Jane Austen's England
Page 44
35 27 June 1791. Andrews 1935, p. 342.
36 Simon Jenkins (1999, p. xxx) says that ‘There are roughly 8,000 extant pre-Reformation churches in England and about the same number of Anglican churches.’
37 8 February 1809. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/29. The church was restored some decades later.
38 28 January 1810. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/31.
39 White 1789, p. 316.
40 Leeds Intelligencer 20 October 1789. This was the church of St Peter, demolished in 1838 and replaced by a huge Victorian structure.
41 23 June 1780. Winstanley 1984, p. 53.
42 7 November 1808. Nelly Weeton was living at Beacon’s Gutter, near Liverpool. Hall 1936, pp. 122–3.
43 Silliman 1810, p. 315.
44 8 February 1809. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/29.
45 25 October 1809. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/30.
46 3 June 1816. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/42. The king’s birthday was usually celebrated on 4 June.
47 24 March 1817. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/43.
48 Andrews 1935, p. 238.
49 26 June 1791. Andrews 1935, pp. 337–8.
50 Andrews 1935, p. 411.
51 Beale 1891, pp. 87–9. A letter to Mrs André in August 1791. William Hutton (1723–1815) was born in Derby, worked in the textile trade and was later a bookseller and printer, being largely self-educated.
52 Joseph Priestley (1733–1804) is better known today for his scientific achievements.
53 Simond 1817, p. 178.
54 Romney 1984, p. 24.
55 11 May 1800. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/5.
56 13 July 1800. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/8.
57 3 June 1816. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/42.
58 Andrews 1935, p. 130. Byng expressed his views while touring the Midlands in 1789.
59 Haydon 2002.
60 Hampshire Pocket Companion 1787, Somerset Archives and Local Studies DD/HY 7/2/5.
61 Grose 1787, p. 1 of ‘Superstitions’ (the pagination is duplicated within this volume for different sections). Grose was born in London and lived from 1731 to 1790.
62 White 1789, p. 202.
63 Hall 1936, p. 46.
64 Hall 1936, p. 46.
65 Hall 1936, pp. 45–6.
66 Morning Post 27 April 1810, quoted in Ashton 1906, p. 452. This took place close to the London School of Economics which stands on the site of Clare Market.
67 Grose 1787, p. 52 of ‘Superstitions’.
68 18 November 1793. Jameson 2003, p. 309.
69 5 January 1796. Jameson 2005, p. 2.
70 24 February 1795. Jameson 2004, p. 127.
71 Grose 1787, p. 53 of ‘Superstitions’.
72 Grose 1787, p. 62 of ‘Superstitions’.
73 Grose 1787, pp. 62, 64 of ‘Superstitions’.
74 Morning Post 21 August 1779. A caul is a membrane found over the head of some babies at birth.
75 Grose 1787, p. 57 of ‘Superstitions’.
76 Grose 1787, pp. 57–8 of ‘Superstitions’.
77 Grose 1787, p. 29 of ‘Superstitions’.
78 Archaeologia Cantiana 80, 1965, p. 255.
79 Grose 1787, pp. 29–30.
80 Leeds Intelligencer 27 March 1809.
81 Leeds Intelligencer 27 March 1809.
82 In the second-floor gallery. Personal communication, Liz Egan of the Thackray Museum.
83 Benton 1867, p. 254.
84 He was born around 1780. Benton 1867, p. 254.
85 F. Moore 1803 Vox Stellarum: or, A Loyal Almanack For the Year of Human Redemption 1803, p. 9.
86 F. Moore 1803 Vox Stellarum: or, A Loyal Almanack For the Year of Human Redemption 1803, p. 13.
87 Jameson 2003, p. 94.
88 Traditionally, Old Christmas Day fell on 6 January and was observed widely on this date, but there are several instances in William Holland’s diary of servants asking for time off to celebrate Old Christmas Day on 5 January, and at other times 6 January, so it seems that in this part of Somerset the actual date was imprecise.
89 6 January 1807. Somerset Heritage Centre ABTL/2/26.
90 Jameson 2001, p. 12.
91 The New Exeter Journal or General Advertiser for Devon, Cornwall, Dorset and Somerset 23 April 1789.
92 Mingay 2002.
93 Gentleman’s Magazine 68 (1790), p. 719.
94 Winstanley 1984, p. 38.
95 Winstanley 1984, p. 38.
96 Winstanley 1984, pp. 38–9.
97 11 June 1790. Andrews 1935, pp. 168–70.
98 Andrews 1935, p. 170.
7: WEALTH AND WORK
1 Letter to George Hunt of 24 January 1795. Jenkin 1951, p. 30.
2 Darter 1888, p. 35.
3 13 December 1797. Jameson 2005, p. 196.
4 28 March 1804. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/18. The road bridge was built in the 1770s.
5 28 August 1805. Silliman 1820a, p. 142.
6 15 November 1782. Winstanley 1998, p. 77.
7 18 November 1782. Winstanley 1998, p. 77. Like Woodforde, Bathurst held the livings through New College, Oxford.
8 In 1801 Henry Austen had gone into partnership with two other men as an army agent and banker in London, which turned into a banking business (Austen and Co.) with country branches at Alton and Petersfield in Hampshire and at Hythe in Kent. The end of the war in Europe in 1815 brought a sharp deflation, and his bank crashed with huge debts in 1816 because it did not keep sufficient reserves to cover its loans. See Caplan 2004 and Ellis 2011.
9 17 October 1793. Jameson 2003, p. 299.
10 The approximate equivalents of money in Jane Austen’s time to UK decimal coinage are one guinea = £1.05; one pound = £1; one crown = 25p; and one shilling = 5p. In terms of purchasing power, a shilling at that time would be about £1.60 today and a guinea about £34 (using The National Archives currency converter which translates prices in 1800 to values in 2005). However, wages were low. Woodforde paid his housemaid 3½d (47p) per day plus board and lodging and gave occasional presents such as a length of cloth to make a garment.
11 9 November 1805. Romney 1984, p. 219.
12 Andrews 1935, p. 167.
13 1 March 1797. Jameson 2005, p. 125.
14 Blackner 1815, p. 392. John Blackner (about 1770 to 1816) was originally apprenticed to a stocking maker in Derbyshire.
15 16 March 1797. Jameson 2005, p. 130.
16 This continued until 1821, and in 1833 they became legal tender for amounts over £5.
17 21 July 1810. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/33. People usually preferred local banknotes, as the people running the bank would be known and trusted. Outside London, Bank of England notes were likely to be discounted (Ellis 2011).
18 24 March 1797. Jameson 2005, p. 132.
19 Alfred and Westminster Evening Gazette 26 April 1810.
20 Colquhoun 1796, p. 124. He was a founder of the Thames Police.
21 The Times 13 February 1815.
22 Campbell-Smith 2011, pp. 87–8.
23 19 June 1811. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/35.
24 26 June 1811. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/35.
25 21 June 1780. Winstanley 1984, p. 53.
26 The Austens lived at Chawton in Hampshire from 1809, in a cottage on the extensive estate of Jane’s brother Edward.
27 In London in 1782. Moritz 1809, p. 10.
28 Andrews 1935, p. 372.
29 9 May 1780. Winstanley 1984, p. 40.
30 8 January 1802. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/14.
31 Bell 1812, p. 5.
32 18 November 1787. Surgeon Lionel Gillespie’s journal, The National Archives ADM 101/102/3.
33 May 1795. Eden 1797b, p. 551.
34 Simond 1817, p. 79.
35 March 1811. Simond 1817, p. 76. He does not specif
y the precise coal pit.
36 Simond 1817, p. 77.
37 Children’s Employment Commission. Appendix to First Report of Commissioners. Mines. Part II. Reports and Evidence from Sub-Commissioners. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty (London, 1842), p. 288.
38 This only became properly effective with an amendment in 1799.
39 Eden 1797b, p. 552.
40 Newcastle Journal 24 June 1777.
41 ‘An Account of the Navigable Canal now making from the several Coal-Mines in the Neighbourhood of Stourbridge and Dudley, to communicate with the Great Canal from the Trent to the Severn, near Stourton, in the County of Stafford’, Gentleman’s Magazine, 1777, p. 313.
42 Trewman’s Exeter Flying Post 30 August 1810.
43 Shaw 1808, p. 318. The tunnel is east of Basingstoke, while Steventon lies to the west. Many of the investors in the Basingstoke Canal Navigation Company were known to Jane Austen and her family (Horsfall 2005).
44 Andrews 1934, pp. 259–60.
45 Warner 1801, p. 16. September 1800. This same canal may have been visited by Jane Austen a few months later, in May 1801 (Le Faye 2011, pp. 592–3).
46 ‘Grand Junction Canal Association’ in The Christian Observer 17, 1818, pp. 556–7. This canal extended from Braunston in Northamptonshire to the River Thames at Brentford.
47 11 October 1800. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/10.
48 Darter 1888, p. 33.
49 Known to have been sung and probably written by ‘Common’ John Grimshaw of Gorton near Manchester within this period. Harland 1865, p. 253.
50 Warner 1801, pp. 39–40
51 18 June 1790. Andrews 1935, p. 196. The mill was built in 1771.
52 This was in 1797. Grant 1809, p. 243.
53 Grant 1809, pp. 243–4.
54 Grant 1809, p. 244.
55 Harland 1865, pp. 259–60.
56 Harland 1865, p. 259.
57 Blackner 1815, p. 402.
58 Blackner 1815, pp. 402–3. Many proclamations and anonymous threatening letters referred to or were signed by a ‘General Ludd’ or ‘Ned Ludd’.
59 Blackner 1815, p. 403.
60 Hall 1939, p. 57.
61 Mingay 2002, p. 141.
62 7 October 1784. Winstanley 1998, p. 282.
63 The earliest known published version was printed in London in 1794 (Roud and Bishop 2012, p. 456).
64 From the version sung by Mr Alfred Lockey, of Bedwyn, Wiltshire, published in The Wiltshire Magazine 50, no. 179, December 1943, pp. 283–4.
65 Stevenson 1812, p. 350.
66 Brabourne 1884a, p. 170.
67 14 September 1776. Winstanley 1981, p. 72.
68 Gardiner 1853, pp. 46–7.
69 Pratt 1803, pp. 316–17.
70 Pratt 1801, pp. 276–7.
71 Pratt 1801, p. 287. Mavor lived from 1758 to 1837. These were Enclosure (or Inclosure) Acts.
72 Goldsmith 1770, p. 8.
73 Pratt 1801, pp. 287–8.
74 Andrews 1935, p. 324.
75 Andrews 1935, pp. 322–4.
76 This case effectively abolished slavery in England, although the slave trade was not abolished until 1807.
77 Silliman 1810, p. 47.
78 24 June 1805. Silliman 1810, pp. 216–17.
79 12 February 1780. Pasley 1931, p. 61.
80 Rattenbury 1837, pp. 15–16.
81 Darter 1888, p. 35. The Nore was the naval anchorage in the Thames estuary near Sheerness.
82 30 September 1779. Winstanley 1983, pp. 180–1.
83 Eden 1797b, p. 66.
84 April 1796. Eden 1797b, p. 73.
85 Simond 1815, pp. 222, 225.
86 Andrews 1935, p. 10.
87 Christie 1929, p. 139.
88 Eden 1797b, pp. 272–3.
89 20 March 1781. Winstanley 1984, p. 120.
90 27 October 1792. Jameson 2003, p. 186. ‘Bargewell’ was the nearby village of Bawdeswell.
91 Simond 1817, p. 94. Written in March 1811.
92 6 January 1789. Jameson 2001, p. 109.
93 Blackner 1815, p. 401.
94 Smith 1874, p. 30.
95 Darter 1888, p. 68.
96 The Times 28 August 1816.
97 St. James’s Chronicle and London Evening Post 19 June 1817.
8: LEISURE AND PLEASURE
1 Carter 1845, p. 124. He was working in London in 1810.
2 Southey 1814, p. 190.
3 Hutton 1795, p. 97. He had originally worked in the textile trade.
4 Grose 1811, no pagination.
5 Spilsbury 1791, p. 64.
6 18 September 1805. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/23.
7 Hall 1939, p. 145.
8 Grant 1809, p. 252.
9 Reading Mercury 29 June 1789.
10 Reading Mercury 29 June 1789.
11 Andrews 1934, p. 217.
12 Andrews 1935, p. 163. Byng was in Derby on 9 June – the inhabitants were celebrating Oak Apple Day according to the old calendar. After the reform of the calendar in 1752, eleven days had been lost, so that the old 29 May became 9 June.
13 Oxford Journal 17 January 1789.
14 Darter 1888, p. 31.
15 Darter 1888, pp. 82–3.
16 Darter 1888, p. 83.
17 16 March 1772. Winstanley 1988, p. 21.
18 Darter 1888, pp. 36–7.
19 Darter 1888, p. 37.
20 Darter 1888, p. 37.
21 25 September 1813. Hubback and Hubback 1906, pp. 246–7.
22 6 January 1802. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/14.
23 6 July 1789. Jameson 2001, p. 162.
24 1 July 1789. Jameson 2001, p. 161.
25 13 September 1791. Jameson 2003, p. 62.
26 Morning Chronicle 27 March 1812.
27 Morning Post 5 November 1805.
28 14 November 1805. Romney 1984, p. 224.
29 4 October 1805. Romney 1984, p. 161.
30 4 October 1805. Romney 1984, p. 163.
31 Hutton 1791, pp. 218–19.
32 Blackner 1815, p. 385.
33 Morning Post 27 June 1814.
34 18 September 1772. Winstanley 1988, p. 73.
35 Moretonhampstead History Society manuscript of Treleaven’s diary.
36 Lewis 1866, p. 398.
37 3rd Earl of Hardwicke, grandson of the Lord Hardwicke who gave his name to the 1753 Marriage Act.
38 Lewis 1866, pp. 398–9.
39 Lewis 1866, p. 399.
40 23 September 1795. Jameson 2004, pp. 201–2.
41 Lancaster Gazette 11 August 1810.
42 5 September 1810. Hall 1936, p. 294.
43 Hall 1936, p. 294.
44 Hall 1936, p. 294.
45 Andrews 1934, p. 100.
46 Austen Leigh 1871, p. 69.
47 Brabourne 1884a, p. 238. The ball took place on 30 October 1800.
48 Lewis 1866, p. 418. The ball was on 17 May 1810.
49 27 August 1801. Jameson 2007, p. 63.
50 Bamford 1936, pp. 183–4. Letter of 4 October 1798 to Miss Heber. Lady Banks was wife of Sir Joseph Banks.
51 Bamford 1936, p. 186.
52 19 December 1804. Fremantle 1940, p. 147. The stately home of Stowe is now the independent Stowe School, just north of Buckingham.
53 24 March 1800. Jameson 2006, p. 196.
54 Hubback and Hubback 1906, p. 246. The Lyceum was unlicensed except for the period when the Drury Lane theatre moved there while being rebuilt after a devastating fire.
55 17 July 1809. Hall 1936, p. 175. Sarah Siddons (1755–1831) was a famous actor known for playing in tragedies.
56 Hall 1936, pp. 175–6.
57 Moritz 1809, pp. 33–4.
58 25 May 1802. Moretonhampstead History Society manuscript of Treleaven’s diary.
59 Moretonhampstead History Society manuscript of Treleaven’s diary.
60 25 September 1788. Jameson 2001, p. 73.
61 Moritz 1809, p. 3
1.
62 This was June 1805. Silliman 1810, p. 171.
63 22 March 1780 at Weston Longville. Winstanley 1984, p. 26.
64 6 January 1777. Somerset Archives and Local Studies Q/SR/345/1, quarter session rolls. Williams could presumably read, even though he was unable to write.
65 11 August 1788. Jameson 2001, p. 62.
66 British Library Add MS 35142, fols 57–8.
67 Hampshire Chronicle 3 July 1809. Many thanks to Dr David Higgins for information about how clay pipes were sold.
68 Christie 1929, pp. 130–1.
69 5 March 1790. Jameson 2001, p. 246.
70 Christie 1929, p. 131.
71 30 April 1783. Winstanley 1998, pp. 128–9.
72 Bone fish counters are on display at Castle Cary Museum in Somerset, along with contemporary playing cards that were found during the renovation of Ansford Parsonage and were very likely used by the Woodforde family there.
73 Moretonhampstead History Society manuscript of Treleaven’s diary.
74 Moretonhampstead History Society manuscript of Treleaven’s diary.
75 6 November 1807. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/58. Joseph Ruscombe Poole was a lawyer and his wife was Elizabeth Stone.
76 George 1930, p. 317, quoting F. Eden 1801 Observations on Friendly Societies p. 29.
77 Gillett 1945, p. 44.
78 Repton 1812.
79 Repton 1812. An illustration of the urn shows it to be Bronze Age.
80 Grose et al 1780, p. iii.
81 7 November 1805. Silliman 1820b, p. 75.
82 Evans 2009, pp. 350–3. The Society is now based at Burlington House, London.
83 10 July 1809. Lewis 1866, p. 385.
84 16 May 1811. Simond 1817, pp. 252–3.
85 Moritz 1809, pp. 15–17.
86 Moritz 1809, p. 16.
87 Moritz 1809, pp. 15.
88 Moritz 1809, pp. 19–22.
89 Moritz 1809, p. 10.
90 Campbell-Smith 2011, p. 82.
91 Moritz 1809, p. 18.
92 Moritz 1809, p. 18. This was Oliver Goldsmith’s The Vicar of Wakefield, published in 1766.
93 Ashton 1882, p. 458.
94 Morning Chronicle 25 December 1815.
95 Pratt 1803, pp. 444–5.
96 Brabourne 1884b, p. 306 (writing in August 1814 that Dawlish was wretched twelve years previously).
97 This is June 1810. Simond 1815, p. 187.
98 9 May 1804. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/18.
99 28 October 1805. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/24. This was the same storm that hit the fleet at Trafalgar.