–12, 13
Ivan VI, Emperor of Russia, 99–100, 103, 133, 135
Ivanov (film), 448–9
Ivanov, Alexander, 135–6
Ivanov, Lev, 296–7
Izvestia (newspaper), 356, 391, 404
jails, 164
Japan, 305, 319
Jawlensky, Alexei von, 340
jazz, 401, 453–4
Jews, 261, 287–8, 300, 323, 349, 405–6
Johnson, Samuel, 161
Joséphine, Empress of France, 210–11
Joyce, James, 233
judo, 443
Juel, Just, 38
Justice, Elizabeth, 85–7, 94
Kakhovsky, Pyotr, 214, 215, 220
Kamenev, Lev, 383, 398
Kamennoostrovsky Prospekt, 314, 332
Kamenny Island, 178, 329
Kandinsky, Vasily, 340, 342, 389
Kaplan, Fanya, 375
Karakozov, Dmitri, 269–70
Karsavina, Tamara: on St Petersburg at Christmas, 295; and 1905 Revolution, 299, 316, 321–2; on nineteenth-century traditions, 307–8; apartment, 328; rehearsals at Hermitage Theatre, 330; on the Ballets Russes in Paris, 330; on St Petersburg during First World War, 351–2; on October Revolution, 362; in 1920s, 378
Kazan Cathedral, 187, 199, 310
Kekerekeksinen see Chesme Palace Kennedy, John F., 444–5
Kerensky, Alexander, 354, 358–62, 366
KGB see police
Khalturin, Stephan, 277
Kharchenko, Oleg, 474
Khlysty see Kristovovery
Khrushchev, Nikita: succeeds Stalin and denounces him, 435; in power, 435–45; agrees to publication of Solzhenitsyn novel, 437; attitude to abstract art, 438; attitude to jazz, 442; loss of support and then power, 444–5
Kijé, Lieutenant, 186
Kinchev, Konstantin, 465
Kirov, Sergei, 397–8
Kirov Theatre see Mariinsky Theatre
Kist, Gerrit, 9
Klemperer, Otto, 393
Klenze, Leo von, 238
Kliastitzi, Battle of (1812), 203
Kneller, Sir Godfrey, 20
Knowles, Admiral Sir Charles, 166
Knox, General Alfred, 356, 367
Kochubey, Prince Viktor, 188
Koestler, Arthur, 385, 399, 409
Kokovtsov, Count Vladimir: and 1905 Revolution, 314–15, 316; at ceremony to admit First Duma, 324; on Third Duma, 331; and Rasputin, 337–8; and 1917 Revolution, 354, 356, 358
Kolpakova, Irina, 441
Komissarzhevskaya, Vera, 340
Königseck, Herr, 24–5
Konstantin, Grand Duke, 277
Korb, Johan, 22
Kornilov, General Lavr, 361
Korobov, Ivan, 95–6
Kostrovitskaya, Vera, 416, 417
Kotlin, 28, 29
Kotzbuë, Auguste von, 184, 186–7
Koussevitzky, Sergei, 339
Krestovsky, Vsevolod, 270
Krestovsky Island, 178–9, 331, 442, 472–3
Kristovovery (Khlysty), 336
Kronstadt: fort constructed, 29; port at, 42; dilapidation in eighteenth century, 84–5; canal to admit stricken ships, 165–6; cathedral built, 198; concerts in, 279; 1906 revolt, 326; prostitution in early twentieth century, 335; in twenty-first century, 473–4, 473
Kronstadt mutiny (1921), 380–1
Kschessinskaya, Matilda, 294, 305–7, 308, 330
Kubelik, Jan, 328
Küchelbecker, Wilhelm, 221
kulaks, 388
Kuleshov, Lev, 392
Kunstkammer, 50, 61, 73, 74–5, 466–7
Kuratkin, Prince, 10
Kutuzov, General, 202, 204
Kuznetsov, Alexei, 433–4
La Vie (French envoy), 62
Labensky, Franz, 210
Ladoga, Lake, 420–2, 421, 424
Ladvoski Atelier, 390–1
Lakhta Centre, 473, 480, 481
Land and Freedom movement, 275–7, 282–6, 290–1
Landé, Jean-Baptiste, 83, 93, 124
Ladoga Canal, 82
Lane, Edward, 68
languages, 195–6, 450
Larionov, Mikhail, 342
Lavrov, Peter, 272
law and order: in eighteenth century, 56, 57, 58, 73; under Elizabeth, 103, 122; under Catherine II, 164; under Alexander 1, 197–8; under Nicholas I, 220–1, 254–5; trial by jury and defence counsels introduced, 261; trial by jury suspended, 275; rise in gangs and street crime under Nicholas II, 309, 318, 327, 333; in Soviet era, 398, 406; during siege, 419, 420; in Seventies, 450; in Nineties, 455–6, 459–60, 464–5; in twenty-first century, 470; see also executions; flogging; police; revolution, the road to
Le Blond, Jean-Baptiste Alexandre, 33, 45, 46, 52
Le Carré, John, 461
Le Nôtre, André, 33
Leeuwenhoek, Anthonie van, 15–16
Lefort, François, 9, 13
Legat, Nikolai, 296–7
Legat, Sergei, 322
Legat, Vera, 293
Legend of the Communard (show), 378
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 61
leisure and entertainment: under Peter I, 55–6; under Anna, 87; under Catherine II, 178–9; in nineteenth century, 192–4, 258; in early twentieth century, 307–8, 331; in Soviet era, 404, 442–3, 448; see also individual types of entertainment by name
Lena Goldfields massacre (1912), 343
L’Enfant, Pierre-Charles, 45
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich: begins revolutionary activities, 290; encourages industrial unrest, 309–10; and peasant politicisation, 319; on 1905 Revolution, 323; emerges as Bolshevik leader, 325–6; flees to Finland, 326; flees to Switzerland, 330, 341; returns to St Petersburg to seize power, 359–61; joins Soviet government, 369; prohibits export of art treasures, 373; executes Gumilev, 373; shot by SR activist, 375; on function of towns, 379; power, 383; accepts controlled capitalism, 385; death, 386; brutal policies, 387; and cinema as propaganda, 391 Leningrad (journal), 433
Leningrad Choreographic Academy, 450–1
Leningrad Circle for New Music, 393
Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra, 393, 400, 425
Leontov, Valery, 448
Lermontov, Mikhail, 221, 232
Leskov, Nikolai, 399–400
Lessing, Gotthold, 142
Levine, James, 468
Levitan, Isaak, 303
Levitsky, Dmitry, 162
L’Hôpital, Marquis de, 117
Lialin, Oleg, 436
libraries see National Public Library
Lissitsky, El, 390–1
Liszt, Franz, 240–1, 242
literature and learning: under Elizabeth, 120–1; under Catherine II, 141–3, 147; under Nicholas I, 221-7, 233–5, 239–40, 248–52; censorship tightens, 252–4; under Alexander II, 264–7, 270, 271–2; in Soviet era, 372, 373, 388–9, 394, 404, 437; see also books and publishing
Litta, Count, 260
Little Society, 176
Litvinenko, Alexander, 471–2
living organs, 114, 115
Locatelli, Giovanni-Batista, 115
Lomonosov, Mikhail, 79, 120–1, 221
London, 17–21, 230; Wallace Collection, 237
Loris-Melikov, Mikhail, 278
Loubet, Emile, 308
l
oudspeakers: street, 406, 424, 426; on cars, 444
Louis XIV, King of France, 49, 64
Löwenwolde, Karl Gustav von, 81, 102
Ludwig I, King of Bavaria, 238
Lunacharsky, Anatoli, 371–2, 378
Luzhkov, Yuri, 463–4
Lvov, Nikolai, 154
Lvov, Prince Pavel, 329
Macartney, George, 180
McCartney, Paul, 470
Maddison, John, 111
Madonis, Luigi, 92–3
Mahler, Gustav, 328
The Maid of Marienburg (play), 39
Makhaev, Mikhail, 162
Makovsky, Sergei, 340
Malenkov, Georgy, 434
Malevich, Kasemir, 341, 342, 389, 390
Maltsevsky Market, 436
Maly Konyushennya, 483
Maly Theatre, 393, 439–40, 475
Mamontov, Savva, 292
Manchuria, 305
Mandelstam, Osip, 308–9, 352, 404
Manège (Horse Guards Riding School), 199
Manet, Edouard, 260
manners see etiquette and manners Manstein, General, 88, 89, 92, 94, 100, 104
Marble Palace, 149
Maria Alexandrovna, Empress of Russia, 259, 281
Maria Feodorovna, Empress of Russia (Paul’s wife), 153–4, 180, 202
Maria Fyodorovna, Empress of Russia (Alexander Ill’s wife), 286, 324
Mariinsky Theatre (Kirov in Soviet era): design and opening, 259; under Alexander III, 292; 1892 production, 296; Nijinsky at, 329–30; in First World War, 351; in immediate aftermath of 1917 Revolution, 358–9, 378; renamed GATOB briefly, then Kirov, 398; Ulanova at, 404–5; hit by German shell in Second World War, 414; foreign visitors, 449; gala concert broadcast worldwide, 468; in Nineties, 4; in twenty-first century, 468–9, 475, 483; Mariinsky II built, 474–5
Marinetti, Filippo, 341
Maritime Cathedral of St Nicholas, 106, 422
markets: under Peter 1, 47–8, 47, 58; under Anna, 101; under Elizabeth, 123; buying frozen food from, 131–2; monitoring of hygiene, 140; Christmas markets, 295; under Nicholas II, 333; post-glasnost, 465; see also individual markets by name
Mars Field, 269, 308, 413
Martin y Soler, Vincente, 163
Marx, Karl, 272, 374
Marye, George, 346
Mashina Vremeni (Time Machine), 448
Maslenitsa see Butter Week carnival
masquerades: in London, 19; under Peter I, 41; under Anna, 91, 91; under Elizabeth, 106; under Alexander 1, 192–3; under Nicholas I, 244
Masson, Charles François Philibert, 138, 175–6, 180
Matisse, Henri, 403, 437, 485
Mattarnovy, Georg, 61
Matus, Ksenia, 425–6
Matveyev, Artamon, 10, 11–12